Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022
<p>Locations of the ground-based GNSS receivers, barometers, and underwater volcano lying on the topography. The location of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano is shown by the red star. The red open squares denote the locations of the ground-based GNSS receivers utilized in this study. The red solid lozenges show the locations of the barometers. The red dots indicate the locations of the GEO satellites of the BDS. The black triangles indicate the MVP-LAI system and CAXI station. The black dashed line shows the line-of-sight of the signals transmitted from the BDS GEO satellite (G2) to the ground-based GNSS receiver at the CAXI station. The ionospheric pierce point (IPP) of the CAXI sTEC for BDS G2 locates above the MVP-LAI system at Leshan at an altitude of 350 km.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Variations in the BDS sTEC and air pressure associated with the underwater volcano eruption during 04:00 UT–22:00 UT on 15 January 2022: (<b>a</b>) Variations in the BDS sTEC from 19 selected IPPs with a distance of 0–12,000 km away from the volcano. (<b>b</b>) Spatiotemporal distribution of the TEC perturbations. The BDS sTEC is processed with a removal of a 1 h running average. (<b>c</b>) Variations in the air pressure from the 26 barometers. The red star indicates occurrence of the volcano eruption. The dashed lines show arrival times of the waves propagating away from the volcanoes, which are estimated by utilizing the speed and delay time as written above.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Variations in the CAXI sTEC, air pressure, and ground vibrations in the MVP-LAI system on 15 January 2022: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) show the variations in the CAXI sTEC and the air pressure, respectively. (<b>c</b>–<b>e</b>) exhibit the ground vibrations in the NS, EW, and vertical components. The blue vertical dashed line indicates the occurrence time of the underwater volcano eruption. The red vertical dashed line indicates the arrivals of perturbations in the troposphere. The two arrows mark the front and the secondary peak of TEC perturbations in the ionosphere associated with the volcano eruption.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Observation Results from GNSS Arrays
3. Observations of Air Pressure from Barometer Arrays
4. Observations in the MVP-LAI System
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Astafyeva, E. Ionospheric detection of natural hazards. Rev. Geophys. 2019, 57, 1265–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.H.; Saito, A.; Lin, C.H.; Liu, J.Y.; Tasi, H.F.; Tsugawa, T.; Otsuka, Y.; Nishioka, M.; Matsumura, M. Long-distance propagation of ionospheric disturbance generated by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planets Space 2011, 63, 881–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Komjathy, A.; Yang, Y.-M.; Meng, X.; Verkhoglyadova, O.; Mannucci, A.J.; Langley, R.B. Review and perspectives: Understanding natural-hazards-generated ionospheric perturbations using GPS measurements and coupled modeling. Radio Sci. 2016, 51, 951–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Tsai, Y.B.; Chen, S.W.; Lee, C.P.; Chen, Y.C.; Yen, H.Y.; Chang, W.Y.; Liu, C. Giant ionospheric disturbances excited by the M9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L02103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.-Y.; Lin, C.-Y.; Tsai, H.-F.; Chang, L.C.; Chen, C.-Y.; Chen, C.-H. Ionospheric F2 region perturbed by the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 2016, 121, 5778–5784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heki, K. Explosion energy of the 2004 eruption of the Asama Volcano, central Japan, inferred from ionospheric disturbances. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L14303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dautermann, T.; Calais, E.; Mattioli, G.S. Global Positioning System detection and energy estimation of the ionospheric wave caused by the 13 July 2003 explosion of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114, B02202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shults, K.; Astafyeva, E.; Adourian, S. Ionospheric detection and localization of volcano eruptions on the example of the April 2015 Calbuco events. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 2016, 121, 10303–10315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.Y.; Tsai, H.F.; Jung, T.K. Total electron content obtained by using the Global Positioning System. Terr. Atmos. Ocean Sci. 1996, 7, 107–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.Y.; Liu, J.Y.; Chao, C.K.; Chen, C.H. Intensity of low-latitude nighttime F-region ionospheric density irregularities observed by ROCSAT and ground-based GPS receivers in solar maximum. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy. 2015, 123, 92–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otsuka, Y.; Shinbori, A.; Tsugawa, T.; Nishioka, M. Solar activity dependence of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using GPS receivers in Japan. Earth Planets Space 2021, 73, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, X.; Meng, G.; Sun, H.; Wu, W. Positioning Performance of BDS Observation of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and Its Potential Application on Crustal Deformation. Sensors 2018, 18, 3353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.-Y.; Chen, C.-H.; Lin, C.-H.; Tsai, H.-F.; Chen, C.-H.; Kamogawa, M. Ionospheric disturbances triggered by the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116, A06319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.-Y.; Matsuo, T.; Araujo-Pradere, E.A.; Liu, J.-Y. Ground-based GPS observation of SED-associated irregularities over CONUS. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 2013, 118, 2478–2489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, Y.-Y.; Liu, J.-Y.; Tsai, H.-F.; Krankowski, A. Global ionosphere map constructed by using total electron content from ground-based GNSS receiver and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS occultation experiment. GPS Solut. 2017, 21, 1583–1591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.-H.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Xu, R.; Lin, K.; Wang, F.; Zhang, D.; Liu, J.-Y. Resident waves in the ionosphere before the M6.1 Dali and M7.3 Qinghai earthquakes of 21–22 May 2021. Earth Space Sci. 2022, 9, e2021EA002159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chou, M.-Y.; Yue, J.; Lin, C.C.; Rajesh, P.K.; Pedatella, N.M. Conjugate effect of the 2011 Tohoku reflected tsunami-driven gravity waves in the ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2022, 49, e2021GL097170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Chen, C.Y.; Sun, Y.Y.; Lee, I.T.; Chum, J. Fluctuations on vertical profiles of the ionospheric electron density perturbed by the March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. GPS Solut. 2019, 23, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davies, K. Ionospheric Radio; Peter Peregrinus Ltd.: London, UK, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, C.-H.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Lin, K.; Zhou, C.; Xu, R.; Qing, H.; Gao, Y.; Chen, T.; Wang, F.; Yu, H.; et al. A new instrumental array in Sichuan, China, to monitor vibrations and perturbations of the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. Surv. Geophys. 2021, 42, 1425–1442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, J.-T.; Rajesh, P.K.; Lin Charles, C.-H.; Chou, M.-Y.; Liu, J.-Y.; Yue, J.; Tsai, H.-F.; Chao, H.-M.; Kung, M.-M. Rapid Conjugate Appearance of the Giant Ionospheric Lamb Wave in the Northern Hemisphere after Hunga-Tonga Volcano Eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2022, 49, e2022GL098222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nishida, K.; Kobayashi, N.; Fukao, Y. Background Lamb Waves in the Earth’s Atmosphere. Geophys. J. Int. 2014, 196, 312–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bossert, K.; Vadas, S.L.; Hoffmann, L.; Becker, E.; Harvey, V.L.; Bramberger, M. Observations of Stratospheric Gravity Waves over Europe on 12 January 2016: The Role of the Polar Night Jet. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres. 2020, 125, e2020JD032893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindzen, R.S.; Blake, D. Lamb Waves in the Presence of Realistic Distributions of Temperature and Dissipation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 1972, 77, 2166–2176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Sun, Y.Y.; Chen, C.H.; Tsai, H.F.; Yen, H.Y.; Chum, J.; Lastovicka, J.; Yang, Q.S.; Chen, W.S.; et al. The vertical propagation of disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake over Taiwan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43, 1759–1765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, C.-H.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y.-Y.; Wang, F.; Liu, T.-C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Gao, Y.; Lyu, J.; Jin, X.; Zhao, X.; et al. Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092179
Chen C-H, Zhang X, Sun Y-Y, Wang F, Liu T-C, Lin C-Y, Gao Y, Lyu J, Jin X, Zhao X, et al. Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(9):2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092179
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chieh-Hung, Xuemin Zhang, Yang-Yi Sun, Fei Wang, Tien-Chi Liu, Chi-Yen Lin, Yongxin Gao, Jun Lyu, Xiaobing Jin, Xiaoli Zhao, and et al. 2022. "Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022" Remote Sensing 14, no. 9: 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092179