Anti-Growth and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Raw and Thermally Treated Eragrostis tef Extract in Human Cancer Cells
<p>The HPLC chromatograms of RTE and TTE. 1: protocatechuic acid, 2: orientin, 3: <span class="html-italic">p</span>-coumaric acid, 4: vitexin.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on cell growth in H1299 human lung cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. H1299 cells (<b>A</b>) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (<b>B</b>) were exposed to RTE and TTE at 0 (control, CTRL), 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The viability of cells was determined relative to the control. Within each treatment group (RTE and TTE), distinct letters (a–d) indicate significant differences among concentrations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between RTE and TTE treatment at a specific concentration (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001). NS: not significant.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on cell cycle distribution in H1299 human lung cancer cells. H1229 cells were exposed to 0 (control, CTRL) or 500 μg/mL of RTE and TTE for 48 h. The distribution of cells across sub-G1 (denoted as M4, apoptotic), G0/G1 (denoted as M1), S (denoted as M3), and G2/M (denoted as M2) phases was assessed using flow cytometry. Representative cell cycle distributions are shown in the right panel. Within each treatment group (RTE and TTE), distinct letters (a–c) indicate significant differences among concentrations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on invasion in H1299 human lung cancer cells. H1299 were exposed to 0 (control, CTRL), 50, and 100 μg/mL of RTE and TTE for 16 h. The percentage of invasive cells was assessed using a transwell invasion assay, and representative images of stained invasive cells are shown in the right panel. Within each treatment group (RTE and TTE), distinct letters (a–c) indicate significant differences among concentrations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between RTE and TTE treatment at a specific concentration (*** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on migration in H1299 human lung cancer cells. H1229 cells were exposed to 0 (control, CTRL) or 100 μg/mL of RTE and TTE in scratch wound-healing assay, and the extent of cell migration was evaluated at 8 h by measuring the closure of wounds relative to the control. H1229 were exposed to 0 (control, CTRL), 50, and 100 μg/mL of RTE and TTE for 16 h in transwell migration assay, and the extent of cell migration was determined relative to the control. Within each treatment group (RTE and TTE), distinct letters (a–c) indicate significant differences among concentrations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between RTE and TTE treatment at a specific concentration (*** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on adhesion in H1299 human lung cancer cells. H1299 cells were exposed to 0 (control, CTRL) or 1000 μg/mL of RTE and TTE for 1 h, and the extent of cell adhesion to gelatin and fibronectin was determined relative to the control. Distinct letters (a–c) indicate significant differences among groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Effects of RTE and TTE on invasion, migration, adhesion, and MMP levels in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. HCT116 cells were treated with RTE and TTE under the following conditions: 0, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h in transwell invasion and migration assays; 0 or 1000 μg/mL for 1 h in adhesion assay using gelatin-coated plate; and 0 or 500 μg/mL for 24 h in ELISA for MMP-2 and -9. The percentage of invasive, migratory, adhesive cells, as well as the levels of MMP-2 and -9, were determined relative to the control. Within each treatment group (RTE and TTE), distinct letters (a–c) indicate significant differences among concentrations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between RTE and TTE treatment at a specific concentration (** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Raw and Thermally Treated Teff Extract
2.3. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents
2.4. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis
2.5. Cell Culture and Common Treatment Condition
2.6. Cell Viability Assay
2.7. Flow Cytometry
2.8. Transwell Assay
2.9. Wound-Healing Assay
2.10. Adhesion Assay
2.11. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.12. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Phenolic Contents of RTE and TTE
3.2. Effect of RTE and TTE on the Growth in H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells
3.3. Effect of RTE and TTE on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Distribution in H1299 Cells
3.4. Effects of RTE and TTE on Invasion in H1299 Cells
3.5. Effects of RTE and TTE on Migration in H1299 Cells
3.6. Effects of RTE and TTE on Adhesion in H1299 Cells
3.7. Effects of RTE and TTE on Invasion, Migration, Adhesion, and MMP Levels in HCT116 Human Colon Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phenolic Compounds | Linear Regression Data | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration Range Tested (μg/mL) | Calibration Curve | R2 | ||||
Flavones | Orientin | 1.0–500 | y = 5.8842x − 24.710 | 0.9990 | 0.134 | 0.448 |
Vitexin | 1.0–500 | y = 4.8456x + 1.9802 | 1.0000 | 0.048 | 0.159 | |
Phenolic acids | Protocatechuic acid | 0.1–100 | y = 19.487x − 3.5656 | 0.9999 | 0.048 | 0.160 |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.1–100 | y = 46.571x + 6.8324 | 0.9998 | 0.051 | 0.169 |
Phenolic Compounds | RTE | TTE | |
---|---|---|---|
Flavones | Orientin | 10.719 ± 0.118 | 8.160 ± 0.368 *** |
Vitexin | 5.831 ± 0.110 | 5.778 ± 0.193 | |
Phenolic acids | Protocatechuic acid | 0.291 ± 0.004 | 0.866 ± 0.097 *** |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.101 ± 0.003 | 0.158 ± 0.007 *** |
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Seo, J.; Lee, H.J.; Ju, J. Anti-Growth and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Raw and Thermally Treated Eragrostis tef Extract in Human Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162612
Seo J, Lee HJ, Ju J. Anti-Growth and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Raw and Thermally Treated Eragrostis tef Extract in Human Cancer Cells. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162612
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeo, Jina, Hwa Jin Lee, and Jihyeung Ju. 2024. "Anti-Growth and Anti-Metastatic Potential of Raw and Thermally Treated Eragrostis tef Extract in Human Cancer Cells" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162612