hamit coskun
Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey, Psychology, Faculty Member
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... armut, peynir-ekmek, ceket-pantolon, otobüs-durak ve televizyon-film'dir Somut-uzak çağrışım sözcük çiftleri: elma-balık, peynir ... Tüm katılım-cılar üç kişilik etkileşim grupları içinde düşüncelerini kağıt... more
... armut, peynir-ekmek, ceket-pantolon, otobüs-durak ve televizyon-film'dir Somut-uzak çağrışım sözcük çiftleri: elma-balık, peynir ... Tüm katılım-cılar üç kişilik etkileşim grupları içinde düşüncelerini kağıt parçalarına yazarak ve yazdıkları düşünceleri çalışma arkadaşlarına uzatarak ...
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PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire in Turkish university students, and to determine the sleepiness of students. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional... more
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire in Turkish university students, and to determine the sleepiness of students. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out with 852 university students in Turkey, Bolu, between February- May 2019. FINDINGS Results of the analysis indicated that this scale was a valid and reliable measurement tool. As the scores of students' get from Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire increased, the frequency of students feeling sleepy during the day, sleepiness in and out of school, and getting up in the morning without resting increased. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses can use this scale when evaluating university students' sleepiness.
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Çalışmanın amacı, okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların yaratıcılıkları ve hazzı geciktirme becerileri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkide bilişsel esneklik ve kararlılığın aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Bolu’daki okul... more
Çalışmanın amacı, okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların yaratıcılıkları ve hazzı geciktirme becerileri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkide bilişsel esneklik ve kararlılığın aracı rolünü incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Bolu’daki okul öncesi kurumlara devam eden 4-5 yaşlarında 83’ü erkek, 87’si kız 170 çocuktan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada çocukların hazzı geciktirme becerilerini ölçmek amacıyla Mischel ve Ebbesen (1970) tarafından geliştirilen ve arzu duyulan bir ödül için çocuğun beklemesini gerektiren yöntem yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Yaratıcılık ölçümü için ise çocuktan bir obje için farklı kullanımlar üretmesi yardımlı ve yardımsız görev ile değerlendirilmiştir. Üretilen kullanımların kategorilere ayrılması yoluyla da esneklik ve kararlılık puanları hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, çocukların yaratıcılıkları, esneklikleri, kararlılıkları ve hazzı erteleme sürelerinin birbiriyle anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğunu görstermektedir. Ayrıca çocukların yaratıcılıkları ve hazzı gecik...
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Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences... more
Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intraamygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intraamygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1 μg/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC.The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect...
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In this study, the Reggio Emilia Approach, which emerged in Italy and brought a new perspective on education, was examined in many aspects. The first part of the study included information on the creation process of this approach. The... more
In this study, the Reggio Emilia Approach, which emerged in Italy and brought a new perspective on education, was examined in many aspects. The first part of the study included information on the creation process of this approach. The second part gave information on the conception that led to the creation of the Reggio Emilia Approach. The other parts of the study included information about the application of this approach. Those parts of the study also presented the differences of the Reggio Emilia Approach from other educational approaches. In this study it was concluded that the Reggio Emilia Approach had clear differences from other educational approaches because it was project-based. Unlike the traditional educational systems, the Reggio Emilia Approach does not use any predetermined curriculums. The main element that shapes this approach is the project technique. In the Reggio Emilia Approach, the children develop projects according to their own areas of interest; therefore, t...
Research Interests: Sociology and Curriculum
Research Interests: Philosophy and Humanities
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This experimental research aimed to investigate the effect of velocity (control vs. velocity) and comparison (control vs. comparison) on the idea generation performance of individual brainstormers. The participants in the velocity... more
This experimental research aimed to investigate the effect of velocity (control vs. velocity) and comparison (control vs. comparison) on the idea generation performance of individual brainstormers. The participants in the velocity condition were led to write down their ideas as quick as possible, whereas those in the control received no such instruction. Those in the comparison condition were informed that their performance would be compared with someone similar to them, whereas those in the control one received no such feedback. After that, all they brainstormed on the ways to improve the student life in the university for 12 minutes session. Findings showed that those in the velocity condition and comparison one generated more ideas than their counterparts. These effects were mediated by only flexibility. These findings suggest that even though both provision of comparison and velocity were beneficial to idea generation, underlying mechanisms for the effects of these variables on ...
Although the literature mentions the indirect relationship between humor and creativity, there is limited evidence that exposure to humorous objects improves directly creative performance. Moreover, the role of humor in the relationship... more
Although the literature mentions the indirect relationship between humor and creativity, there is limited evidence that exposure to humorous objects improves directly creative performance. Moreover, the role of humor in the relationship between creativity and various personality traits is also unclear. For addressing this issue, a total of 53 subjects participated in this study. Humorous images (cartoons) were shown to the participants prior to the creativity task. There were no images in the control group. Findings revealed that the participants receiving humorous images were more creative. Furthermore, while the extraversion enhanced creativity in the control group, there was no effect in the humor group. In other words, the humor overshadowed the effect of extraversion. One of the contributions of the current study to the literature is that it is one of few studies that examine the effect of humor on creativity. In addition, the effect of humor on the relationship between extrave...
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In two studies, the influence of divergent (generating many words on differences for given dual words) and convergent (generating many words on similarities for given dual words) exercises on the subsequent performance was assessed with... more
In two studies, the influence of divergent (generating many words on differences for given dual words) and convergent (generating many words on similarities for given dual words) exercises on the subsequent performance was assessed with dyads in either a nominal or interactive condition in a brainwriting paradigm. In the first study, these cognitive exercises were given after the first session. In the second study, these tasks were presented before each of the two sessions in either the divergent-convergent or convergent-divergent sequences with a temporal order. Exercises on these tasks had no effect on productivity when they pre-ceded the first session of brainstorming. However, the provision of a divergent thinking exer-cise and a convergent-divergent sequence led participants to generate more ideas and scan more categories than their counterparts in the second session. These findings are discussed in light of the cognitive stimulation and incubation perspectives.
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GERÇEK BİR YAŞAM OLAYINA DAYALI YENİ PSİKOLOJİK DIŞLANMA PARADİGMASININ ETKİLİLİĞİ Öz Literatürde psikolojik dışlanmanın etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için en çok kullanılan sanal top oyunu paradigması oyun olması, oyuncuların yavaş top atması... more
GERÇEK BİR YAŞAM OLAYINA DAYALI YENİ PSİKOLOJİK DIŞLANMA PARADİGMASININ ETKİLİLİĞİ Öz Literatürde psikolojik dışlanmanın etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için en çok kullanılan sanal top oyunu paradigması oyun olması, oyuncuların yavaş top atması ve kont-rollü ortam gerektirmesinden dolayı yapısında sorunlar taşımaktadır. Diğer tek-nikler de psikolojik dışlanmayı dolaylı olarak ölçmekte ya da kişinin geleceğine yönelik damgalama ve uzun süreli olumsuz etkiler içermektedir. Bu araştırmada görsel ve vinyete dayalı olarak geliştirilen psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasında bir kişinin bir kursa başlamasının ilk gününde diğer kişiler tarafından göz ardı edilmesini konu alınmaktadır. Kontrol koşulunda ise herhangi bir dışlanma söz konusu değildir. Hipotetik olarak geliştirilen bu vinyet sonrası, 55 katılımcıdan 11’li bir ölçek üzerinde kendilerini okudukları durumla ilgili ne kadar öfkeli, sa-kin, hayal kırıklığı yaşamış, dışlanmış, mutlu, canı sıkılmış, endişelenmiş ve üz-gün hissettiklerini derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Daha sonra katılımcılar İhtiyaç Tehdidi Ölçeği’ni doldurmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları dışlanma koşulunda yer alan katılımcıların kontrol koşulunda olanlara göre 1) daha fazla öfke, hayal kı-rıklığı, dışlanma, can sıkıntısı, endişe ve üzüntü hissettiklerini, 2) daha mutsuz ve gergin olduklarını belirttiklerini ve 3) ait olma, benlik değeri, kontrol algısı ve anlamlı varoluş ihtiyaçlarının tehdit edildiğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla gerçek bir yaşam olayına dayalı olan bu yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasının bu ölçümler üzerinde etkisi güçlüdür. Araştırmanın bu sonuçları bu modelin dış-lanmayı ortaya çıkarmada güvenilir olarak kullanabileceğini ve psikolojide, eği-timde, terapi ve örgüt alanında uygulamaları olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: vinyet, yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigması, ihtiyaç tehdidi, dışlanmış bireyler The cyberball paradigm, which is the most used in the literature to reveal the ef-fect of ostracism, has problems in its structure since it is a slow ball game and re-quires a controlled environment. Other techniques also measure ostracism indi-rectly or include stigma and long-term adverse effects on the future of the person. In this research, the ostracism paradigm, which is developed based on visual and vignette, focuses on the exclusion of a person by other people on the first day of starting a course. In the control condition, there is no exclusion. After this hypo-thetically developed model, a total of 55 participants were asked to rate how an-gry, calm, disappointed, excluded, happy, annoyed, worried, and sad about the situation in which they read themselves on an 11-point scale. Later, the partici-pants filled out the Need Threat Scale. The findings of the study showed that compared to control condition, the ostracized participants had 1) more anger, frus-tration, exclusion, boredom, anxiety, and sadness; 2) they felt more unhappy and nervous, and 3) had a lower level of scores in belonging, self-worth, sense of con-trol, and existence. The effect of this new ostracism paradigm on these measure-ments was strong. These results of the study indicate that this model can be used reliably to reveal ostracism and may have applications in psychology, education, therapy, and organization. Key Words: vignette, new ostracism paradigm, need threat, ostracized individu-als
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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coping strategies and relaxation exercises on anxiety, hopelessness, life satisfaction, and well-being in elderly people with diabetes.Materials and Methods: A total of 30... more
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coping strategies and relaxation exercises on anxiety, hopelessness, life satisfaction, and well-being in elderly people with diabetes.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 participants were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions. In the first condition, the participants were informed about diabetes as well as how to cope with it. In the second condition, the participants were provided with breathing and relaxation exercises, which were accompanied by relaxing music, in addition to informing about diabetes and coping strategies. The control group was only informed about diabetes. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with 3 x 2 last factors repetitive.Results: There was no difference between the conditions in terms of state anxiety, hopelessness and life satisfaction scores (p>0.05), but the difference after the intervention was significant (p0.05). According to the Scheffe test, a) status anxiety score was determi...
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In the literature, there has been a focus on the effectiveness of larger sized electronic brainstorming groups; however, mechanisms for its effectiveness still remain open to question and some methodological concerns (e.g., the evaluation... more
In the literature, there has been a focus on the effectiveness of larger sized electronic brainstorming groups; however, mechanisms for its effectiveness still remain open to question and some methodological concerns (e.g., the evaluation of ideas and the typing speed, and the use of different formats) continue to be important problems. To overcome such problems, a series of experiments were conducted. All subjects were exposed to the two-minute typing speed test which was overlooked in the previous studies in electronic brainstorming. In the first experiment the effect of the group size (4, 6, and 8 person groups); in the 2nd experiment that of group size (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 person groups) with the memory instruction, and in the 3rd experiment that of group size (4 and 10 person groups) with two lengths of brainstorming session (15 and 25 minutes) were investigated on the brainstorming performance. Results showed that unique and original ideas increased as the group size increased...
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The authors examined the relationships among students’ levels of boredom, boredom coping strategies, epistemic curiosity, and graded performance regarding mathematics lessons, with the intention to explore the mediating roles of boredom... more
The authors examined the relationships among students’ levels of boredom, boredom coping strategies, epistemic curiosity, and graded performance regarding mathematics lessons, with the intention to explore the mediating roles of boredom coping strategies and epistemic curiosity in the relationship between the level of boredom and graded performance. A total of 557 students from a small city located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey voluntarily participated in the study. Of them, 211 enrolled in an Anatolian high school and 346 enrolled in a science high school. Results showed that the level of boredom, boredom coping strategies, epistemic curiosity, and graded performance were significantly related to each other. Results also showed that deprivation-type epistemic curiosity and interest-type epistemic curiosity played significant mediating roles in the relationship between the level of boredom and graded performance. Notably, the mediating roles of interest-type epistemic curiosity and deprivation-type epistemic curiosity differed across gender groups.
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Many people regularly wake up early in the morning on week days; however, during weekends, they stay awake late into the night and wake up late, thus representing a phase delay in their locomotor activity and sleeping pattern. We suggest... more
Many people regularly wake up early in the morning on week days; however, during weekends, they stay awake late into the night and wake up late, thus representing a phase delay in their locomotor activity and sleeping pattern. We suggest that these phase delays on weekends may affect the spatial memory performance at the first couple of days in the following week. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the weekend phase delays on spatial memory performance of the Wistar albino rats at the beginning of the coming week by using Morris water maze. Control and phase delay groups were performed for both juvenile and adult rats in males and females. After eight weeks of the experimental phase delays, Morris water maze experiments were performed. Locomotor activity rhythms of the rats were also examined. The adult rats showed better learning performances in the total distance travelled and latency than the juvenile ones. However, juvenile rats entered and spent more time in the correct quadrant than adult ones. Phase delays reduced the velocity of the rats. The interaction effects among the phase delays, generation and sex were also significant. The findings of the present study showed that the phase delays at the weekends as well as their interaction with sex and generation are important on the learning performances of the Wistar albino rats.
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
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... The author wishes to thank A. Esin Yilmaz and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the earlier draft of this article in addition to Deniz Kurt and Sila Tuba Muta for their great help on data coding. Address ...
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Many people regularly wake up early in the morning on week days; however, during weekends, they stay awake late into the night and wake up late, thus representing a phase delay in their locomotor activity and sleeping pattern. We suggest... more
Many people regularly wake up early in the morning on week days; however, during weekends, they stay awake late into the night and wake up late, thus representing a phase delay in their locomotor activity and sleeping pattern. We suggest that these phase delays on weekends may affect the spatial memory performance at the first couple of days in the following week. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the weekend phase delays on spatial memory performance of the Wistar albino rats at the beginning of the coming week by using Morris water maze. Control and phase delay groups were performed for both juvenile and adult rats in males and females. After eight weeks of the experimental phase delays, Morris water maze experiments were performed. Locomotor activity rhythms of the rats were also examined. The adult rats showed better learning performances in the total distance travelled and latency than the juvenile ones. However, juvenile rats entered and spent more time in the correct quadrant than adult ones. Phase delays reduced the velocity of the rats. The interaction effects among the phase delays, generation and sex were also significant. The findings of the present study showed that the phase delays at the weekends as well as their interaction with sex and generation are important on the learning performances of the Wistar albino rats.
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... aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; bDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey (Received 24 September 2010; final... more
... aDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; bDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey (Received 24 September 2010; final version received 26 October 2010) ...
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... a , Alper Karakaş a * & Hamit Coşkun b Available online: 24 Mar 2011. ... 200615. Ergun, Y, Ergun, UG, Orhan, FO and Kucuk, E. 2006. Co-administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and melatonin exerts an additive... more
... a , Alper Karakaş a * & Hamit Coşkun b Available online: 24 Mar 2011. ... 200615. Ergun, Y, Ergun, UG, Orhan, FO and Kucuk, E. 2006. Co-administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and melatonin exerts an additive antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swim test. ...
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GERÇEK BİR YAŞAM OLAYINA DAYALI YENİ PSİKOLOJİK DIŞLANMA PARADİGMASININ ETKİLİLİĞİ Öz Literatürde psikolojik dışlanmanın etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için en çok kullanılan sanal top oyunu paradigması oyun olması, oyuncuların yavaş top atması... more
GERÇEK BİR YAŞAM OLAYINA DAYALI YENİ PSİKOLOJİK DIŞLANMA PARADİGMASININ ETKİLİLİĞİ
Öz
Literatürde psikolojik dışlanmanın etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için en çok kullanılan sanal top oyunu paradigması oyun olması, oyuncuların yavaş top atması ve kont-rollü ortam gerektirmesinden dolayı yapısında sorunlar taşımaktadır. Diğer tek-nikler de psikolojik dışlanmayı dolaylı olarak ölçmekte ya da kişinin geleceğine yönelik damgalama ve uzun süreli olumsuz etkiler içermektedir. Bu araştırmada görsel ve vinyete dayalı olarak geliştirilen psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasında bir kişinin bir kursa başlamasının ilk gününde diğer kişiler tarafından göz ardı edilmesini konu alınmaktadır. Kontrol koşulunda ise herhangi bir dışlanma söz konusu değildir. Hipotetik olarak geliştirilen bu vinyet sonrası, 55 katılımcıdan 11’li bir ölçek üzerinde kendilerini okudukları durumla ilgili ne kadar öfkeli, sa-kin, hayal kırıklığı yaşamış, dışlanmış, mutlu, canı sıkılmış, endişelenmiş ve üz-gün hissettiklerini derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Daha sonra katılımcılar İhtiyaç Tehdidi Ölçeği’ni doldurmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları dışlanma koşulunda yer alan katılımcıların kontrol koşulunda olanlara göre 1) daha fazla öfke, hayal kı-rıklığı, dışlanma, can sıkıntısı, endişe ve üzüntü hissettiklerini, 2) daha mutsuz ve gergin olduklarını belirttiklerini ve 3) ait olma, benlik değeri, kontrol algısı ve anlamlı varoluş ihtiyaçlarının tehdit edildiğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla gerçek bir yaşam olayına dayalı olan bu yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasının bu ölçümler üzerinde etkisi güçlüdür. Araştırmanın bu sonuçları bu modelin dış-lanmayı ortaya çıkarmada güvenilir olarak kullanabileceğini ve psikolojide, eği-timde, terapi ve örgüt alanında uygulamaları olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: vinyet, yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigması, ihtiyaç tehdidi, dışlanmış bireyler
The cyberball paradigm, which is the most used in the literature to reveal the ef-fect of ostracism, has problems in its structure since it is a slow ball game and re-quires a controlled environment. Other techniques also measure ostracism indi-rectly or include stigma and long-term adverse effects on the future of the person. In this research, the ostracism paradigm, which is developed based on visual and vignette, focuses on the exclusion of a person by other people on the first day of starting a course. In the control condition, there is no exclusion. After this hypo-thetically developed model, a total of 55 participants were asked to rate how an-gry, calm, disappointed, excluded, happy, annoyed, worried, and sad about the situation in which they read themselves on an 11-point scale. Later, the partici-pants filled out the Need Threat Scale. The findings of the study showed that compared to control condition, the ostracized participants had 1) more anger, frus-tration, exclusion, boredom, anxiety, and sadness; 2) they felt more unhappy and nervous, and 3) had a lower level of scores in belonging, self-worth, sense of con-trol, and existence. The effect of this new ostracism paradigm on these measure-ments was strong. These results of the study indicate that this model can be used reliably to reveal ostracism and may have applications in psychology, education, therapy, and organization.
Key Words: vignette, new ostracism paradigm, need threat, ostracized individu-als
Öz
Literatürde psikolojik dışlanmanın etkisini ortaya çıkarmak için en çok kullanılan sanal top oyunu paradigması oyun olması, oyuncuların yavaş top atması ve kont-rollü ortam gerektirmesinden dolayı yapısında sorunlar taşımaktadır. Diğer tek-nikler de psikolojik dışlanmayı dolaylı olarak ölçmekte ya da kişinin geleceğine yönelik damgalama ve uzun süreli olumsuz etkiler içermektedir. Bu araştırmada görsel ve vinyete dayalı olarak geliştirilen psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasında bir kişinin bir kursa başlamasının ilk gününde diğer kişiler tarafından göz ardı edilmesini konu alınmaktadır. Kontrol koşulunda ise herhangi bir dışlanma söz konusu değildir. Hipotetik olarak geliştirilen bu vinyet sonrası, 55 katılımcıdan 11’li bir ölçek üzerinde kendilerini okudukları durumla ilgili ne kadar öfkeli, sa-kin, hayal kırıklığı yaşamış, dışlanmış, mutlu, canı sıkılmış, endişelenmiş ve üz-gün hissettiklerini derecelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Daha sonra katılımcılar İhtiyaç Tehdidi Ölçeği’ni doldurmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları dışlanma koşulunda yer alan katılımcıların kontrol koşulunda olanlara göre 1) daha fazla öfke, hayal kı-rıklığı, dışlanma, can sıkıntısı, endişe ve üzüntü hissettiklerini, 2) daha mutsuz ve gergin olduklarını belirttiklerini ve 3) ait olma, benlik değeri, kontrol algısı ve anlamlı varoluş ihtiyaçlarının tehdit edildiğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla gerçek bir yaşam olayına dayalı olan bu yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigmasının bu ölçümler üzerinde etkisi güçlüdür. Araştırmanın bu sonuçları bu modelin dış-lanmayı ortaya çıkarmada güvenilir olarak kullanabileceğini ve psikolojide, eği-timde, terapi ve örgüt alanında uygulamaları olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: vinyet, yeni psikolojik dışlanma paradigması, ihtiyaç tehdidi, dışlanmış bireyler
The cyberball paradigm, which is the most used in the literature to reveal the ef-fect of ostracism, has problems in its structure since it is a slow ball game and re-quires a controlled environment. Other techniques also measure ostracism indi-rectly or include stigma and long-term adverse effects on the future of the person. In this research, the ostracism paradigm, which is developed based on visual and vignette, focuses on the exclusion of a person by other people on the first day of starting a course. In the control condition, there is no exclusion. After this hypo-thetically developed model, a total of 55 participants were asked to rate how an-gry, calm, disappointed, excluded, happy, annoyed, worried, and sad about the situation in which they read themselves on an 11-point scale. Later, the partici-pants filled out the Need Threat Scale. The findings of the study showed that compared to control condition, the ostracized participants had 1) more anger, frus-tration, exclusion, boredom, anxiety, and sadness; 2) they felt more unhappy and nervous, and 3) had a lower level of scores in belonging, self-worth, sense of con-trol, and existence. The effect of this new ostracism paradigm on these measure-ments was strong. These results of the study indicate that this model can be used reliably to reveal ostracism and may have applications in psychology, education, therapy, and organization.
Key Words: vignette, new ostracism paradigm, need threat, ostracized individu-als