Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Different Biomass Sources in Italy
<p>Selected system boundaries of: (<b>a</b>) energy production from biogas; (<b>b</b>) electricity production from solid biomasses; and (<b>c</b>) electricity production from bioliquids. The red arrows indicate the products obtained and sold to the grid.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Characterization graph of 1 kWh of electricity produced by three different RES (biomass, bioliquids, and biogas).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Normalized impacts for the production of 1 kWh of electricity from bioliquids, biogas, and solid biomass in Italy.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. LCA Methodology
2.2. Goal and Scope Definition
Functional Unit and System Boundary
2.3. Inventory Data Analysis and Assumptions
2.3.1. Biogas Inventory
2.3.2. Solid Biomass: System Description and Inventory
2.3.3. Bioliquids: System Description and Inventory
Input/Output Flows | Unit | Biogas | Solid Biomass | Bioliquids |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inputs | ||||
Biomass | ||||
Dedicated biomass | ton | 2.41 × 10−03 | - | 1.68 × 10−04 |
Residual biomass | ton | 4.53 × 10−03 | 1.43 × 10−03 | 4.88 × 10−05 |
Transformation proceses | ||||
Pre-treatment (chipping) | ton | - | 9.69 × 10−04 | - |
Anaerobic digestion plant | p | 3.64 × 10−08 | - | - |
Oil power plant | p | - | - | 9.24 × 10−10 |
Cogeneration Plant | ||||
Electricity | kWh | 1.15 × 10+00 | 6.50 × 10−01 | - |
Heat | MJ | 4.07 × 10+00 | - | - |
Amount of lubricant | kg | 7.99 × 10−04 | - | - |
Water consumption | ||||
Water (vegetable, industrial, washing) | ton | 2.95 × 10−04 | 1.71 × 10−03 | - |
Transport | ||||
Transport, freight, lorry | tkm | 1.33 × 10−01 | 1.38 × 10−01 | 1.09 × 10−02 |
Transport, freight, sea | tkm | 1.44 × 10−01 | 1.83 × 10+00 | |
Transport, freight, train | tkm | 3.65 × 10−02 | ||
Outputs | ||||
Electricity | kWh | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Heat | MJ | 3.52 | - | - |
Waste | ||||
Wastewater | m3 | - | 5.36 × 10−04 | - |
Hazardous waste | ton | - | 5.67 × 10−08 | - |
Inert waste | ton | - | 4.36 × 10−07 | - |
Emissions to the air | ||||
* Methane, biogenic | g | 4.10 × 10+00 | - | - |
Carbon dioxide, biogenic | g | 4.35 × 10+02 | 3.26 × 10+02 | 3.43 × 10+02 |
Methane, biogenic | g | 1.46 × 10+00 | 7.54 × 10−01 | 1.08 × 10−02 |
Dinitrogen monoxide | g | 2.46 × 10−02 | 4.36 × 10−02 | 7.20 × 10−03 |
Nitrogen oxides, IT | g | 8.21 × 10+00 | 1.56 × 10−01 | 1.09 × 10+00 |
Carbon monoxide, biogenic | g | 2.46 × 10+00 | 1.09 × 10+01 | 5.40 × 10−02 |
NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin | g | 7.30 × 10−01 | 1.25 × 10+00 | 1.08 × 10−02 |
Particulates, < 10 um | g | 8.21 × 10−02 | 7.74 × 10−01 | 3.60 × 10−03 |
Particulate, <2.5 um | g | 8.21 × 10−02 | 7.74 × 10−01 | 2.76 × 10−03 |
Carbon black | g | 3.29 × 10−03 | 7.35 × 10−02 | 1.54 × 10−04 |
Sulfur dioxide, IT | g | - | 3.27 × 10−02 | 4.74 × 10−02 |
Ammonia, IT | g | - | 1.13 × 10−02 | - |
PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | g | - | 4.55 × 10−04 | 3.20 × 10−06 |
Benzo[a]pyrene | g | - | 1.37 × 10−04 | - |
Benzo[ß]fluoranthene | g | - | 1.55 × 10−04 | - |
Benzo[ĸ]fluoranthene | g | - | 6.96 × 10−05 | - |
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | g | - | 8.91 × 10−05 | - |
Dioxin,2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- | g | - | 8.65 × 10−10 | 8.77 × 10−11 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls | g | - | 1.38 × 10−07 | - |
Benzene, hexachloro | g | - | 1.38 × 10−08 | - |
Cadmium | g | - | 1.27 × 10−05 | 5.16 × 10−07 |
Copper | g | - | 1.74 × 10−05 | 1.72 × 10−05 |
Mercury | g | - | 1.17 × 10−05 | 2.79 × 10−06 |
Lead | g | - | 4.53 × 10−05 | 9.08 × 10−06 |
Zinc | g | - | 3.30 × 10−04 | 1.25 × 10−05 |
Arsenic | g | - | 5.77 × 10−07 | 2.79 × 10−06 |
Chromium | g | - | 3.95 × 10−06 | 1.71 × 10−05 |
Nickel | g | 2.31 × 10−06 | 1.03 × 10−04 | |
Selenium | g | 5.77 × 10−07 | 3.71 × 10−06 |
2.4. Impact Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Impact Category | Unit | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
Climate change | kg CO2 eq | CC |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC11 eq | OD |
Ionising radiation | kBq U-235 eq | IR |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq | POD |
Particulate matter | disease inc. | PM |
Human toxicity, non-cancer | CTUh | HTnon-c |
Human toxicity, cancer | CTUh | HTc |
Acidification | mol H+ eq | AC |
Eutrophication, freshwater | kg P eq | EUf |
Eutrophication, marine | kg N eq | EUm |
Eutrophication, terrestrial | mol N eq | EUt |
Ecotoxicity, freshwater | CTUe | ECT |
Land use | Pt | LU |
Water use | m3 depriv. | WU |
Resource use, fossils | MJ | RDf |
Resource use, minerals and metals | kg Sb eq | RDm |
Impact Category | Unit | Biogas | Biomass | Bioliquids |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC | kg CO2 eq | 9.62 × 10−01 | 7.10 × 10−02 | 8.46 × 10−01 |
OD | kg CFC11 eq | 4.96 × 10−08 | 1.16 × 10−08 | 5.52 × 10−08 |
IR | kBq U-235 eq | 2.54 × 10−02 | 2.17 × 10−03 | 3.02 × 10−02 |
POD | kg NMVOC eq | 1.03 × 10−02 | 1.53 × 10−03 | 2.99 × 10−03 |
PM | disease inc. | 1.19 × 10−07 | 2.47 × 10−07 | 6.45 × 10−08 |
HTnon-c | CTUh | 1.88 × 10−08 | 3.72 × 10−09 | 1.94 × 10−08 |
HTc | CTUh | 6.50 × 10−10 | 8.88 × 10−10 | 1.37 × 10−09 |
AC | mol H+ eq | 1.09 × 10−02 | 1.68 × 10−04 | 4.84 × 10−03 |
EUf | kg P eq | 3.23 × 10−04 | 2.46 × 10−05 | 3.62 × 10−03 |
EUm | kg N eq | 1.10 × 10−02 | 1.13 × 10−04 | 3.96 × 10−03 |
EUt | mol N eq | 4.96 × 10−02 | 7.16 × 10−04 | 1.68 × 10−02 |
ECT | CTUe | 8.05 × 10+01 | 1.07 × 10+00 | 4.72 × 10+01 |
LU | Pt | 7.86 × 10+01 | 3.43 × 10−01 | 2.23 × 10+01 |
WU | m3 depriv. | 9.72 × 10+00 | 8.56 × 10−02 | 1.30 × 10+00 |
RDf | MJ | 6.27 × 10+00 | 4.77 × 10−01 | 4.30 × 10+00 |
RDm | kg Sb eq | 5.33 × 10−06 | 1.13 × 10−07 | 1.53 × 10−05 |
Impact Category | Electricity from Bioliquids | Electricity from Biogas | Electricity from Solid Biomass |
---|---|---|---|
CC | 1.04 × 10−04 | 1.19 × 10−04 | 8.76 × 10−06 |
OD | 1.03 × 10−06 | 9.25 × 10−07 | 2.16 × 10−07 |
IR | 7.15 × 10−06 | 6.02 × 10−06 | 5.15 × 10−07 |
POD | 7.36 x10−05 | 2.53 × 10−04 | 3.78 × 10−05 |
PM | 1.08 × 10−04 | 2.00 × 10−04 | 4.14 × 10−04 |
HTnon-c | 8.43 × 10−05 | 8.18 × 10−05 | 1.62 × 10−05 |
HTc | 8.09 × 10−05 | 3.85 × 10−05 | 5.26 × 10−05 |
AC | 8.72 × 10−05 | 1.96 × 10−04 | 3.03 × 10−06 |
EUf | 2.26 × 10−03 | 2.01 × 10−04 | 1.53 × 10−05 |
EUm | 2.03 × 10−04 | 5.64 × 10−04 | 5.76 × 10−06 |
EUt | 9.49 × 10−05 | 2.81 × 10−04 | 4.05 × 10−06 |
ECT | 1.11 × 10−03 | 1.89 × 10−03 | 2.50 × 10−05 |
LU | 2.73 × 10−05 | 9.59 × 10−05 | 4.18 × 10−07 |
WU | 1.14 × 10−04 | 8.48 × 10−04 | 7.46 × 10−06 |
RDf | 6.62 × 10−05 | 9.64 × 10−05 | 7.34 × 10−06 |
RDm | 2.40 × 10−04 | 8.37 × 10−05 | 1.78 × 10−06 |
Impact Category | Unit | Electricity from Biogas | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
BaU Scenario | Alterative Scenario | % of Variation | ||
CC | kg CO2 eq | 9.62 × 10−01 | 1.87 × 10−01 | 81% |
OD | kg CFC11 eq | 4.96 × 10−08 | 3.31 × 10−09 | 93% |
IR | kBq U-235 eq | 2.54 × 10−02 | 1.69 × 10−03 | 93% |
POD | kg NMVOC eq | 1.03 × 10−02 | 7.75 × 10−03 | 25% |
PM | disease inc. | 1.19 × 10−07 | 3.32 × 10−08 | 72% |
HTnon-c | CTUh | 1.88 × 10−08 | 5.95 × 10−10 | 97% |
HTc | CTUh | 6.50 × 10−10 | 2.75 × 10−11 | 96% |
AC | mol H+ eq | 1.09 × 10−02 | 5.86 × 10−04 | 95% |
EUf | kg P eq | 3.23 × 10−04 | 5.10 × 10−06 | 98% |
EUm | kg N eq | 1.10 × 10−02 | 2.74 × 10−03 | 75% |
EUt | mol N eq | 4.96 × 10−02 | 1.06 × 10−02 | 79% |
ECT | CTUe | 8.05 × 10+01 | 1.07 × 10+00 | 99% |
LU | Pt | 7.86 × 10+01 | 2.93 × 10−01 | 99% |
WU | m3 depriv. | 9.72 × 10+00 | 2.39 × 10−03 | 99% |
RDf | MJ | 6.27 × 10+00 | 2.82 × 10−01 | 95% |
RDm | kg Sb eq | 5.33 × 10−06 | 3.60 × 10−07 | 93% |
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Zucaro, A.; Ansanelli, G.; Cerbone, A.; Picarelli, A.; Rinaldi, C.; Beltrani, T.; Sbaffoni, S.; Fiorentino, G. Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Different Biomass Sources in Italy. Energies 2024, 17, 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112771
Zucaro A, Ansanelli G, Cerbone A, Picarelli A, Rinaldi C, Beltrani T, Sbaffoni S, Fiorentino G. Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Different Biomass Sources in Italy. Energies. 2024; 17(11):2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112771
Chicago/Turabian StyleZucaro, Amalia, Giuliana Ansanelli, Antonietta Cerbone, Antonio Picarelli, Caterina Rinaldi, Tiziana Beltrani, Silvia Sbaffoni, and Gabriella Fiorentino. 2024. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Different Biomass Sources in Italy" Energies 17, no. 11: 2771. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112771