Monitoring Seismo-TEC Perturbations Utilizing the Beidou Geostationary Satellites
<p>Locations of the selected IPPs, the epicenter of the Menyuan earthquake, and the BDS geostationary satellites. The red star shows the location of the epicenter. The solid circles indicate the locations of the BDS G1 (140°E), G2 (80°E), and G3 (110.5°E) satellites. The open circles mark the selected IPPs. The red, blue, and green open circles lie in the directions (grey dashed lines) aligning toward the geostationary (G2, G3, and G1) satellites, respectively. Note that the grey open circles are distributed along the direction that is orthogonal to the G2-epicenter direction for the purpose of investigating the influence of measuring azimuth angles on the TEC perturbations.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Residual TEC perturbations at IPPs aligning in the direction from the epicenter to G2 utilizing distinct geostationary satellites 4000 s before and after the earthquake. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) shows the residual TEC perturbations obtained from the electromagnetic signals transmitted from the G2, G3, and G1 geostationary satellites. The black lines show variations of the residual TEC during the earthquake. The blue, red and green dashed lines show the velocity of 770 m/s, 950 m/s, and 800 m/s, respectively. The vertical dashed line indicates the occurrence of the Menyuan earthquake.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The residual TEC perturbations at IPPs aligning in the direction from the epicenter to G1 utilizing distinct geostationary satellites 4000 s before and after the earthquake. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) show the residual TEC perturbations obtained from the electromagnetic signals transmitted from the G2, G3, and G1 geostationary satellites, respectively. The black lines show the variations of the TEC during the earthquake. The blue, red and green dashed lines show the velocity of 770 m/s, 950 m/s, and 800 m/s, respectively. The vertical dashed line indicates the occurrence time of the Menyuan earthquake.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The residual TEC perturbations at IPPs aligning in the direction from the epicenter to G3 utilizing distinct geostationary satellites 4000 s before and after the earthquake. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) show the residual TEC perturbations obtained from the electromagnetic signals transmitted from the G2, G3, and G1 geostationary satellites, respectively. The black lines show variations of the TEC during the earthquake. The blue, red, and green dashed lines show the velocity of 770 m/s, 950 m/s and 800 m/s, respectively. The vertical dashed line indicates the occurrence time of the Menyuan earthquake.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The residual TEC perturbations at IPPs aligning in the southeastern direction utilizing distinct geostationary satellites 4000 s before and after the earthquake. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) show the residual TEC perturbations obtained from the electromagnetic signals transmitted from the G2, G3, and G1 geostationary satellites, respectively. The black lines show variations of the TEC during the earthquake. The blue, red, and green dashed lines show the velocity of 770 m/s, 950 m/s, and 800 m/s, respectively. The vertical dashed line indicates the occurrence time of the Menyuan earthquake.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
3. Interpretation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Davies, K. Ionospheric Radio; Space Environment Laboratory: Boulder, CO, USA, 1990. [CrossRef]
- Mannucci, A.; Iijima, B.; Lindqwister, U.; Pi, X.; Sparks, L.; Wilson, B. GPS and Ionosphere: Review of Radio Science 1996–1999; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 625–665. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, J.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Lin, C.H.; Tsai, H.F.; Chen, C.H.; Kamogawa, M. Ionospheric disturbances triggered by the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2011, 116, A06319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, X.; Yang, P.; Mei, D.; Liu, H.; Xu, G.; Dong, Y. Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting for Geomagnetic Storm Time Using a Deep Learning-Based Multi-Model Ensemble Method. Space Weather 2023, 21, e2022SW003231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Idosa, C.; Shogile, K. Variations of ionospheric TEC due to coronal mass ejections and geomagnetic storm over New Zealand. New Astron. 2023, 99, 101961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bojilova, R.; Mukhtarov, P. Comparative Analysis of Global and Regional Ionospheric Responses during Two Geomagnetic Storms on 3 and 4 February 2022. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhai, C.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, X.; Yin, X. Spatiotemporal Evolution and Drivers of the Four Ionospheric Storms over the American Sector during the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calais, E.; Minster, J.B. GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22, 1045–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducic, V.; Artru, J.; Lognonné, P. Ionospheric remote sensing of the Denali earthquake Rayleigh surface waves. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30, 1951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heki, K.; Ping, J.S. Directivity and apparent velocity of the coseismic ionospheric disturbances observed with a dense GPS array. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 236, 845–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cahyadi, M.N.; Heki, K. Coseismic ionospheric disturbance of the large strike-slip earthquakes in North Sumatra in 2012: M-w dependence of the disturbance amplitudes. Geophys. J. Int. 2015, 200, 116–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, B.; Hao, Y. Ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A revisit. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2015, 120, 5758–5777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.Y.; Lin, J.Y.; Lin, C.Y.; Tasi, H.F.; Chang, L.C.; Chen, C.Y.; Chen, C.H. Ionospheric F-2 region perturbed by the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2016, 121, 5778–5784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Occhipinti, G.; Rolland, L.; Lognonne, P.; Watada, S. From Sumatra 2004 to Tohoku-Oki 2011: The systematic GPS detection of the ionospheric signature induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2013, 118, 3626–3636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Artru, J.; Ducic, V.; Kanamori, H.; Lognonné, P.; Murakami, M. Ionospheric detection of gravity waves induced by tsunamis. Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 160, 840–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.Y. GNSS brings us back on the ground from ionosphere. Geosci. Lett. 2019, 6, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Astafyeva, E. Ionospheric detection of natural hazards. Rev. Geophys. 2019, 57, 1265–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DasGupta, A.; Das, A.; Hui, D.; Bandyopadhyay, K.K.; Sivaraman, M.R. Ionospheric perturbations observed by the GPS following the December 26, 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2006, 58 (Suppl. S2), 167–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Tsai, Y.B.; Ma, K.F.; Chen, Y.I.; Tsai, H.F.; Lin, C.H.; Kamogawa, M.; Lee, C.P. Ionospheric GPS total electron content (TEC) disturbances triggered by the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2006, 111, A05303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otsuka, Y.; Kotake, N.; Tsugawa, T.; Shiokawa, K.; Ogawa, T.; Effendy; Saito, S.; Kawamura, M.; Maruyama, T.; Hemmakorn, N.; et al. GPS detection of total electron content variations over Indonesia and Thailand following the 26 December 2004 earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2006, 58, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.H.; Saito, A.; Lin, C.H.; Liu, J.Y.; Tsai, H.F.; Tsugawa, T.; Otsuka, Y.; Nishioka, M.; Matsumura, M. Long-distance propagation of ionospheric disturbance generated by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2011, 63, 881–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolland, L.M.; Lognonne, P.; Astafyeva, E.; Kherani, E.A.; Kobayashi, N.; Mann, M.; Munekane, H. The resonant response of the ionosphere imaged after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2011, 63, 853–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Sun, Y.Y. Seismo-traveling ionospheric disturbances of ionograms observed during the 2011 M-w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2011, 63, 897–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsai, H.F.; Liu, J.Y.; Lin, C.H.; Chen, C.H. Tracking the epicenter and the tsunami origin with GPS ionosphere observation. Earth Planets Space 2011, 63, 859–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamogawa, M.; Orihara, Y.; Tsurudome, C.; Tomida, Y.; Kanaya, T.; Ikeda, D.; Gusman, A.R.; Kakinami, Y.; Liu, J.-Y.; Toyoda, A. A possible space-based tsunami early warning system using observations of the tsunami ionospheric hole. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 37989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsugawa, T.; Saito, A.; Otsuka, Y.; Nishioka, M.; Maruyama, T.; Kato, H.; Nagatsuma, T.; Murata, K.T. Ionospheric disturbances detected by GPS total electron content observation after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Earth Planet Space 2011, 63, 875–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Sun, Y.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Tsai, H.F.; Yen, H.Y.; Chum, J.; Lastovicka, J.; Yang, Q.S.; Chen, W.S.; et al. The vertical propagation of disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake over Taiwan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43, 1759–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Y.Q.; Xiao, Z.Z.; Zhang, D.H. Responses of the ionosphere to the great Sumatra earthquake and volcanic eruption of Pinatubo. Chin. Phys. Lett. 2006, 23, 1955–1957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, X.N.; Meng, G.J.; Sun, H.; Wu, W.W. Positioning performance of BDS observation of the crustal movement observation network of China and its potential application on crustal deformation. Sensors 2018, 18, 3353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, C.-H.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, F.; Lin, K.; Gao, Y.; Tang, C.-C.; Lyu, J.; Huang, R.; Huang, Q. Far-field coupling and interactions in multiple geospheres after the Tonga volcano eruptions. Surv. Geophys. 2023, 44, 587–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.-H.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Wang, F.; Liu, T.-C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Gao, Y.; Lyu, J.; Jin, X.; Zhao, X. Individual Wave Propagations 374 in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 2179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.H.; Sun, Y.Y.; Lin, K.; Zhou, C.; Xu, R.; Qing, H.Y.; Gao, Y.; Chen, T.; Wang, F.; Yu, H.; et al. A new instrumental array in Sichuan, China, to monitor vibrations and perturbations of the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. Surv. Geophys. 2021, 42, 1425–1442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.H.; Lin, L.-C.; Yeh, T.-K.; Wen, S.; Yu, H.; Yu, C.; Gao, Y.; Han, P.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.-Y.; et al. Determination of epicenters before earthquakes utilizing far seismic and GNSS data, Insights from ground vibrations. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.H.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Wen, S.; Han, P.; Lin, L.-C.; Yu, H.; Zhang, X.; Gao, Y.; Tang, C.-C.; Lin, C.-H.; et al. Spatiotemporal changes of seismicity rate during earthquakes. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2020, 20, 3333–3341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bedford, J.R.; Moreno, M.; Deng, Z.; Oncken, O.; Schurr, B.; John, T.; Báez, J.C.; Bevis, M. Months-long thousand-kilometre-scale wobbling before great subduction earthquakes. Nature 2020, 580, 628–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, C.H.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Xu, R.; Lin, K.; Wang, F.; Zhang, D.; Zhou, Y.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yu, H.; et al. Resident waves in the ionosphere before the M6.1 Dali and M7.3 Qinghai earthquakes of 21–22 May 2021. Earth Space Sci. 2022, 9, e2021EA002159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kakinami, Y.; Kamogawa, M.; Watanabe, S.; Odaka, M.; Mogi, T.; Liu, J.Y.; Sun, Y.Y.; Yamada, T. Ionospheric ripples excited by superimposed wave fronts associated with Rayleigh waves in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res.-Space Phys. 2013, 118, 905–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kakinami, Y.; Kamogawa, M.; Tanioka, Y.; Watanabe, S.; Gusman, A.R.; Liu, J.Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Mogi, T. Tsunamigenic ionospheric hole. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39, L00G27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afraimovich, E.L.; Perevalova, N.P.; Plotnikov, A.V.; Uralov, A.M. The shock-acoustic waves generated by earthquakes. Ann. Geophys. 2001, 19, 395–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Tsai, H.F.; Lin, C.H.; Kamogawa, M.; Chen, Y.I.; Lin, C.H.; Huang, B.S.; Yu, S.B.; Yeh, Y.H. Coseismic ionospheric disturbances triggered by the Chi-Chi earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, A08303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Astafyeva, E.; Heki, K. Dependence of waveform of near-field coseismic ionospheric disturbances on focal mechanisms. Earth Planets Space 2009, 61, 939–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, F.; Zhang, X.; Dong, L.; Liu, J.; Mao, Z.; Lin, K.; Chen, C.-H. Monitoring Seismo-TEC Perturbations Utilizing the Beidou Geostationary Satellites. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102608
Wang F, Zhang X, Dong L, Liu J, Mao Z, Lin K, Chen C-H. Monitoring Seismo-TEC Perturbations Utilizing the Beidou Geostationary Satellites. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(10):2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102608
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fei, Xuemin Zhang, Lei Dong, Jing Liu, Zhiqiang Mao, Kai Lin, and Chieh-Hung Chen. 2023. "Monitoring Seismo-TEC Perturbations Utilizing the Beidou Geostationary Satellites" Remote Sensing 15, no. 10: 2608. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102608