乃
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Translingual
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Traditional Chinese and Japanese
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Han character
[edit]乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition ⿹㇡丿)
Derived characters
[edit]- 仍, 𠮨, 𡉁, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𤜠, 𨸐, 辸, 𣅅, 㭁, 𤆈, 㲌, 𠂫, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𦨋, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𪥑, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𢒁, 𫡐, 𠂪, 𫡝
- 𡦺, 㞧, 艿, 𫶵, 秀, 𬔬, 𠂱, 𭺹, 隽, 𣤃, 𣫉, 䯮, 𩾖, 𧤢, 疓, 氖, 𡩍, 𫡄, 𭑩, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 𤆄, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 𧈦, 㚉, 鼐, 𬩄, 𩜒
- 夃, 𠂏, 𡕔, 𡭘, 𢒀, 𪜌, 𦮘, 𠂐, 𪣍, 𬊅, 𦙕, 𥙯, 𥚣, 𮂁, 𥟄, 𨨍, 𩉶, 𠛘, 𨾫, 𡧿, 𫴟, 𬼎, 𡥗, 𣏻, 𫞯, 𫞰, 𣕼, 𧁅
Descendants
[edit]- の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 81, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
- Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E43
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
乃 | |
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Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 乃 | |||||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Shizhoupian script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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 b07002  b07003  b07004  b07005  b07006  b07007  b07008  b07009  b07010  b07011  b07012  b07013  b07014  b07015  b07016  b07017  b07018  b07019  b07020  b07021  b07022  b07023  b07024  b07025  b07026  b07027  b07028  b07029  b07030  b07031  b07032  b07033  b07034 b07035  b07036 b07037  b07038  b07039  b07040  s03493 Transcribed ancient scripts  L34567  L34568  L34569  L34570  L15245  L15246  L15247  L15230  L15231  L15232  L15233  L15234  L15235  L15236  L15237  L15238  L15239  L15240  L15241  L15242  L15243  L15244  L15248  L15249  L15250  L15251  L15252  L15253  L15254  L15255 | |||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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His original form is 𠄎 and his origin is uncertain. Various theories exists:
- Chen Duxiu, Guo Moruo: Pictogram (象形) – sideway view of a person with protruding breasts. Original form of 奶 (OC *rneːlʔ)
- Zhu Fangpu: Pictogram (象形) – a rope. Original form of 繩 (OC *ɦbljɯŋ)
- Wang Yunzhi, Shihong: Pictogram (象形) – a rope in midair being thrown. Used as a component in 扔 (OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs).
- Lin Yiguang: Ideogram (指事) – the shape of dragging or pulling.
Unrelated to 廴.
Etymology 1
[edit]- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "then; now"
- Related to Tibetan ན (na, postposition following temporal causes) (Coblin, 1986).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nai1
- Eastern Min (BUC): nāi
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai3
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ne
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nǎi
- Wade–Giles: nai3
- Yale: nǎi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
- Palladius: най (naj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: naai5
- Yale: náaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: naai5
- Guangdong Romanization: nai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /naːi̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡai³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- nái - literary;
- ná/nǎ - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: nai2 / nai6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nái / năi
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁵²/, /nai³⁵/
Note:
- nai2 - “you, your”;
- nai6 - “just; then; be”.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nojX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/
Definitions
[edit]乃
- (literary) you, your
- 王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
- Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
- On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
王师北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) be
- 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
- The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) then; hence
- 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
- Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) only then; not ... until
- Synonym: 才 (cái)
- 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
- The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
- Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
沛公谓张良曰：「从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) but
- 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
- I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
- Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
- 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
- Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
- They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
- (Northern Wu) now
Synonyms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai4 / nai4*
- Cantonese
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nai4 / nai4*
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Definitions
[edit]乃
- (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”)
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai3 / nae3
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nai³³²/
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: nae3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɛ⁴⁵³/
- (Putian)
Definitions
[edit]乃
- (Puxian Min) an interjection for response
- (Puxian Min) why
- (Puxian Min) what to do
- 叫我卜乃？ [Puxian Min] ― gieo4 gua3 boh6 nai3? [Pouseng Ping'ing] ― What do you want me to do?
- (Puxian Min) how
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “乃”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 393.
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “乃”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 162.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]乃
- from
- possessive particle
- whereupon
- accordingly
- you
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ない (nai)
- Kan-on: だい (dai)
- On: え (e)
- Kun: お (o, 乃)、すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち)、なんじ (nanji, 乃)←なんぢ (nandi, 乃, historical)←なむち (namuti, 乃, ancient)、の (no, 乃)
- Nanori: おさむ (osamu)←をさむ (wosamu, historical)、のり (nori)
Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:
See also
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 내 (“then”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“really, indeed”)
- hanja form? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”)
References
[edit]Old Korean
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Verb
[edit]乃 (*nwoy-)
Descendants
[edit]- Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
- ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
- ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)
Further reading
[edit]- 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018) “ko:<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
- 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014) “구결자료의 어휘 [gugyeoljaryoui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi[1][2][3][4][5][6], ái[2]
乃: Nôm readings: náy[4][6], nãy[4], nảy[4][6][6], nải[1][7][6], nấy[4][6][6], nới[4][6]
References
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading なんじ
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading なんぢ
- Japanese kanji with ancient kun reading なむち
- Japanese kanji with kun reading の
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おさむ
- Japanese kanji with historical nanori reading をさむ
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