Abstract
The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) underwater volcano triggered giant atmospheric shock waves propagating around the world. These shock waves were the major factor for the changes in numerous geophysical parameters. A novel multi-instrumental array is located ~ 10,275 km northwest of the HTHH volcano. Most instruments of the array were installed within ~ 400 m2 for monitoring vibrations and perturbations in the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere. The multiple instruments captured the eruption-associated disturbances with various scales ranging from minutes to hours over the certain location, simultaneously, which offer an excellent opportunity for investigating the geosphere coupling. The primary phenomena of the eruption-associated disturbances are the long-period changes (period of ~ 2 h) in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and the magnetic field in the upper atmosphere (above 100 km altitude), indicating the interactions of the ionospheric electrodynamics. The secondary phenomena included the wind disturbances at ~ 3000 m altitude, which contribute to short-period changes (periods of up to ten minutes) in air pressure, ground vibrations, and atmospheric electric field. The near-surface disturbances propagate upward with a near acoustic speed that causes short-period variations in the geomagnetic field and TEC. The primary changes in ionospheric electrodynamics, wind disturbance in the lower atmosphere, and its upward propagation, as well as the resonance, enrich our understanding of the geosphere coupling.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the people who established and maintain the MVP-LAI system for providing numerous geophysical data.
Funding
This research was funded by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant Number U2039205, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant Numbers 41674156, 42174084, and 11874389, Dragon-5(#59308), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China Grant Numbers JZ2021HGPB0058.
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C-HC contributed to conceptualization; C-HC and Y-YS contributed to methodology; C-HC contributed to formal analysis; XZ, FW, YG, C-CT, JL, and RH contributed to investigation; C-HC, XZ, FW, YG, C-CT, JL, and RH contributed to data curation; C-HC contributed to writing—original draft preparation; C-HC., Y-YS, KL, and QH contributed to writing—review and editing; C-HC contributed to visualization; C-HC contributed to supervision; C-HC contributed to project administration; C-H.C contributed to funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Chen, CH., Sun, YY., Zhang, X. et al. Far-field Coupling and Interactions in Multiple Geospheres After the Tonga Volcano Eruptions. Surv Geophys 44, 587–601 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09753-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09753-w