Demet ÖZOCAKLI

This study aims to reveal the size and extent of the impact of income and smoking prevalence on health expenditures for MENA countries and 2010-2016 period, as well as exposure to Particulate Matter (PM2.5), which is one of the most important determinants of air quality. 1% increase in exposure to Particulate Matter (PM2.5) per capita creates an increase of 1.13% in total health expenditure per capita. 1% increase in GDP per capita leads to 1.03% increase in government health expenditure per capita, 0.5% increase in private health expenditure per capita and 0.42% increase in out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita. It was found found for the MENA countries that the goverment healthcare service tends to be in the luxury goodscategory, but private healthcare service and out-of-pocket health care service are differentiated and included in the necessary goods category. 1% increase in the prevalence of smoking causes a minor increase of (0.030‰) in private health expenditure per capi...

Gida guvencesizligi son yillarda Birlesmis Milletler ve Dunya Bankasi tarafindan cikarilan raporlarda tartisilmaktadir. Gida guvencesizligi ozellikle gida kitligi yasayan az gelismis ve gelismekte olan ulkeler icin onemli bir meseledir. Literaturde gida guvencesizligi yatay kesit ya da zaman serisi verileri ile farkli yontemler kullanilarak incelenmistir. Yapilan calismalarda daha cok bir ulkeye ya da hane halki seviyesinde bir ulkenin belirli bir bolgesine odaklanildigi gorulmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci gida kitligi yasayan az gelismis ya da gelismekte olan 80 ulkede 2000-2015 yillari arasinda gida guvencesizliginin bazi belirleyicilerini tespit etmektir. Bu amac dogrultusunda Kantil Regresyon Yontemi kullanilmaktadir. Olusturulan modelde bagimli degisken, gida guvencesizligi yerine kullanilan yetersiz beslenme yayginliginin nufus icerisindeki yuzdesi olarak belirlenirken, bagimsiz degiskenler; 2010 sabit fiyatlariyla ABD dolarina gore hesaplanmis kisi basina GSYH, sadece yenilebi...

Food security has been discussed by reports issued by the United Nations and World Bank in recent years. Food insecurity is an important topic for underdevepoled and developing countries with food shortage. In the literatüre, food insecurity/security has been investigated using different econometric methods with cross section and time series data. It seems that the studies focused on one country or a specific region of one country at the household level. The aim of this study is to identify some determinants of food security in the underdeveloped or developing 80 countries with food shortages between 2000 and 2015. Fort his purpose, Kntil Regression Method is used. While the dependent variable in the generated model is the percentage of undernutrition prevalence in place of food insecurity, independent variables; per capita real GDP calculated based on US dollars at fixed prices in 2010, defined as the net food production index containing only edible and nutritious foods, the percentage of Access to developed water resources within the food safety indicators set by FAO and the percentage of acsess to improved sanitasion facilities within the food safety indicators set by FAO. Results show that the effects of explanatory variables (per capita real GDP, net food production index, access to improved water source, accses to improved sanitation facilities) are changing on food insecurity for different quantiles (τ = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.95) whereas Gaussian fixed effect estimators can only predict the avarage effect on food insecurity. It is found that strong relationship between per capita real GDP and net food prodcution index with food insecurity while it is found that weak relationship between access to improved water source and access to improved sanitation facilities with food insecurity.

This study aims to reveal the size and extent of the impact of income and smoking prevalence on health expenditures for MENA countries and 2010-2016 period, as well as exposure to Particulate Matter (PM2.5), which is one of the most important determinants of air quality. 1% increase in exposure to Particulate Matter (PM2.5) per capita creates an increase of 1.13% in total health expenditure per capita. 1% increase in GDP per capita leads to 1.03% increase in government health expenditure per capita, 0.5% increase in private health expenditure per capita and 0.42% increase in out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita. It was found for the MENA countries that the goverment health care service tends to be in the luxury goods category, but private healthcare service and out-of-pocket health care service are differentiated and included in the necessary goods category. 1% increase in the prevalence of smoking causes a minor increase of (0.030‰) in private health expenditure per capita, and also a minor increase of (0.036‰) in out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita.

In the world increasing awareness of food insecurity has been of great importance for underceveloped and developing countries. In recent years these countries have made little progress in reducing food insecurity. External debt stocks and food imports of these countries have been an upward trend during the same period. In this study impact of long term external debt and food imports to merchandise imports on food security was tested with Quantile Regression Method for period 2000-2015 and 50 underdeveloped and developing countries which have undernourishment prevalence. Quantile Regression Method reveals the whole picture by taking the entire distribution of the dependend variable though the determined quantiles contrary to the mean estimation methods. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the increase in the long term external debt stock and food imports to merchandise imports reduced food insecurity in food insecure countries especially. This result is thought to be consistent with expectations.

Fiscal rules which have a long history have been applied in various areas in many countries and their popularity has increased in recent years. It has been stated that in the theoretical sense fiscal rules have been initially derived from Public Choice Theory. Public Choice Theory is defending both the homoeconomicus hypothesis that assumes the existence of actors within the state that are trying to maximize their own interests and the hypothesis of gains from the exchange which suggests that the institutional framework should be chosen in such a way that all actors can benefit in the public economy. In this paper the relationship between the open rule that is among the fiscal rule applications and the human development index which is accepted as democratic development criteria and the corruption perception index have been examined in the scope of 25 European Union (EU) countries in the period of 2000-2015. In order to examine this relationship, Panel Data Analysis was applied and the most effective estimation method was chosen as a result of the tests performed. According to the results of analysis on the sample of 25 European Union countries, there is a negative and strong relationship between the open rule and the human development index and a positive relationship has been found between the corruption perception index and the open rule for the mentioned countries.

Food security has been discussed by reports issued by the United Nations and World Bank in recent years. Food insecurity is an important topic for underdevepoled and developing countries with food shortage. In the literatüre, food insecurity/security has been investigated using different econometric methods with cross section and time series data. It seems that the studies focused on one country or a specific region of one country at the household level. The aim of this study is to identify some determinants of food security in the underdeveloped or developing 80 countries with food shortages between 2000 and 2015. Fort his purpose, Kntil Regression Method is used. While the dependent variable in the generated model is the percentage of undernutrition prevalence in place of food insecurity, independent variables; per capita real GDP calculated based on US dollars at fixed prices in 2010, defined as the net food production index containing only edible and nutritious foods, the percentage of Access to developed water resources within the food safety indicators set by FAO and the percentage of acsess to improved sanitasion facilities within the food safety indicators set by FAO. Results show that the effects of explanatory variables (per capita real GDP, net food production index, access to improved water source, accses to improved sanitation facilities) are changing on food insecurity for different quantiles (τ = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.95) whereas Gaussian fixed effect estimators can only predict the avarage effect on food insecurity. It is found that strong relationship between per capita real GDP and net food prodcution index with food insecurity while it is found that weak relationship between access to improved water source and access to improved sanitation facilities with food insecurity.

Ramsey who took the first foundations of optimal tax theory and handled optimal consumption taxes analytically for the first time, discussed how taxation rules should be in order to ensure efficiency in resource allocation and to minimize loss of efficiency. In this respect, he put forward the Inverse Elasticity Rule. The Inverse Elasticity Rule refers to tax lower than the goods with a high change in the amount of compensated demand due to taxation and higher than the low changes in the amount of compensated demand. Accordingly in this study, price elasticity of gasoline demand for Turkey was estimated by the Statıc Ordinary Least Square and the Dynamic Partial Adjustment Modelfor the period 2006-2017. According to the Dynamic Model, the price elasticity of the short-term gasoline demand is inelastic and according to the Inverse Elasticity Rule, gasoline is favorable in terms of obtaining higher government income. In this case gasoline may be subject to higher taxes to obtain government revenue by The Inverse Elasticity Rule as the price elasticity of gasoline demand in Turkey for the period 2006-2017 is inelastic. In this context Ramsey Tax Component that allowing the possibility of gasoline consumption being a weak substitution of leisure time and situated in the optimal gasoline tax was calculated for Turkey. The Ramsey Tax Component is expressed as a component based on the Inverse Elasticity Rule and calculated on the basis of the idea that goods are which lower change in the amount of compensated demand resulting from taxation provides higher government revenue. In this direction, Ramsey Gasoline Tax Component calculated for the year of 2017 for Turkey. Calculated Ramsey Gasoline Tax Component was determined to be less 2.46 times from the gasoline Excise Tax amount taken by the government.