Hepatic Steatosis Can Be Partly Generated by the Gut Microbiota–Mitochondria Axis via 2-Oleoyl Glycerol and Reversed by a Combination of Soy Protein, Chia Oil, Curcumin and Nopal
"> Figure 1
<p>Consumption of a high-fat diet +5% sucrose in the drinking water (HFS) produces hepatic steatosis. (<b>A</b>) Experimental model of hepatic steatosis, (<b>B</b>) Body weight gain, (<b>C</b>) Body composition, serum (<b>D</b>) Glucose, (<b>E</b>) Insulin, (<b>F</b>) Total cholesterol, (<b>G</b>) Triglycerides, and (<b>H</b>) Histological analysis of liver from rats fed HFS or Control diet (C) for 7 months. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph, n = 6–7 in each group. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0002, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.00001.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Consumption of a high-fat +5% sucrose diet in the drinking water (HFS) promotes dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and a chronic inflammatory state. (<b>A</b>) Alpha diversity, (<b>B</b>) Principal Component Analysis, (<b>C</b>) Linear Discriminant Analysis, Prediction of metagenome functionality (PICRUST) of (<b>D</b>) lipid metabolism and (<b>E</b>) inflammation. (<b>F</b>) serum LPS, (<b>G</b>) Western blot, and (<b>H</b>) Densitometric analysis of colonic inflammatory proteins extracted from rats fed HFS or C diet for 7 months. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph, n = 6–7 in each group. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0002, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.00001.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effect of 2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG) on rat hepatocytes. (<b>A</b>) Western blot and (<b>B</b>) Densitometric analysis of hepatic lipogenic proteins, (<b>C</b>) Oxygen consumption rate, (<b>D</b>) Mitochondrial function parameters, (<b>E</b>) Extracellular acidification rate, and (<b>F</b>) Cellular glycolysis analysis in hepatocytes cultured with vehicle or 2-OG. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0332, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG) stimulates lipogenesis in rats fed high fat +5% sucrose in the drinking water (HFS). (<b>A</b>) hepatic 2-OG concentration, (<b>B</b>) Western blot analysis, (<b>C</b>) Densitometric analysis of transcription factors and target enzymes of lipogenesis, (<b>D</b>) Macroscopic view of liver, (<b>E</b>) Hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, (<b>F</b>) Hepatic lipid profile and (<b>G</b>) Analysis of correlations of lipogenic proteins, 2-OG concentration and <span class="html-italic">Blautia producta</span>, in rats fed a control diet or HFS diet. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisk. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0332, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Effect of a combination of functional foods on hepatic steatosis. (<b>A</b>) Experimental model, (<b>B</b>) Body weight gain, (<b>C</b>) Body composition, serum fasting, (<b>D</b>) Glucose, (<b>E</b>) Insulin, (<b>F</b>) Total cholesterol and (<b>G</b>) triglycerides, and (<b>H</b>) histological analysis of liver from rats fed HFS diet with or without functional foods for 3 months. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Functional foods modify gut microbiota, attenuating hepatic steatosis. (<b>A</b>) Alpha diversity, (<b>B</b>) Linear Discriminant Analysis, (<b>C</b>) Western Blot and (<b>D</b>) Densitometric analysis of hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, (<b>E</b>) Serum LPS concentration, (<b>F</b>) Hepatic concentration of 2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG), (<b>G</b>) Western blot and (<b>H</b>) Densitometric analysis of hepatic lipogenic proteins. (<b>I</b>) Macroscopic view of the liver, (<b>J</b>) hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol, and (<b>K</b>) Hepatic lipid profile of rats fed HFS with or without functional foods for 3 months. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0332, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0002, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Consumption of Functional foods in the diet improves mitochondrial function. (<b>A</b>) Hepatic CPT-1 protein abundance, (<b>B</b>) Oxygen consumption rate and (<b>C</b>) Mitochondrial function parameters in hepatocytes incubated with different concentrations of the functional food extract, (<b>D</b>) Reactive oxygen species, (<b>E</b>) Western blot and (<b>F</b>) Densitometric analysis of the transcription factor Nrf 2 and antioxidant enzymes SOD2, catalase, GPx4 in liver of rats fed HFS diet with or without functional foods for 3 months. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisks * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0332, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0021, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001, or letters (a > b > c).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Subjects with MASLD increase <span class="html-italic">Blautia producta</span> and serum concentrations of 2-OG. (<b>A</b>) Alpha diversity, (<b>B</b>) Principal component analysis, (<b>C</b>) Most abundant genus in subject with MASLD, (<b>D</b>) Species Linear discriminant analysis between healthy and MASLD subjects, (<b>E</b>) Serum 2-OG concentration, and (<b>F</b>) correlation analysis between anthropometric variables, elastography parameters, 2-OG, and <span class="html-italic">Blautia producta</span> in subjects with MASLD. Mean ± SEM is shown in each graph. Significant differences are presented by asterisk, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0002, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.0001.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Study Design
2.2. Human Study
2.3. Body Composition Analysis
2.4. Biochemical Parameters
2.5. Histological Analysis
2.6. Western Blot Analysis
2.7. 16S rRNA Sequencing
2.8. Primary Hepatocyte Cell Culture and Mitochondrial Function
2.9. Determination of 2-Oleoyl-Glycerol Analysis by MRM-IDA-EPI
2.10. Incubation of Hepatocytes with 2-Oleolyl Glycerol (2-OG)
2.11. Statistical Analysis
2.12. Bioinformatic Analysis
2.13. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt)
3. Results
3.1. Consumption of a High-Fat–Sucrose Diet Produced Biochemical Abnormalities Associated with the Development of Hepatic Steatosis
3.2. Consumption of a HFS Diet Modified the Taxonomy of the Gut Microbiota Generating a Pro-Inflammatory State
3.3. Synthesis of 2-Oleoyl Glycerol by Gut Microbiota Stimulates Fatty Acid Synthesis in Hepatocytes
3.4. Consumption of a HFS Diet Increases 2-OG Stimulating Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Liver Leading to Hepatic Steatosis
3.5. A Diet Based on Functional Foods Modifies the Gut Microbiota Reducing 2-OG and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation
3.6. The Combination of Bioactive Compounds in Functional Foods Stimulated Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation and Improved Mitochondrial Function
3.7. MASLD Increases Blautia Producta and 2-Oleoyl Glycerol in Humans
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Ingredients (%) | C | HFS | HFS + FF |
---|---|---|---|
Cornstarch | 39.775 | 23.903 | 38.7 |
Casein | 20.000 | 24.000 | 24.000 |
Dextrinized cornstarch | 13.200 | 10.267 | 10.267 |
Sucrose | 10.000 | 7.778 | 7.778 |
Soybean oil | 10.000 | 7.000 | 7.000 |
Fiber Celluose | 5.000 | 5.000 | - |
Mineral Mix AIN-93MX | 3.500 | 3.500 | 3.500 |
Vitamin Mix AIN-93-VX | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
L-Cystine | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.300 |
Choline bitartrate | 0.2500 | 0.2500 | 0.2500 |
Tert-butylhydroquinone | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.0014 |
Lard | - | 17 | 17 |
Chia oil | - | - | 3 |
Nopal | - | - | 5 |
Soy protein | - | - | 20 |
Curcumin | - | - | 1 |
Group | Healthy | MALFD |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 33.9 ± 3.5 | 49.9 ± 3.4 |
Sex% (Female/Male) | 80/20 | 80/20 |
Weight (kg) | 66.2 ± 3.7 | 96.3 ± 3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 1.28 | 39.3 ± 1.9 |
Body fat (%) | 24.8 ± 1.7 | 40.1 ± 1.9 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.5 ± 5.5 | 124.4 ± 13.3 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 114.3 ± 7.6 | 188.2 ± 26 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 155.9 ± 5.2 | 194.5 ± 10.2 |
AST (IU/L) | 22.8 ± 2.4 | 33.3 ± 5 |
ALT(IU/L) | 25.7 ± 3.2 | 44.1 ± 9 |
CAP score (dB/m) | <294 | 355.1 ± 6.3 |
Fibroscan (kPa) | <8.2 | 35 ± 1.2 |
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Sánchez-Tapia, M.; Tobón-Cornejo, S.; Noriega, L.G.; Vázquez-Manjarrez, N.; Coutiño-Hernández, D.; Granados-Portillo, O.; Román-Calleja, B.M.; Ruíz-Margáin, A.; Macías-Rodríguez, R.U.; Tovar, A.R.; et al. Hepatic Steatosis Can Be Partly Generated by the Gut Microbiota–Mitochondria Axis via 2-Oleoyl Glycerol and Reversed by a Combination of Soy Protein, Chia Oil, Curcumin and Nopal. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162594
Sánchez-Tapia M, Tobón-Cornejo S, Noriega LG, Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Coutiño-Hernández D, Granados-Portillo O, Román-Calleja BM, Ruíz-Margáin A, Macías-Rodríguez RU, Tovar AR, et al. Hepatic Steatosis Can Be Partly Generated by the Gut Microbiota–Mitochondria Axis via 2-Oleoyl Glycerol and Reversed by a Combination of Soy Protein, Chia Oil, Curcumin and Nopal. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162594
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Tapia, Mónica, Sandra Tobón-Cornejo, Lilia G. Noriega, Natalia Vázquez-Manjarrez, Diana Coutiño-Hernández, Omar Granados-Portillo, Berenice M. Román-Calleja, Astrid Ruíz-Margáin, Ricardo U. Macías-Rodríguez, Armando R. Tovar, and et al. 2024. "Hepatic Steatosis Can Be Partly Generated by the Gut Microbiota–Mitochondria Axis via 2-Oleoyl Glycerol and Reversed by a Combination of Soy Protein, Chia Oil, Curcumin and Nopal" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2594. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162594