Extreme Sea Ice Loss over the Arctic: An Analysis Based on Anomalous Moisture Transport
<p>September minimum sea ice extent for the years 2007 (green) and 2012 (dark blue), with climatological 1981–2010 mean (red contour). Data obtained from National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Main regions of study. The total solid colour-filled area (dark and light blue, red and pink) represents the Arctic domain as defined by Roberts et al. [<a href="#B42-atmosphere-08-00032" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. The red and pink regions represent the Eurasian and Canadian river basins respectively as considered in this study. Yellow contour areas represent the sources of moisture for the Arctic system used in the forward experiment developed by Vázquez et al. [<a href="#B47-atmosphere-08-00032" class="html-bibr">47</a>] in annual climatology from 1980–2012.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Seasonal evaporation–precipitation (E–P) > 0 anomalies for (<b>a</b>) 2006/2007 and (<b>b</b>) 2011/2012 compared with the 1980–2012 climatology. The reddish colours represent areas over which moisture uptake is greater that year (positive anomalies) and the bluish colours represent areas where moisture uptake is lower that year (negative anomalies). Contour magenta lines represent the main climatological moisture sources for the Arctic system based on the results of Vázquez et al. [<a href="#B47-atmosphere-08-00032" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Climatological seasonal 10-day integrated (E–P) values observed for the period 2006/2007 (<b>a</b>) and for the period 2011/2012 (<b>b</b>), for all the particles bound for the Arctic domain, determined from backward tracking. Red colours represent moisture sources and blue colours represent moisture sinks.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Total seasonal moisture uptake (E–P) > 0 for 1980–2012 (yellow bar), 2006/2007 (blue bar) and 2011/2012 (green bar) over each source of moisture: (<b>a</b>) Pacific Ocean; (<b>b</b>) Atlantic Ocean; (<b>c</b>) North America and (<b>d</b>) Siberia.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Seasonal (E–P) < 0 anomalies for 2006/2007 in the forward experiment from (<b>a</b>) the Pacific Ocean (<b>b</b>) the Atlantic Ocean (<b>c</b>) North America and (<b>d</b>) Siberia. Reddish colours represent areas over which the moisture supply is greater that year from the selected source (positive anomalies) and bluish colours represent areas where the moisture uptake is lower that year (negative anomalies). Red contour lines represent climatological moisture sources for the Arctic system. Purple contour lines represent the sea ice extent at the end of every season.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Seasonal (E–P) < 0 anomalies for 2011/2012 in the forward experiment from (<b>a</b>) the Pacific Ocean (<b>b</b>) the Atlantic Ocean (<b>c</b>) North America and (<b>d</b>) Siberia. Reddish colours represent areas over which the moisture supply is greater in that year from the selected source (positive anomalies) and bluish colours represent areas where the moisture uptake is lower (negative anomalies). Red contour lines represent climatological moisture sources for the Arctic system. Purple contour lines represent the sea ice extent at the end of every season.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Seasonal mean moisture contribution over the total Arctic domain for 1980–2012 (yellow bar), 2006/2007 (blue bar) and 2011/2012 (green bar) from (<b>a</b>) Pacific Ocean; (<b>b</b>) Atlantic Ocean; (<b>c</b>) North America and (<b>d</b>) Siberia.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>September minimum sea ice extent for 1996 and the climatological 1981–2010 mean (red contour). Data obtained from National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Summer (E–P) < 0 anomalies for 1996 in the forward experiment from (<b>a</b>) the Pacific Ocean (<b>b</b>) the Atlantic Ocean (<b>c</b>) North America and (<b>d</b>) Siberia. Reddish colours represent areas over which the moisture supply is greater that year from the selected source (positive anomalies) and bluish colours represent areas where the moisture uptake is lower that year (negative anomalies). Contour red lines represent climatological moisture sources for the Arctic system.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Mean moisture contribution over Eurasian (left-hand column) and Canadian (right-hand column) river basins from Pacific Ocean (first row) and Atlantic Ocean (second row) for 1980–2012 (yellow bar), 2007 (blue bar) and 2012 (green bar).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Moisture Sources
3.2. Anomalous Moisture Contribution from Each Moisture Source
3.3. Contrasting Analysis: Maximum September Sea Ice Extent
3.4. River Basins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vázquez, M.; Nieto, R.; Drumond, A.; Gimeno, L. Extreme Sea Ice Loss over the Arctic: An Analysis Based on Anomalous Moisture Transport. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020032
Vázquez M, Nieto R, Drumond A, Gimeno L. Extreme Sea Ice Loss over the Arctic: An Analysis Based on Anomalous Moisture Transport. Atmosphere. 2017; 8(2):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020032
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez, Marta, Raquel Nieto, Anita Drumond, and Luis Gimeno. 2017. "Extreme Sea Ice Loss over the Arctic: An Analysis Based on Anomalous Moisture Transport" Atmosphere 8, no. 2: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020032