Microbial Communities in Model Seawater-Compensated Fuel Ballast Tanks: Biodegradation and Biocorrosion Stimulated by Marine Sediments
<p>Rotating ballast tank reactors [<a href="#B18-cmd-05-00001" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. An assembled reactor with 2 holders of coupons (24 coupons total). The reactors were filled with seawater from San Diego Bay. The holder with 1018 carbon steel coupons is shown in the inset photo.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Open-circuit potential (OCP) and pH values of phase 1 and 2 liquid samples. The bivariate plot of pH versus open-circuit potential (OCP, mV). OCP values are referenced to a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). R1, R2: petro F76 fuel. R3, R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5, R6: mix of petro- and FT-F76 fuel. R7, R8: no fuel added. (<b>a</b>) Phase 1, samples collected on day 400, before sediment addition. (<b>b</b>) Phase 2, samples collected on day 750, approximately 350 days post sediment addition. Nonsterile sediments were added to R1, R3, R5, R7; autoclaved sediments were added to R2, R4, R6, R8.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Sulfate concentrations (mM). Orange bars: sulfate concentration before sediment addition (day 400). Blue bars: sulfate concentration after sediment addition. Red circles: H<sub>2</sub>S detected. Black boxes: H<sub>2</sub>S not sampled on this date. Red stars: significant rates of sulfate reduction. R1, R2: petro-F76 fuel. R3, R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5, R6: mix of petro- and FT-F76 fuel. R7, R8: no fuel added. Nonsterile sediments were added to R1, R3, R5, R7; autoclaved sediments were added to R2, R4, R6, R8.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Dissolved iron concentration. Orange bars: iron concentration before sediment addition (day 400). Blue bars: iron concentration after sediment addition. R1, R2: petro-F76 fuel. R3, R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5, R6: mix of petro- and FT-F76 fuel. R7, R8: no fuel added. Error bars indicate ± 1 standard deviation. Nonsterile sediments were added to R1, R3, R5, R7; autoclaved sediments were added to R2, R4, R6, R8.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>SEM images of cleaned coupons taken from the reactors after 764 days of incubation. Black bar = 10 microns. (<b>a</b>) R1 and R2: petro-F76 fuel. R7 and R8: no fuel. (<b>b</b>) R3 and R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5 and R6: 1:1 mix of petro-F76 and FT-F76 fuel. See <a href="#sec2dot3-cmd-05-00001" class="html-sec">Section 2.3</a> for more details.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>qPCR estimate of the number of 16S rRNA gene copies/mL in water samples collected at the end of phase 1 (orange bars, “Phase 1”: immediately before sediment addition) and at the end of phase 2 (blue bars, “Phase 2”: approximately 1 year after sediment addition). *: nonsterile sediment added to these reactors; the remaining reactors received autoclaved sediment. R1 and R2: petro-F76 fuel. R3 and R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5 and R6: 1:1 mix of petro-F76 and FT-F76 fuel. R7 and R8: not amended with fuel. Error bars indicate ± 1 standard deviation.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Bar plot using the top taxa to represent the relative abundance of the top 9 classes and the top 7 genera from the water samples taken at the end of phase 2. The colors signify a top taxonomic rank (class) and the gradient of shades and tints signifies levels at a nested taxonomic rank (genus). (<b>b</b>) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the 16S amplicon libraries from phase 1 and 2 water samples at the genus level using Unifrac weighted distances. (<b>c</b>) Bars represent the distance between samples of the same reactor in phase 1 and phase 2. The distance between phase 1 and phase 2 samples was calculated from Axis 1–Axis 2 coordinates, as shown in <a href="#cmd-05-00001-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b. Blue bars and arrows represent distances between the samples from reactors that received sediments with live microbiota at the beginning of phase 2; red bars and arrows represent the distances between samples from reactors that received an autoclaved sediment at the beginning of phase 2. R1 and R2: petro-F76 fuel. R3 and R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5 and R6: 1:1 mix of petro-F76 and FT-F76 fuel. R7 and R8: not amended with fuel.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Bar plot using the top taxa to represent the relative abundance of the top 9 classes and the top 7 genera from samples taken at the end of phase 2. The colors signify a top taxonomic rank (class) and the gradient of shades and tints signifies levels at a nested taxonomic rank (genus). SED: marine sediment samples. sed: reactor sediment samples. c: coupon samples. R1 and R2: petro-F76 fuel. R3 and R4: FT-F76 fuel. R5 and R6: 1:1 mix of petro-F76 and FT-F76 fuel. R7 and R8: not amended with fuel.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Principal coordinates analysis of the 16S rRNA amplicon libraries from samples taken at the end of phase 2 at the genus level using Bray–Curtis distances. Blue arrows indicate coupons from the mixed fuel reactors, R5 and R6.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reactor Design
2.2. Chemical Analyses
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Methodology
2.4. Sulfate Reduction Assay
2.5. Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.6. Quantification of 16S rRNA by Quantitative PCR
2.7. Construction and Analysis of 16S rRNA Amplicon Libraries
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Analyses
3.1.1. OCP and pH
3.1.2. Sulfur Species
3.1.3. Dissolved Fe
3.2. Analysis of Coupon Surfaces
3.2.1. EDX
3.2.2. SEM
3.3. Microbial Enumeration: qPCR Estimates of # 16S rRNA Gene Copies
3.4. Microbial Community Analysis: 16S rRNA Amplicon Libraries
3.4.1. Phase 2 Water Samples
3.4.2. Comparison of Microbial Communities from Phase 1 and Phase 2 Water Samples
3.5. Microbial Communities in Reactor Sediment Samples and on Coupon Surfaces
3.5.1. Coupon Communities Associated with Different Fuel Types
3.5.2. Coupon Communities Associated with Pitting Corrosion
3.6. Comparison of Water, Sediment and Coupon Samples
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Adding Marine Sediments to Ballast Tanks
4.2. Biodegradation and Biocorrosion Triggered by Addition of Marine Sediments to Fuel-Compensated Ballast Tanks
4.2.1. Effect of Dissolved Iron on Aerobic Hydrocarbon Degradation
4.2.2. Differential Toxicity of Various Fuel Components to Microorganisms
4.2.3. Effect of Fuel Composition on Biodegradability and Corrosion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reactor | Fuel Type | Sediment Treatment |
---|---|---|
R1 | Petro-F76 | NS |
R2 | Petro-F76 | HT |
R3 | FT-F76 | NS |
R4 | FT-F76 | HT |
R5 | Petro- and FT-F76 | NS |
R6 | Petro- and FT-F76 | HT |
R7 | No fuel | NS |
R8 | No fuel | HT |
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Duncan, K.E.; Dominici, L.E.; Nanny, M.A.; Davidova, I.A.; Harriman, B.H.; Suflita, J.M. Microbial Communities in Model Seawater-Compensated Fuel Ballast Tanks: Biodegradation and Biocorrosion Stimulated by Marine Sediments. Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2024, 5, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd5010001
Duncan KE, Dominici LE, Nanny MA, Davidova IA, Harriman BH, Suflita JM. Microbial Communities in Model Seawater-Compensated Fuel Ballast Tanks: Biodegradation and Biocorrosion Stimulated by Marine Sediments. Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2024; 5(1):1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd5010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuncan, Kathleen E., Lina E. Dominici, Mark A. Nanny, Irene A. Davidova, Brian H. Harriman, and Joseph M. Suflita. 2024. "Microbial Communities in Model Seawater-Compensated Fuel Ballast Tanks: Biodegradation and Biocorrosion Stimulated by Marine Sediments" Corrosion and Materials Degradation 5, no. 1: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd5010001