Experimental Investigation on the Damage Evolution of Thermally Treated Granodiorite Subjected to Rapid Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen
<p>An Eastern Desert geological map of Egypt that includes the research area [<a href="#B53-sustainability-16-06396" class="html-bibr">53</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The XRD patterns of granodiorite samples at ambient temperature and following different treatments.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The principal devices used in this study: (<b>a</b>) the WiseTherm electric furnace, (<b>b</b>) quenched samples of liquid nitrogen, (<b>c</b>) the SEM apparatus, (<b>d</b>) the optical microscope device, and (<b>e</b>) a uniaxial compression test unit.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Porosity and water absorption responses of granodiorite samples following various thermal treatments and LN<sub>2</sub> cooling.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Mass loss, volume increase, and density reduction rates of granodiorite with target temperatures.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Change in P-wave velocity of granodiorite samples with temperature with LN<sub>2</sub> cooling treatments.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>SEM images of granodiorite thermally treated and quickly cooled via LN<sub>2</sub> at 200 °C (<b>a</b>), 300 °C (<b>b</b>), 400 °C (<b>c</b>), and 600 °C (<b>d</b>). (bc) is boundary microcracks, and (tc) is transgranular microcracks.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Crack length and width evolution of granodiorite specimens subjected to various thermal treatments and LN<sub>2</sub> rapid cooling.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Diagram of the microstructural changes in studied samples after heat treatment, followed by rapid cooling using LN<sub>2</sub>.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The change in the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of granodiorite after heat treatment and LN<sub>2</sub> cooling.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The elastic modulus (E) of granodiorite as a function of temperature and LN<sub>2</sub> cooling approach.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Physical and mechanical property responses during heating and LN<sub>2</sub> cooling processes.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Crack evolution in granodiorite specimens subjected to different thermal treatments (<b>a</b>) at 200 °C and (<b>b</b>) at 300 °C and rapid cooling with LN<sub>2</sub>, as seen using an optical microscope.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Crack evolution in granodiorite specimens subjected to different thermal treatments (<b>a</b>) at 400 °C and (<b>b</b>) at 600 °C and rapid cooling with LN<sub>2</sub>, as seen using an optical microscope.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>Relation between P-wave velocity and porosity of thermally heated granodiorite, followed by the LN<sub>2</sub> cooling method.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Thermal damage evolution of P-wave velocity and elastic modulus of thermally heated granodiorite, followed by the LN<sub>2</sub> cooling approach.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Cooling impact analysis on the physical properties of thermally heated granodiorite at various temperatures is followed by air cooling (A-C) and liquid nitrogen (LN<sub>2</sub>).</p> "> Figure 18
<p>Cooling impact analysis on the mechanical properties of thermally heated granodiorite at various temperatures is followed by air cooling (A-C) and liquid nitrogen cooling (LN<sub>2</sub>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Porosity and Absorption Deterioration
3.2. Mass, Volume, and Density Behaviors
3.3. Ultrasonic Velocity
3.4. SEM Observation
3.5. Mechanical Properties
3.5.1. UCS
3.5.2. E
3.5.3. Failure Modes
4. Discussion
4.1. Microstructural Evaluation
4.2. Physical Property Responses
4.3. Mechanical Properties Responses
4.4. Thermal Damage Evolution of Vp and E
4.5. Liquid Nitrogen Cooling Impact Analysis
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Up to 300 °C, the porosity, crack density, thermal damage, and density reduction ratio progressively rose before drastically increasing beyond this point. Similarly, the uniaxial compressive strength climbed to 300 °C, and then it drastically dropped linearly as the temperature rose. In contrast, there was a gradual reduction in the elastic modulus and P-wave velocity as the temperature reached 200 °C, followed by a significant decline. Hence, this study revealed the following two mutation temperatures in the evolution of granodiorite mechanical and physical properties: 200 and 300 °C. After that, all metrics massively deteriorated;
- (2)
- Microcrack initiation and propagation can be associated with two primary granodiorite failure types. At 200 °C, tiny boundary and transgranular microcracks were visible, which led to the axial splitting modes. On the other hand, the shear failure mode was produced by developing boundary and transgranular cracks at 300, 400, and 600 °C;
- (3)
- Microscopically, the granodiorite exhibits boundary and transgranular cracks; however, boundary cracking is the main form of failure under thermal loading. Also, the impact of quartz on granodiorite thermal degradation is significant. Thus, most boundary cracks disperse at the quartz’s borders. After being heated and cooled, granodiorite experiences many transgranular cracks at 600 °C; most occur in quartz;
- (4)
- Compared to air cooling, LN2 cooling produces more notable changes in mechanical and physical characteristics, illustrating the cooling influence of liquid nitrogen on granodiorite’s properties. Nevertheless, raising the desired heating temperature for both cooling methods causes more severe damage.
- (5)
- To avoid or reduce possible geological hazards, it is crucial to consider the adverse effects of using LN2 for hydraulic fracturing stimulation, such as the weakening of host rocks’ mechanical properties.
6. Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Temperature | 200 °C | 300 °C | 400 °C | 600 °C |
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Failure Mode |
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Gomah, M.E.; Wang, E.; Omar, A.A. Experimental Investigation on the Damage Evolution of Thermally Treated Granodiorite Subjected to Rapid Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156396
Gomah ME, Wang E, Omar AA. Experimental Investigation on the Damage Evolution of Thermally Treated Granodiorite Subjected to Rapid Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen. Sustainability. 2024; 16(15):6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156396
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomah, Mohamed Elgharib, Enyuan Wang, and Ahmed A. Omar. 2024. "Experimental Investigation on the Damage Evolution of Thermally Treated Granodiorite Subjected to Rapid Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen" Sustainability 16, no. 15: 6396. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156396