Circulation Conditions’ Effect on the Occurrence of Heat Waves in Western and Southwestern Europe
<p>Locations of the meteorological stations.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The value of the 95th annual percentile of Tmax between 1976 and 2015.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Examples of time series of hot days (with trend lines and equations) and HW days.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Spatial pattern of the total number of HWs (black solid lines) and the total duration of HWs (red dashed lines) in 1976–2015.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Mean summer (June–August) (<b>a</b>) SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) and (<b>b</b>) T850 in °C.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Composites of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) (<b>a</b>); anomalies of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in m (dashed lines) (<b>b</b>); anomalies of T850 in °C (<b>c</b>) for the HW days.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Composites of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) (<b>a</b>); anomalies of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in m (dashed lines) (<b>b</b>); anomalies of T850 in °C (<b>c</b>) for the synoptic type 1 causing HWs.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Composites of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) (<b>a</b>); anomalies of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in m (dashed lines) (<b>b</b>); anomalies of T850 in °C (<b>c</b>) for the synoptic type 2 causing HWs.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>The mean Tmax and Tmax anomalies during the HW of 29 July–14 August 2003.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Composites of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) (<b>a</b>); anomalies of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in m (dashed lines) (<b>b</b>); anomalies of T850 in °C (<b>c</b>) for the HW of 29 July–14 August 2003.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Map of air temperature at 2 m (°C) (upper map); air temperature anomalies (°C) (colour scale) and geopotential height anomalies (m) (dotted lines) in troposphere alongside 5° W (<b>a</b>) and 2.5° E (<b>b</b>) meridians, and 47.5° N (<b>c</b>) and 40° N (<b>d</b>) parallels, 12 August 2003.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The mean Tmax and Tmax anomalies in the period between 10 and 28 July 2006.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Composites of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in gpm (dashed lines) (<b>a</b>); anomalies of SLP in hPa (colour scale) and z500 hPa in m (dashed lines) (<b>b</b>); anomalies of T850 in °C (<b>c</b>) for the HW of 10–28 July 2006.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Map of air temperature at 2 m (°C) (upper map); air temperature anomalies (°C) (colourful scale) and geopotential height anomalies (m) (dotted lines) in troposphere alongside 5° W (<b>a</b>) and 2.5° E (<b>b</b>) meridians, and 47.5° N (<b>c</b>) and 40° N (<b>d</b>) parallels, 17 July 2006.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Occurrence of Heat Waves
3.2. Impact of the Circulation on the Occurrence of Heat Waves
3.3. Case Studies of the Most Severe Heat Waves of 2003 and 2006
4. Discussion and Summary
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Station | N | D | Longest HW in Days (Dates) |
---|---|---|---|---|
France | Bayonne | 15 | 96 | 9 (06–14.06.2006) |
Bordeaux | 28 | 206 | 15 (13–27.07.2006) | |
Brest | 28 | 180 | 11 (24.06–04.07.1976, 12–22.08.1976) | |
Caen | 27 | 173 | 15 (22.06–06.07.1976) | |
Dijon | 40 | 306 | 18 (21.06–08.07.1976, 10–27.07.2006) | |
Lille | 33 | 233 | 17 (22.06–08.07.1976) | |
Montélimar | 54 | 386 | 19 (02–20.08.2003) | |
Nancy | 33 | 262 | 18 (10–27.07.2006) | |
Nantes | 32 | 231 | 16 (21.06–06.07.1976) | |
Nice | 28 | 319 | 49 (14.07–31.08.2003) | |
Paris | 35 | 253 | 17 (22.06–07.08.1976) | |
Toulouse | 29 | 203 | 18 (10–27.07.2006) | |
Portugal | Beja | 33 | 243 | 17 (29.07–14.08.2003) |
Braganca | 45 | 327 | 17 (29.07–14.08.2003) | |
Faro | 26 | 162 | 12 (04–15.08.2003) | |
Porto | 27 | 170 | 11 (03–13.08.2006) | |
Spain | Barcelona | 41 | 374 | 44 (18.07–30.08.2003) |
Bilbao | 14 | 98 | 12 (14–25.09.1982) | |
Granada | 38 | 266 | 21 (27.06–17.07.2015) | |
Madrid | 28 | 199 | 15 (30.07–14.08.2003, 03–17.07.2015) | |
Salamanca | 37 | 241 | 16 (30.07–14.08.2003) | |
Santiago de Compostela | 19 | 126 | 15 (04–18.07.2013) | |
Seville | 42 | 278 | 19 (28.07–15.08.2003) | |
Valencia | 15 | 138 | 23 (12.07–03.08.2006) | |
Zaragoza | 36 | 231 | 16 (30.07–14.08.2003) |
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Tomczyk, A.M.; Półrolniczak, M.; Bednorz, E. Circulation Conditions’ Effect on the Occurrence of Heat Waves in Western and Southwestern Europe. Atmosphere 2017, 8, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020031
Tomczyk AM, Półrolniczak M, Bednorz E. Circulation Conditions’ Effect on the Occurrence of Heat Waves in Western and Southwestern Europe. Atmosphere. 2017; 8(2):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020031
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomczyk, Arkadiusz M., Marek Półrolniczak, and Ewa Bednorz. 2017. "Circulation Conditions’ Effect on the Occurrence of Heat Waves in Western and Southwestern Europe" Atmosphere 8, no. 2: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8020031