Remote Sensing Derived Indices for Tracking Urban Land Surface Change in Case of Earthquake Recovery
"> Figure 1
<p>Area of interest (AOI) for each case with the boundary of selected Landsat Scene. (<b>a</b>) Christchurch, New Zealand; (<b>b</b>) L’Aquila, Italy; (<b>c</b>) Bam, Iran (Basemap Source: Esri 2020).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Spectral profiles of four classes in (<b>a</b>) Christchurch, New Zealand; (<b>b</b>) L’Aquila, Italy; and (<b>c</b>) Bam, Iran.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Spectral profiles of four classes in the constructed RGB images for 100 random sample pixels in (<b>a</b>) Christchurch, New Zealand (2017); (<b>b</b>) L’Aquila, Italy (2017); and (<b>c</b>) Bam, Iran (2018)<b>.</b></p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of (<b>a</b>) constructed RGB (R: UI, G: NDVI, B: MNDWI) (2017); (<b>b</b>) Binary Image (0: non-urban, 1: built-up) (2017); and (<b>c</b>) Aerial Image for case of Christchurch, New Zealand (Esri, DigitalGlobe 2020)<b>.</b></p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of (<b>a</b>) constructed RGB (R: UI, G: NDVI, B: MNDWI) (2017), (<b>b</b>) binary image (0: non-urban, 1: built-up) (2017), and (<b>c</b>) aerial image for case of L’Aquila, Italy (Esri, DigitalGlobe 2020).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Comparison of (<b>a</b>) constructed RGB (R: UI, G: NDVI, B: MNDWI) (2018); (<b>b</b>) Binary Image (0: non-urban, 1: built-up) (2018); and (<b>c</b>) Aerial Image for case of Bam, Iran (Esri, DigitalGlobe 2020).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Urban Development for Christchurch, New Zealand for (<b>a</b>) pre-event years (with event year), and (<b>b</b>) post-event.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Annual % Urban Land surface change for Christchurch, New Zealand (with 7.71% error variation depicted by dashed line).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Urban Development for L’Aquila, Italy for (<b>a</b>) pre-event years (with event year), and (<b>b</b>) post-event.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Annual % Urban Land surface change for L’Aquila, Italy (with 8% error variation depicted by dashed line).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Urban development for Bam, Iran for (<b>a</b>) pre-event years (with event year), and (<b>b</b>) post-event.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Annual % Urban Land surface change for Bam, Iran (with 8% error variation depicted by dashed line).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Comparative overview of annual % built-up land surface change (year of the event = 0).</p> "> Figure 14
<p>(<b>a</b>) Annual % Urban/built-up Land surface change for Christchurch, New Zealand, by Districts, (<b>b</b>) District boundaries in the AOI for Christchurch, New Zealand.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas and Datasets
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Conditional Algebra and Classification
3.2. Accuracy Assessment
3.3. Change Detection
3.3.1. Case 1—Christchurch, New Zealand
3.3.2. Case 2—L’Aquila, Italy
3.3.3. Case 3—Bam, Iran
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
New Zealand | |||||||||
Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. | Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. |
2018 | UI | −0.39078 | −0.38586 | 0.239769 | 2008 | UI | −0.42607 | −0.43995 | 0.277791 |
NDVI | 0.549269 | 0.554388 | 0.221035 | NDVI | 0.56676 | 0.605667 | 0.25924 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44029 | −0.47534 | 0.129437 | MNDWI | −0.41125 | −0.47743 | 0.233257 | ||
2017 | UI | −0.41672 | −0.44451 | 0.214721 | 2007 | UI | −0.36858 | −0.3748 | 0.270372 |
NDVI | 0.586788 | 0.60938 | 0.208631 | NDVI | 0.542433 | 0.550122 | 0.251433 | ||
MNDWI | −0.45626 | −0.487 | 0.135116 | MNDWI | −0.45299 | −0.48928 | 0.148647 | ||
2016 | UI | −0.41213 | −0.43617 | 0.245014 | 2006 | UI | −0.41235 | −0.47716 | 0.287151 |
NDVI | 0.561462 | 0.595593 | 0.24369 | NDVI | 0.583248 | 0.640979 | 0.268484 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44339 | −0.47657 | 0.141168 | MNDWI | −0.45881 | −0.49348 | 0.146982 | ||
2015 | UI | −0.42061 | −0.45747 | 0.256856 | 2005 | UI | −0.40861 | −0.45492 | 0.26143 |
NDVI | 0.574814 | 0.619058 | 0.2598 | NDVI | 0.580184 | 0.626747 | 0.250722 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44317 | −0.47874 | 0.146284 | MNDWI | −0.4589 | −0.49152 | 0.13583 | ||
2014 | UI | −0.4214 | −0.46045 | 0.248374 | 2004 | UI | −0.43231 | −0.47848 | 0.299915 |
NDVI | 0.577278 | 0.62252 | 0.247251 | NDVI | 0.606597 | 0.648942 | 0.262424 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44033 | −0.48029 | 0.146544 | MNDWI | −0.46093 | −0.49075 | 0.20124 | ||
2013 | UI | −0.38415 | −0.40488 | 0.268944 | 2003 | UI | −0.44296 | −0.49574 | 0.255403 |
NDVI | 0.540796 | 0.570015 | 0.25665 | NDVI | 0.586367 | 0.641341 | 0.248477 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44253 | −0.47682 | 0.146363 | MNDWI | −0.43405 | −0.46628 | 0.141949 | ||
2011 | UI | −0.40134 | −0.42024 | 0.240505 | 2002 | UI | −0.43665 | −0.47856 | 0.251238 |
NDVI | 0.563329 | 0.589227 | 0.227305 | NDVI | 0.58084 | 0.624461 | 0.242234 | ||
MNDWI | −0.44802 | −0.48291 | 0.13939 | MNDWI | −0.44254 | −0.47884 | 0.140029 | ||
2010 | UI | −0.37024 | −0.36869 | 0.255088 | 2001 | UI | −0.4481 | −0.48869 | 0.250349 |
NDVI | 0.538231 | 0.548401 | 0.241008 | NDVI | 0.593861 | 0.646662 | 0.235481 | ||
MNDWI | −0.45525 | −0.49651 | 0.171679 | MNDWI | −0.43708 | −0.4692 | 0.138998 | ||
2009 | UI | −0.38958 | −0.38534 | 0.265487 | 2000 | UI | −0.42141 | −0.4481 | 0.2131 |
NDVI | 0.548084 | 0.559005 | 0.22538 | NDVI | 0.586131 | 0.605933 | 0.209651 | ||
MNDWI | −0.42047 | −0.467 | 0.203803 | MNDWI | −0.45596 | −0.48483 | 0.134306 | ||
Italy | |||||||||
Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. | Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. |
2018 | UI | −0.45988 | −0.47633 | 0.157215 | 2007 | UI | −0.46187 | −0.47441 | 0.155602 |
NDVI | 0.575063 | 0.59461 | 0.139353 | NDVI | 0.581485 | 0.598339 | 0.136418 | ||
MNDWI | −0.37912 | −0.39182 | 0.060955 | MNDWI | −0.37944 | −0.38948 | 0.058556 | ||
2017 | UI | −0.4699 | −0.47898 | 0.152075 | 2006 | UI | −0.46412 | −0.46783 | 0.152702 |
NDVI | 0.588375 | 0.601054 | 0.132866 | NDVI | 0.5817 | 0.590286 | 0.134398 | ||
MNDWI | −0.37511 | −0.39314 | 0.066702 | MNDWI | −0.3782 | −0.39207 | 0.064189 | ||
2016 | UI | −0.46298 | −0.47053 | 0.146413 | 2005 | UI | −0.47864 | −0.48554 | 0.14178 |
NDVI | 0.581764 | 0.593306 | 0.128036 | NDVI | 0.587942 | 0.597798 | 0.127859 | ||
MNDWI | −0.37981 | −0.39533 | 0.063622 | MNDWI | −0.37112 | −0.38805 | 0.069501 | ||
2014 | UI | −0.46494 | −0.48502 | 0.15578 | 2004 | UI | −0.48773 | −0.50949 | 0.155486 |
NDVI | 0.583811 | 0.605026 | 0.13583 | NDVI | 0.606135 | 0.621044 | 0.126869 | ||
MNDWI | −0.38142 | −0.39252 | 0.057668 | MNDWI | −0.38363 | −0.39062 | 0.060264 | ||
2013 | UI | −0.46248 | −0.47801 | 0.153945 | 2003 | UI | −0.45063 | −0.46467 | 0.16267 |
NDVI | 0.581252 | 0.601237 | 0.137318 | NDVI | 0.573373 | 0.590863 | 0.140128 | ||
MNDWI | −0.38055 | −0.39563 | 0.06243 | MNDWI | −0.37896 | −0.38899 | 0.062928 | ||
2011 | UI | −0.46797 | −0.47483 | 0.143414 | 2002 | UI | −0.48522 | −0.49819 | 0.120156 |
NDVI | 0.590499 | 0.598766 | 0.122756 | NDVI | 0.607342 | 0.616981 | 0.10194 | ||
MNDWI | −0.38632 | −0.39389 | 0.052889 | MNDWI | −0.3868 | −0.39611 | 0.049491 | ||
2010 | UI | −0.46023 | −0.47095 | 0.158986 | 2001 | UI | −0.46448 | −0.47073 | 0.153418 |
NDVI | 0.579568 | 0.595716 | 0.139668 | NDVI | 0.579941 | 0.590647 | 0.135853 | ||
MNDWI | −0.37981 | −0.39151 | 0.060715 | MNDWI | −0.37968 | −0.3933 | 0.061099 | ||
2009 | UI | −0.46042 | −0.46789 | 0.150657 | 2000 | UI | −0.46818 | −0.47318 | 0.148897 |
NDVI | 0.579534 | 0.591728 | 0.132847 | NDVI | 0.586128 | 0.59645 | 0.132226 | ||
MNDWI | −0.37871 | −0.39249 | 0.061825 | MNDWI | −0.37768 | −0.39329 | 0.063326 | ||
2008 | UI | −0.49747 | −0.50899 | 0.133064 | 1999 | UI | −0.46367 | −0.47284 | 0.148969 |
NDVI | 0.623121 | 0.626003 | 0.104567 | NDVI | 0.582181 | 0.593583 | 0.130644 | ||
MNDWI | −0.38934 | −0.40252 | 0.08009 | MNDWI | −0.37935 | −0.39402 | 0.065161 | ||
Iran | |||||||||
Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. | Year | Band | Mean | Median | S.Dev. |
2019 | UI | −0.11219 | −0.04443 | 0.186106 | 2008 | UI | −0.09019 | −0.0504 | 0.156866 |
NDVI | 0.128086 | 0.044251 | 0.204314 | NDVI | 0.125936 | 0.050317 | 0.175914 | ||
MNDWI | −0.17134 | −0.13379 | 0.108337 | MNDWI | −0.18724 | −0.13397 | 0.160179 | ||
2018 | UI | −0.10327 | −0.04279 | 0.162276 | 2003 | UI | −0.10195 | −0.0514 | 0.127771 |
NDVI | 0.121296 | 0.045715 | 0.183081 | NDVI | 0.122557 | 0.051743 | 0.148494 | ||
MNDWI | −0.16564 | −0.13324 | 0.087398 | MNDWI | −0.1697 | −0.1378 | 0.08242 | ||
2017 | UI | −0.11068 | −0.0415 | 0.193821 | 2002 | UI | −0.09909 | −0.05408 | 0.110781 |
NDVI | 0.128723 | 0.044739 | 0.212135 | NDVI | 0.118094 | 0.05433 | 0.123516 | ||
MNDWI | −0.17766 | −0.14014 | 0.13172 | MNDWI | −0.16734 | −0.14296 | 0.071104 | ||
2016 | UI | −0.10585 | −0.0423 | 0.18554 | 2001 | UI | −0.09907 | −0.05466 | 0.108117 |
NDVI | 0.125799 | 0.044922 | 0.208824 | NDVI | 0.116164 | 0.053607 | 0.123499 | ||
MNDWI | −0.17618 | −0.13666 | 0.131099 | MNDWI | −0.1644 | −0.13769 | 0.073891 | ||
2015 | UI | −0.11187 | −0.04852 | 0.173843 | 2000 | UI | −0.0836 | −0.05805 | 0.083978 |
NDVI | 0.129628 | 0.049194 | 0.193488 | NDVI | 0.096814 | 0.056358 | 0.08859 | ||
MNDWI | −0.17093 | −0.13245 | 0.10634 | MNDWI | −0.15652 | −0.14078 | 0.054048 | ||
2014 | UI | −0.10044 | −0.04668 | 0.14641 | 1998 | UI | −0.10356 | −0.05139 | 0.160863 |
NDVI | 0.115963 | 0.047983 | 0.165636 | NDVI | 0.113833 | 0.050293 | 0.175388 | ||
MNDWI | −0.16109 | −0.13142 | 0.079309 | MNDWI | −0.16304 | −0.13251 | 0.105557 | ||
2013 | UI | −0.08814 | −0.0422 | 0.158923 | 1997 | UI | −0.10127 | −0.05066 | 0.160451 |
NDVI | 0.125114 | 0.045073 | 0.180592 | NDVI | 0.110876 | 0.046997 | 0.173173 | ||
MNDWI | −0.18785 | −0.13675 | 0.15265 | MNDWI | −0.15972 | −0.13007 | 0.102911 | ||
2011 | UI | −0.10842 | −0.05463 | 0.158138 | 1996 | UI | −0.06614 | −0.04301 | 0.092433 |
NDVI | 0.116651 | 0.051697 | 0.17135 | NDVI | 0.070858 | 0.040804 | 0.099626 | ||
MNDWI | −0.15785 | −0.13208 | 0.08638 | MNDWI | −0.13408 | −0.11909 | 0.055691 | ||
2010 | UI | −0.1005 | −0.04729 | 0.153095 | 1995 | UI | −0.09722 | −0.05527 | 0.112364 |
NDVI | 0.116022 | 0.049744 | 0.173604 | NDVI | 0.113067 | 0.054428 | 0.132811 | ||
MNDWI | −0.16589 | −0.13641 | 0.095609 | MNDWI | −0.16446 | −0.13516 | 0.082296 | ||
2009 | UI | −0.10061 | −0.04877 | 0.159913 | 1994 | UI | −0.096 | −0.0539 | 0.115124 |
NDVI | 0.11316 | 0.051514 | 0.170581 | NDVI | 0.11178 | 0.050387 | 0.136184 | ||
MNDWI | −0.16579 | −0.13696 | 0.100689 | MNDWI | −0.16062 | −0.13304 | 0.082763 |
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Country | Event | Date and Time (UTC)* | Magnitude, Intensity* | Years of Imagery |
---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | 2010 Christchurch | 2010-09-03 16:35:47 | M7.0, IX | 2000–2019 |
Italy | 2009 L’Aquila | 2009-04-06 01:32:39 | M6.3, VIII | 1999–2019 |
Iran | 2003 Bam | 2003-12-26 01:56:52 | M6.6, IX | 1993–2019 |
Information for Landsat Scenes—New Zealand (Path 74, Row 90, Spatial Resolution 30 m) | |||||
Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor | Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor |
2000 | 08-MAY-00 | 7 ETM+ | 2011-Aftershock | 28-MAR-11 | 4-5 TM |
2001 | 02-OCT-01 | 7 ETM+ | 2011 | 30-OCT-11 | 7 ETM+ |
2002 | 21-OCT-02 | 7 ETM+ | 01-DEC-11 | 7 ETM+ | |
2003 | 16-OCT-03 | 4-5 TM | 2012 | 29-AUG-12 | 7 ETM+ |
2004 | 02-OCT-04 | 4-5 TM | 03-DEC-12 | 7 ETM+ | |
2005 | 05-OCT-05 | 4-5 TM | 2013 | 30-DEC-13 | 8 OLI |
2006 | 08-OCT-06 | 4-5 TM | 2014 | 28-SEP-14 | 8 OLI |
2007 | 16-FEB-08 | 4-5 TM | 2015 | 17-OCT-15 | 8 OLI |
2008 | 14-NOV-08 | 4-5 TM | 2016 | 20-NOV-16 | 8 OLI |
2009 | 21-FEB-10 | 4-5 TM | 2017 | 03-AUG-17 | 8 OLI |
2010- Earthquake | 22-DEC-10 | 4-5 TM | 2018−2019 | 02-MAR-19 | 8 OLI |
Information for Landsat Scenes—Italy (Path 190, Row 31, Spatial Resolution 30 m) | |||||
Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor | Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor |
1999 | 15-AUG-99 | 4-5 TM | 2010 | 12-JUL-10 | 4-5 TM |
2000 | 01-AUG-00 | 4-5 TM | 2011 | 29-JUN-11 | 4-5 TM |
2001 | 03-JUL-01 | 4-5 TM | 2012 | 04-APR-12 | 7 ETM+ |
2002 | 16-SEP-02 | 7 ETM+ | 07-JUN-12 | 7 ETM+ | |
2003 | 23-JUN-03 | 4-5 TM | 2013 | 05-AUG-13 | 8 OLI |
2004 | 09-JUN-04 | 4-5 TM | 2014 | 08-AUG-14 | 8 OLI |
2005 | 30-JUL-05 | 4-5 TM | 2015 | 27-AUG-15 | 8 OLI |
2006 | 17-JUL-06 | 4-5 TM | 2016 | 29-AUG-16 | 8 OLI |
2007 | 18-JUN-07 | 4-5 TM | 2017 | 31-JUL-17 | 8 OLI |
2008 | 03-MAY-08 | 4-5 TM | 2018 | 02-JUL-18 | 8 OLI |
2009-Earthquake | 25-JUL-09 | 4-5 TM | |||
Information for Landsat Scenes—Iran (Path 159, Row 40, Spatial Resolution 30 m) | |||||
Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor | Year | Acquisition Date | Sensor |
1993-94 | 27-DEC-93 | 4-5 TM | 2006-07 | 08-JAN-07 | 7 ETM+ |
1994-95 | 15-JAN-95 | 4-5 TM | 25-FEB-07 | 7 ETM+ | |
1995-96 | 01-DEC-95 | 4-5 TM | 2007-08 | 24-APR-08 | 4-5 TM |
1996-97 | 04-JAN-97 | 4-5 TM | 2008-09 | 05-JAN-09 | 4-5 TM |
1997-98 | 23-JAN-98 | 4-5 TM | 2009-10 | 24-JAN-10 | 4-5 TM |
1998-99 | 25-DEC-98 | 4-5 TM | 2010-11 | 26-DEC-10 | 4-5 TM |
1999-2000 | 28-DEC-99 | 4-5 TM | 2011-12 | 06-JAN-12 | 7 ETM+ |
2000-01 | 30-DEC-00 | 4-5 TM | 07-FEB-12 | 7 ETM+ | |
2001-02 | 18-JAN-02 | 4-5 TM | 2012-13 | 24-MAY-13 | 8 OLI |
2002-03 | 26-NOV-02 | 7 ETM+ | 2013-14 | 03-JAN-14 | 8 OLI |
2003-04-Earthquake | 16-JAN-04 | 7 ETM+ | 2014-15 | 06-JAN-15 | 8 OLI |
17-FEB-04 | 7 ETM+ | 2015-16 | 26-FEB-16 | 8 OLI | |
2004-05 | 02-JAN-05 | 7 ETM+ | 2016-17 | 28-FEB-17 | 8 OLI |
03-FEB-05 | 7 ETM+ | 2017-18 | 29-DEC-17 | 8 OLI | |
2005-06 | 05-JAN-06 | 7 ETM+ | 2018-19 | 01-JAN-19 | 8 OLI |
26-MAR-06 | 7 ETM+ |
Conditional statement thresholds for Christchurch, New Zealand | ||||||
Year | UI | NDVI | MNDWI | |||
Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | |
2000 | - | −0.4214 | - | 0.3764 | 0 | −0.4559 |
2001 | - | −0.4481 | - | 0.3583 | 0 | −0.4370 |
2002 | - | −0.4366 | - | 0.3386 | 0 | −0.4425 |
2003 | - | −0.4429 | - | 0.3378 | 0 | −0.4340 |
2004 | - | −0.4323 | - | 0.3441 | 0 | −0.4609 |
2005 | - | −0.4086 | - | 0.3294 | 0 | −0.4589 |
2006 | - | −0.4123 | - | 0.3147 | 0 | −0.4588 |
2007 | - | −0.3685 | - | 0.2910 | 0 | −0.4529 |
2008 | - | −0.4260 | - | 0.3075 | 0 | −0.4112 |
2009 | - | −0.3895 | - | 0.3227 | 0 | −0.4204 |
2010 | - | −0.3702 | - | 0.2972 | 0 | −0.4552 |
2011 | - | −0.4013 | - | 0.3360 | 0 | −0.4480 |
2013 | - | −0.3841 | - | 0.2841 | 0 | −0.4425 |
2014 | - | −0.4214 | - | 0.3300 | 0 | −0.4403 |
2015 | - | −0.4206 | - | 0.3150 | 0 | −0.4431 |
2016 | - | −0.4121 | - | 0.3177 | 0 | −0.4433 |
2017 | - | −0.4167 | - | 0.3781 | 0 | −0.4562 |
2018 | - | −0.3907 | - | 0.3282 | 0 | −0.4402 |
Conditional statement thresholds for L’Aquila, Italy | ||||||
Year | UI | NDVI | MNDWI | |||
Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | |
1999 | - | −0.5381 | - | 0.4515 | 0 | −0.3793 |
2000 | - | −0.5426 | - | 0.4539 | 0 | −0.3776 |
2001 | - | −0.5411 | - | 0.4440 | 0 | −0.3796 |
2002 | - | −0.5452 | - | 0.5054 | 0 | −0.3868 |
2003 | - | −0.5319 | - | 0.4332 | 0 | −0.3789 |
2004 | - | −0.5654 | - | 0.4792 | 0 | −0.3836 |
2005 | - | −0.5495 | - | 0.4600 | 0 | −0.3711 |
2006 | - | −0.5404 | - | 0.4473 | 0 | −0.3782 |
2007 | - | −0.5396 | - | 0.4450 | 0 | −0.3794 |
2008 | - | −0.5640 | - | 0.5185 | 0 | −0.3893 |
2009 | - | −0.5357 | - | 0.4466 | 0 | −0.3787 |
2010 | - | −0.5397 | - | 0.4399 | 0 | −0.3798 |
2011 | - | −0.5396 | - | 0.4677 | 0 | −0.3863 |
2013 | - | −0.5394 | - | 0.4439 | 0 | −0.3805 |
2014 | - | −0.5428 | - | 0.4479 | 0 | −0.3814 |
2016 | - | −0.5361 | - | 0.4537 | 0 | −0.3798 |
2017 | - | −0.5459 | - | 0.4555 | 0 | −0.3751 |
2018 | - | −0.5384 | - | 0.4357 | 0 | −0.3791 |
Conditional statement thresholds for Bam, Iran | ||||||
Year | UI | NDVI | MNDWI | |||
Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | Upper threshold | Lower threshold | |
1994 | 0.1342 | −0.3262 | 0.3841 | 0.0777 | - | −0.1813 |
1995 | 0.1275 | −0.3219 | 0.3786 | 0.0798 | - | −0.1233 |
1996 | 0.1187 | −0.2510 | 0.2701 | 0.0459 | - | −0.1062 |
1997 | 0.2196 | −0.4221 | 0.4572 | 0.0675 | - | −0.1082 |
1998 | 0.2181 | −0.4252 | 0.4646 | 0.0699 | - | −0.1102 |
2000 | 0.0843 | −0.2515 | 0.2739 | 0.0746 | - | −0.1294 |
2001 | 0.1171 | −0.3153 | 0.3631 | 0.0852 | - | −0.1274 |
2002 | 0.1224 | −0.3206 | 0.3651 | 0.0872 | - | −0.1317 |
2003 | 0.1535 | −0.3574 | 0.4195 | 0.0854 | - | −0.1284 |
2008 | 0.2235 | −0.4039 | 0.4777 | 0.0819 | - | −0.1071 |
2009 | 0.2192 | −0.4204 | 0.4543 | 0.0705 | - | −0.1154 |
2010 | 0.2056 | −0.4066 | 0.4632 | 0.0726 | - | −0.1180 |
2011 | 0.2078 | −0.4247 | 0.4593 | 0.0738 | - | −0.1146 |
2013 | 0.2297 | −0.4059 | 0.4862 | 0.0799 | - | −0.1115 |
2014 | 0.1923 | −0.3932 | 0.4472 | 0.0745 | - | −0.1214 |
2015 | 0.2358 | −0.4595 | 0.5166 | 0.0812 | - | −0.1177 |
2016 | 0.2652 | −0.4769 | 0.5434 | 0.0735 | - | −0.1106 |
2017 | 0.2769 | −0.4983 | 0.5529 | 0.0756 | - | −0.1118 |
2018 | 0.2212 | −0.4278 | 0.4874 | 0.0755 | - | −0.1219 |
2019 | 0.2600 | −0.4844 | 0.5367 | 0.0770 | - | −0.1171 |
Accuracy Assessment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Overall Accuracy (%) | Kappa Coefficient | Producer Accuracy (%) Errors of Omission | User Accuracy (%) Errors of Commission |
New Zealand | ||||
2003 | 94.29% | 0.8584 | 94.62% | 85.44% |
2011 | 94.29% | 0.8548 | 95.45% | 84.00% |
2017 | 92.29% | 0.8037 | 95.24% | 77.67% |
Italy | ||||
2003 | 93.14% | 0.8302 | 93.48% | 82.69% |
2010 | 95.43% | 0.8846 | 97.75% | 86.14% |
2017 | 92.00% | 0.7987 | 96.43% | 76.42% |
Iran | ||||
2001 | 92.00% | 0.8109 | 92.93% | 81.42% |
2009 | 93.71% | 0.8707 | 97.10% | 88.16% |
2018 | 96.29% | 0.9193 | 98.35% | 91.54% |
Case | Total AOI Area (Km2) | Pre-event | Year of Earthquake | Post-event (Current) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Built-Up Area Estimate (Km2) | % Change from Pre-event | Built-Up Area Estimate (Km2) | % Change from Pre-event | Built-Up Area Estimate (Km2) | % Change from Pre-event | ||
New Zealand | 6,280.31 | 184.98 | 0.00% | 125.23 | −32.30% | 261.34 | +41.27% |
Italy | 1,114.98 | 77.63 | 0.00% | 65.09 | −16.15% | 87.16 | +12.27% |
Iran | 3,445.69 | 133.14 | 0.00% | 49.29 | −62.98% | 66.95 | −49.71% |
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Derakhshan, S.; Cutter, S.L.; Wang, C. Remote Sensing Derived Indices for Tracking Urban Land Surface Change in Case of Earthquake Recovery. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050895
Derakhshan S, Cutter SL, Wang C. Remote Sensing Derived Indices for Tracking Urban Land Surface Change in Case of Earthquake Recovery. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(5):895. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050895
Chicago/Turabian StyleDerakhshan, Sahar, Susan L. Cutter, and Cuizhen Wang. 2020. "Remote Sensing Derived Indices for Tracking Urban Land Surface Change in Case of Earthquake Recovery" Remote Sensing 12, no. 5: 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050895