[go: up one dir, main page]
Wiktionary

above

English

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit
 
A circle above (sense 2) a square

From Middle English above, aboven, abuven, from Old English ābufan, onbufan, from on (“on”) + bufan (“over”), (akin to Icelandic ofan (“from above”), Middle Dutch bōven, Old Frisian bova, Middle High German bobene) from bī (“by”) + ufan (“over”); also cognate with Danish oven, Dutch boven, German oben, Swedish ovan, Old Saxon oƀan, Old High German obana.

The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

Pronunciation

edit

Preposition

edit

above

  1. Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing. [first attested before 1150.]
    He always put his coat on above his sweater.
  2. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface. [first attested before 1150]
    Antonyms: below, beneath
  3. Farther north than. [first attested before 1150]
    Idaho is above Utah.
  4. Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise. [first attested around 1150–1350]
  5. (figuratively) Higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    to cut above average
    Even the chief of police is not above suspicion.
    He was always above reproach.
    I thought you said you were above these kinds of antics.
    That's above my comprehension.
  6. Higher in rank, status, or position. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    to stand head and shoulders above the rest
    • 1791, John Walker, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary […] ‎[1], London: Sold by G. G. J. and J. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T. Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC, page 557:
      ☞ This word [wrap] is often pronounced wrop, rhyming with top, even by ſpeakers much above the vulgar.
  7. (Scotland) In addition to; besides. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    above and beyond the call of duty
    over and above
  8. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than. [first attested around 1350–1470]
    That amount is way above our asking price.
  9. In preference to.
  10. Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
    The owner was above taking more than a token salary.
  11. Beyond; on the other side.
  12. (theater) Upstage of.

Usage notes

edit
  • (surpassing in number or quantity): passing into the adverbial sense.

Derived terms

edit
Terms derived from the preposition

Translations

edit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adverb

edit

above (not comparable)

  1. Directly overhead; vertically on top of. [first attested before 1150.]
    • 2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist‎[2], volume 407, number 8835, page 80:
      Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.
  2. Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go. [first attested before 1150.]
    • 1913, Ambrose Bierce, Present at a Hanging and Other Ghost Stories:
      Nobody has lived in it since the summer of 1879, and it is fast going to pieces. For some three years before the date mentioned above, it was occupied by the family of Charles May
    • 1905, Emanuel Swedenborg, chapter 19, in Heaven and Hell:
      That angels are men in the most complete form, and enjoy every sense, may be seen above (n. 73-77); and that the light in heaven is far brighter than the light in the world (n. 126-132).
  3. Into or from heaven; in the sky. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    He’s in a better place now, floating free as the clouds above.
  4. In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream. [first attested around 1150–1350]
  5. Higher in rank, power, or position. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    He appealed to the court above.
  6. (archaic) In addition. [first attested around 1150–1350]
  7. More in number. [first attested around 1350–1470]
  8. Above zero; above freezing. [first attested in the mid 20th century.]
    It was a cold day at only 5 above.
  9. (biology) On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.
    The sparrow I saw was rufous above and off-white below.

Derived terms

edit
Derived terms

Translations

edit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adjective

edit

above (not comparable)

  1. Of heaven; heavenly. [first attested around (1150 to 1350).]
  2. (by ellipsis) Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page. [first attested in the mid 18th century.]

Usage notes

edit
  • Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word said, mentioned, quoted, or the like:
    • the above(-said) observations
    • the above(-cited) reference
    • the above(-quoted) articles

Translations

edit
being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page

Noun

edit

above (uncountable)

  1. Heaven. [first attested around 1150–1350]
    • 1998, “Twinz”, in Capital Punishment, performed by Big Pun and Fat Joe:
      A brother from another mother, sent from the above.
  2. Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
  3. Higher authority.
  4. (archaic) betterment, raised status or condition.
    • 1896, William Morris, The Well at the World's End:
      Withal they saw of him that he had no doubt but that they should come to their above on the morrow,

Usage notes

edit

The preposition above is often used further elliptically as a noun by omitting the associated noun, where it is should be clear what is omitted: e.g. See the above.

edit

Translations

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "The vertical axis", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8
  • Laurence Urdang (editor), The Random House College Dictionary (Random House, 1984 [1975], →ISBN), page 4
  • Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 [1998], →ISBN), page 4
  • “above”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
  • “above”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
  • “above, prep.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=above&oldid=82439221"