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Kyoto
city designated by government ordinance, prefectural capital of Japan, big city, city of Japan, tourist destination, former national capital, college town, city for international conferences and tourism
Year dem found am1 April 1889, 18 November 794 Edit
Pseudonym京都 Edit
Official name京都市 Edit
Native label京都市 Edit
Nickname千年の都, 文化首都 Edit
Name in kanaきょうとし Edit
Dem name aftercapital city Edit
Anthemmunicipal anthem of Kyoto Edit
ContinentAsia Edit
CountryJapan Edit
Capital ofKyoto Prefecture Edit
CapitalNakagyō-ku Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydKyoto Prefecture Edit
Located in time zoneUTC+09:00 Edit
Associated electoral districtKyoto 1st District, Kyoto 2nd district, Kyoto 3rd district, Kyoto 4th district Edit
Located in or next to body of waterKamo River, Katsura River, Yodo River, Lake Biwa Canal Edit
Located in/on physical featureKyoto Basin Edit
Coordinate location35°0′42″N 135°46′5″E Edit
Highest pointMount Minako Edit
Office head of government holdmayor of Kyoto Edit
Government ein headDaisaku Kadokawa Edit
Executive bodyGovernment of Kyoto City Edit
Legislative bodyKyoto City Assembly Edit
Member ofUnion of Kansai Governments, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, League of Historical Cities, Organization of World Heritage Cities Edit
Twinned administrative bodyKyiv Edit
Language dem useKyoto dialect Edit
Significant eventSiege of Sanjō Palace Edit
Day in year for periodic occurrenceOctober 15 Edit
Postal code600-0000–616-9999, 520-0461–520-0465 Edit
Dema official websitehttps://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/ Edit
Hashtag京都市 Edit
Flagflag of Kyoto Edit
History of topichistory of Kyoto, timeline of Kyoto Edit
Economy of topiceconomy of Kyoto Edit
Local dialing code75 Edit
Has listQ28683154 Edit
Category for the view of the itemCategory:Views of Kyoto Edit
Category for mapsCategory:Maps of Kyoto Edit
Map

Kyoto (/ˈkjoʊtoʊ/;[1] Japanese: 京都, Kyōto [kʲoꜜːto] ⓘ) officially Kyoto City (京都市, Kyōto-shi, [kʲoːtoꜜɕi] ⓘ), be de capital city of Kyoto Prefecture insyd de Kansai region of Japan ein largest den most populous island of Honshu. As of 2020, na de city get population of 1.46 million, wey dey make am de ninth-most populous city insyd Japan. More dan half (56.8%) of Kyoto Prefecture ein population dey reside insyd de city. De city be de cultural anchor of de substantially larger Greater Kyoto, metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 3.8 million people. E sanso be part of de even larger Keihanshin metropolitan area, along plus Osaka den Kobe.

  • Gallery
  • Rakuchū rakugai zu, a 16th-century depiction of central Kyoto wey dey include Gion Matsuri floats (center) den Kiyomizu-dera (upper right)
    Rakuchū rakugai zu, a 16th-century depiction of central Kyoto wey dey include Gion Matsuri floats (center) den Kiyomizu-dera (upper right)

Early modern period

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  • Gallery
  • Scenes insyd den around Kyoto (c. 1615)
    Scenes insyd den around Kyoto (c. 1615)
  • Map of Heian-kyō, 1696
    Map of Heian-kyō, 1696
  • Fushimi Castle
    Fushimi Castle

Modern period

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  • Gallery
  • View of Kyoto from beside the Hondō of Kiyomizudera. – 1870s
    View of Kyoto from besyd de Hondō of Kiyomizudera – 1870s[2]
  • Nanzenji aqueduct
    Nanzenji aqueduct

Contemporary history

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Kyoto International Conference Center

Geography

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Terrain

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Climate

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Climate data for Kyoto (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1880−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		34.9
(94.8) 		36.8
(98.2) 		39.8
(103.6) 		39.8
(103.6) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.6
(92.5) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.7
(92.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.4
(65.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.2
(66.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		12.1
(53.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.9
(10.6) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−11.9
(10.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53.3
(2.10) 		65.1
(2.56) 		106.2
(4.18) 		117.0
(4.61) 		151.4
(5.96) 		199.7
(7.86) 		223.6
(8.80) 		153.8
(6.06) 		178.5
(7.03) 		143.2
(5.64) 		73.9
(2.91) 		57.3
(2.26) 		1,522.9
(59.96)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 5
(2.0) 		7
(2.8) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		15
(5.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 8.1 8.9 11.2 10.6 10.8 13.2 12.6 9.3 11.1 9.4 7.4 8.2 120.8
Average relative humidity (%) 67 65 61 59 60 66 69 66 67 68 68 68 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 123.5 122.2 155.4 177.3 182.4 133.1 142.7 182.7 142.7 156.0 140.7 134.4 1,793.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[3]


Administrative divisions

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Wards of Kyoto
Place name Map of Kyoto
Rōmaji Kanji Population[4] Land area in km2 Pop. density per km2
1 Kita-ku 北区 117,165 94.88 1,230
Map of Kyoto's wards
2 Kamigyō-ku 上京区 83,832 7.03 11,900
3 Nakagyō-ku (administrative center) 中京区 110,488 7.41 14,900
4 Shimogyō-ku 下京区 82,784 6.78 12,200
5 Minami-ku 南区 101,970 15.81 6,450
6 Nishikyō-ku 西京区 149,837 59.24 2,530
7 Ukyō-ku 右京区 202,047 292.07 690
8 Sakyō-ku 左京区 166,039 246.77 670
9 Higashiyama-ku 東山区 36,602 7.48 4,890
10 Yamashina-ku 山科区 135,101 28.70 4,710
11 Fushimi-ku 伏見区 277,858 61.66 4,510

Cityscape

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Kyoto dey contain roughly 2,000 temples den shrines.[5] De main business district dey locate to de south of de Kyoto Imperial Palace. Insyd de center of de city, der be several covered shopping arcades dem gbele to pedestrian traffic per, such as Teramachi Street den Shinkyōgoku Street.

  • Gallery
  • View of Kyoto CBD from Shōren-in (2020)
    View of Kyoto CBD from Shōren-in (2020)
  • Kyoto night skyline from Higashiyama (2021)
    Kyoto night skyline from Higashiyama (2021)
  • Kyoto Station (2018)
    Kyoto Station (2018)
  • Gion (2015)
    Gion (2015)
  • Ponto-chō (2010)
    Ponto-chō (2010)
  • Okazaki park（2009）
    Okazaki park（2009）

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1873 238,663—    
1889 279,165+17.0%
1900 371,600+33.1%
1910 470,033+26.5%
1920 736,462+56.7%
1925 860,878+16.9%
1930 987,777+14.7%
1935 1,117,439+13.1%
1940 1,127,870+0.9%
1945 1,041,700−7.6%
1950 1,130,185+8.5%
1955 1,229,808+8.8%
1960 1,295,012+5.3%
1965 1,374,159+6.1%
1970 1,427,376+3.9%
1975 1,468,833+2.9%
1980 1,473,065+0.3%
1985 1,486,402+0.9%
1990 1,461,103−1.7%
1995 1,470,902+0.7%
2000 1,467,785−0.2%
2005 1,474,811+0.5%
2010 1,474,015−0.1%
2015 1,475,183+0.1%
2020 1,463,723−0.8%
Source: Cite error: Invalid parameter in <ref> tag

Government

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De city of Kyoto be governed by de mayor of Kyoto den de Kyoto City Assembly, a municipal council.

Kyoto City Assembly

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Kyoto City Hall

De legislative city assembly get 67 elected members, wey terms be four years for length insyd. As of 2024, de assembly be controlled by a coalition of members dem affiliate plus de Liberal Democratic Party, Komeito, den de Democratic Civic Forum.

Parliamentary group name Number of seats
(as of January 18, 2024)[6]
Liberal Democratic Party 18
Japan Innovation Party/Kyoto Party/DPP 18
Japanese Communist Party 14
Komeito 11
Democratic Civic Forum 2
Independent 4

List of mayors

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# Name[7] Entered office[7] Left office[7]
1 Masao Kambe (神戸正雄) April 7, 1947 January 6, 1950
2 Gizō Takayama (高山義三) February 10, 1950 February 4, 1966
3 Seiichi Inoue (井上清一) February 5, 1966 January 8, 1967
4 Kiyoshi Tomii (富井清) February 28, 1967 February 25, 1971
5 Motoki Funahashi (舩橋求己) February 26, 1971 July 26, 1981
6 Masahiko Imagawa (今川正彦) September 1, 1981 August 29, 1989
7 Tomoyuki Tanabe (田邊朋之) August 30, 1989 January 29, 1996
8 Yorikane Masumoto (桝本頼兼) February 26, 1996 February 24, 2008
9 Daisaku Kadokawa (門川大作) February 25, 2008 February 24, 2024
10 Koji Matsui (松井孝治) February 25, 2024 present

Economy

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GDP (PPP) per capita[8][9]
Year US$
1975 5,324
1980 9,523
1985 13,870
1990 20,413
1995 23,627
2000 26,978
2005 32,189
2010 36,306
2015 41,410
Kyoto Economic Center
Nintendo main headquarters

Information technology den electronics be key industries insyd Kyoto. De city be home to de headquarters of Nintendo, Intelligent Systems, SCREEN Holdings,[10] Tose, Hatena, Omron,[11] Kyocera, Shimadzu,[12] Rohm,[13] Horiba,[14] Nidec Corporation,[15] Nichicon,[16] Nissin Electric,[17] den GS Yuasa.

Oda notable businesses headquartered insyd Kyoto include Aiful, Ishida, Nissen Holdings, Gyoza no Ohsho, Sagawa Express, Volks, den Wacoal.

Education

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Primary den secondary education

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As of 1 May 2023, na der be 154 municipal public elementary schools insyd Kyoto, plus total of 55,736 pupils. At de secondary level, na der be 66 municipal public junior high schools plus 27,046 students den 11 municipal public senior high schools plus 5,117 students.[18]

Tertiary education

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Kyoto University

Home to 40 institutions of higher education, Kyoto be one of de academic centers insyd Japan.[19] Dem dey rank Kyoto University highly among all universities nationwide, plus eight Nobel laureates den two Prime Ministers of Japan among ein alumni.[20][21] De Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences den de Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, both be part of de university, na dem affiliate plus influential mathematicians den physicists. Private universities such as Doshisha University den Ritsumeikan University sanso dey locate insyd de city.

De Consortium of Universities insyd Kyoto be Kyoto-based higher education network wey dey consist of three national universities, three public (prefectural den municipal) universities, 45 private universities, five oda organizations, den representatives from de city government. De Consortium no dey offer degrees, buh e dey allow students of member universities make dem take courses at oda member universities.[22]

Transportation

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Railways

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De interior of Kyōto Station

High-speed rail

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Conventional lines

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Railway map around Kyoto City
Hankyu Railway
  • Hankyu Arashiyama Line
  • Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
Keihan Electric Railway
  • Keihan Main Line
    • Keihan Ōtō Line
  • Keihan Keishin Line
  • Keihan Uji Line
Kintetsu Railway
  • Kintetsu Kyoto Line
Sagano Scenic Railway
  • Sagano Scenic Line
West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
  • Kosei Line
  • Nara Line
  • San'in Main Line (Sagano Line)
  • Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kyoto Line/Biwako Line)

Subways

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Karasuma Line subway train at Takeda Station

De Kyoto Municipal Transportation Bureau dey operate de Kyoto Municipal Subway wey dey consist of two lines: de Karasuma Line den de Tōzai Line. Dem link de two lines for Karasuma Oike Station near Kyoto ein central business district.

Tramways

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Eizan Electric Railway (Eiden)
  • Eizan Kurama Line
  • Eizan Main Line
Keifuku Electric Railroad (Randen)
  • Keifuku Arashiyama Main Line
  • Keifuku Kitano Line

Buses

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Typical Kyoto Municipal Bus

Roads den waterways

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Shijō Street

Kyoto get fewer toll-highways dan oda Japanese cities of comparable size. Der be nine national highways insyd de city of Kyoto: Route 1, Route 8, Route 9, Route 24, Route 162, Route 171, Route 367, Route 477, den Route 478.

Culture

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A tsukemono shop for Nishiki Street
Geisha insyd Kyoto

Sites insyd Kyoto dey include Arashiyama, de Gion den Ponto-chō geisha quarters, de Philosopher's Walk, den de canals dat line sam of de older streets.

De "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto" be listed by de UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Dese dey include de Kamo Shrines (Kami den Shimo), Kyō-ō-Gokokuji (Tō-ji), Kiyomizu-dera, Daigo-ji, Ninna-ji, Saihō-ji (Kokedera), Tenryū-ji, Rokuon-ji (Kinkaku-ji), Jishō-ji (Ginkaku-ji), Ryōan-ji, Hongan-ji, Kōzan-ji, den de Nijō Castle, dem primarily build by de Tokugawa shōguns. Oda sites outsyd de city sanso dey for de list top.

Festivals

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  • Aoi Matsuri for May 15.
  • Gion Matsuri for July 17
  • Bon Festival plus de Gozan no Okuribi, dey light fires for mountains top make dem guide de spirits home (August 16).
  • Jidai Matsuri, Festival of de Ages, dey celebrate Kyoto ein illustrious past for October 22
  • Gion Matsuri
    Gion Matsuri
  • Gozan no Okuribi
    Gozan no Okuribi
  • Aoi Matsuri
    Aoi Matsuri
  • Jidai Matsuri
    Jidai Matsuri

UNESCO World Heritage Site

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De UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji den Otsu Cities) dey include fourteen temples, shrines, den castles insyd Kyoto wey dey date from between de sixth century (Shimogamo Shrine, though extant structures be more recent) den de seventeenth century (Nijō Castle). Na dem designate de sites as World Heritage insyd 1994.

  • Kamigamo Shrine
    Kamigamo Shrine
  • Shimogamo Shrine
    Shimogamo Shrine
  • Kōzan-ji
    Kōzan-ji

Museums

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Kyoto International Manga Museum
Kyoto Botanical Garden
  • Hakusasonso Hashimoto Kansetsu Garden den Museum (白沙村荘 橋本関雪記念館)
  • Hosomi Museum (細見美術館)
  • Joutenkaku Museum (承天閣美術館)
  • Kitamura Museum (北村美術館)
  • Koryo Museum of Art (高麗美術館)
  • Kyoto Arashiyama Orgel Museum (京都嵐山オルゴール美術館)
  • Kyoto Art Center (京都芸術センター)
  • Kyoto Botanical Garden (京都府立植物園)
  • Kyoto City Archaeological Museum (京都市考古資料館)
  • Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum (京都市平安京創生館)
  • Kyoto International Manga Museum (京都国際マンガミュージアム)
  • Kyoto Kaleidoscope Museum (京都万華鏡ミュージアム)
  • Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art (京都市美術館)
  • Kyoto Museum for World Peace (国際平和ミュージアム)
  • Kyoto Museum of Traditional Crafts (京都伝統産業ふれあい館)
  • Kyoto National Museum (京都国立博物館)
  • Kyoto Prefectural Garden of Fine Arts (京都府立陶板名画の庭)
  • Kyoto Prefectural Insho-Domoto Museum of Fine Arts (京都府立堂本印象美術館)
  • Kyoto Railway Museum (京都鉄道博物館)
  • Kyoto University Museum (京都大学総合博物館)
  • Museum of Kyoto (京都府京都文化博物館)
  • Namikawa Cloisonne Museum of Kyoto (並河靖之七宝記念館)
  • National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (京都国立近代美術館)
  • Nomura Art Museum (野村美術館)
  • Onishi Seiwemon Museum (大西清右衛門美術館)
  • Raku ware Museum (楽美術館)
  • Ryozen Museum of History (幕末維新ミュージアム 霊山歴史館)
  • Sen-oku Hakuko Kan (泉屋博古館)
  • Shigureden (時雨殿)
  • Tin Toy Museum (ブリキのおもちゃ博物館)
  • Toei Kyoto Studio Park (東映太秦映画村)
  • Yurinkan Museum (藤井斉成会有鄰館)

Sports

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Kyūdō archers dey participate insyd de Ōmato Archery Competition at Sanjūsangen-dō
Club Sport League Venue Established
Kyoto Sanga FC Soccer J.League Sanga Stadium by Kyocera
Takebishi Stadium Kyoto 		1922
SGH Galaxy Stars Softball JD. League Wakasa Stadium Kyoto 1986
Kyoto Hannaryz Basketball B.League Hannaryz Arena 2009
Kyoto Kaguyalyze Table tennis T.League Shimadzu Arena Kyoto 2022

International relations

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Sisto cities

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De city of Kyoto get sister-city relationships plus de cities wey dey follow:[23]

  • United States Boston, United States (since June 1959)
  • Germany Cologne, Germany (since May 1963)
  • Italy Florence, Italy (since September 1965)
  • MexicoGuadalajara, Mexico (since October 1980)[24]
  • UkraineKyiv, Ukraine (since September 1971)
  • Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic (since April 1996)[25]
  • China Xi'an, China (since May 1974, friendship city)
  • Croatia Zagreb, Croatia (since October 1981)

Partner cities

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  • Belgium Brussels, Belgium (since April 2006)
  • Vietnam Huế, Vietnam (since February 2013)
  • Turkey Istanbul, Turkey (since June 2013)
  • South Korea Jinju, South Korea (since March 1999)
  • Turkey Konya, Turkey (since December 2009)
  • France Paris, France (since June 1958)[26]
  • China Qingdao, China (since August 2012)
  • Canada Quebec City, Canada (since May 2016)
  • Taiwan Tainan, Taiwan (since June 2021)
  • India Varanasi, India (since August 2014)[27]
  • LaosVientiane, Laos (since November 2015)
  • Taiwan Yilan City, Taiwan (since August 2018)

References

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Citations

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  1. ↑ "Kyoto | Definition of Kyoto by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  2. ↑ Lyman, Benjamin Smith (2020-08-03). "FSA A1999.35 092: Kyoto: View from Kiyomizudera". Smithsonian (in American English). Archived from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
  3. ↑ 気象庁 / 平年値 (年・月ごとの値). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  4. ↑ 令和２（２０２０）年国勢調査. City of Kyoto. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  5. ↑ Scott, David (1996). Exploring Japan. Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-679-03011-5
  6. ↑ 議員名簿・京都市会. Kyoto City Assembly. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 歴代市長、副市長・助役一覧. Kyoto City. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  8. ↑ 県民経済計算 (in Japanese). Cabinet Office (Japan). Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  9. ↑ "Purchasing power parities (PPP)". OECD. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  10. ↑ "Dainippon Screen corporate profile". Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  11. ↑ "OMRON corporate data". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Shimadzu corporate profile". Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Rohm corporate data". Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Horiba company outline". Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Nidec company profile". Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Nichicon company profile". Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Nissin Electric company outline". Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Educational statistics". City of Kyoto (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  19. ↑ "Kyoto Uses Its Many Charms to Attract Foreign Students". The New York Times. June 29, 2014. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Kyoto University". Top Universities (in English). Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  21. ↑ "Kyoto University". Times Higher Education (THE) (in English). 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
  22. ↑ "English". Consortium of Universities in Kyoto. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Sister Cities of Kyoto City". City of Kyoto. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague - Twin Cities HMP]. Portál "Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Paris et Kyoto célèbrent leurs soixante ans d'amitié". Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
  27. ↑ "MoUs with Japan". Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Fiévé, Nicolas (ed.) (2008) Atlas historique de Kyôto. Analyse spatiale des systèmes de mémoire d'une ville, de son architecture et de ses paysages urbains. Foreword Kôichirô Matsuura, Preface Jacques Gernet, Paris, Éditions de l'UNESCO / Éditions de l'Amateur, 528 pages, 207 maps et 210 ill. ISBN 978-2-85917-486-6.
  • Fiévé, Nicolas and Waley, Paul. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: Routledge. 417 pages + 75 ill. ISBN 978-0-7007-1409-4
  • Lone, John. (2000). Old Kyoto: A Short Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-590940-2
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
  • Ropke, Ian Martin. Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto. 273pp Scarecrow Press (July 22, 1999). ISBN 978-0810836228.
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