Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation Conditions and Regional Climatic Characteristics in Two Remote Regions Since the Mid-20th Century
<p>The location of the two study regions; (<b>A</b>) Russia (superior–Belgorod Oblast marked with a star) and Belgorod Oblast (inferior–station used is BELF), and (<b>B</b>) the United States (superior–Missouri marked with a star) and State of Missouri (inferior–station used is KCOU).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Examples of the large-scale circulation types using the 1200 UTC 500 hPa height field. The contour interval is 60 m and in color. The given examples are (<b>A</b>) Type 1 (6 October 2006 AO = 0.124), (<b>B</b>) Type 2 (8 March 2006 AO = 1.76), (<b>C</b>) Type 3 (6 January 2006 AO = −1.64), and (<b>D</b>) Type 4 (13 July 2013 AO = 0.28).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The winter (left) and summer (right) 500 hPa height anomalies (with respect to 1957–2017) for the sub-periods defined in <a href="#atmosphere-10-00011-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>, where (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) is 1957–1969, (<b>C</b>) and (<b>D</b>) 1970–1980, (<b>E</b>) and (<b>F</b>) 1981–1997, and (<b>G</b>) and (<b>H</b>) 1998–2017. The contour interval is 3 m.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>As in <a href="#atmosphere-10-00011-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, except for the 300 hPa meridional wind anomalies (m s<sup>−1</sup>), and the contour interval is 0.3 (m s<sup>−1</sup>).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>As in <a href="#atmosphere-10-00011-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>, except for the 300 hPa vector wind anomalies (m s<sup>−1</sup>).</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>As in <a href="#atmosphere-10-00011-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>, except for the 300 hPa vector wind anomalies (m s<sup>−1</sup>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The number of (<b>a</b>) NH days with a zonal (Type 1 and 2—blue) and meridional (Type 3 and 4—orange) flow regimes, and (<b>b</b>) the winter season NAO Index from 1957–2017 following reference [<a href="#B62-atmosphere-10-00011" class="html-bibr">62</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Methods
- Zonal circulation (here ECM 1 and 2): These are characterized by the absence of polar intrusions into lower latitudes and the predominance of wave numbers two through five. ECM 1 is more prevalent during the winter and ECM 2 during the summer. (Type 1). In the CCR and central USA, each variant is associated with both and high and low pressure systems. There are three sub-types in this group [7]. This type is more typically associated with smaller negative and positive AO, and both smaller positive and negative PNA and NAO [7].
- Zonal breaking waves (ECM 3–7): These are typified by wave numbers three to four, with one of these being a very strong trough or a polar intrusion into lower latitudes, the ECM being typified by the location of a cold air outbreak in the NH. ECMs 3–5 are associated with cold air outbreak variants in the CCR and central USA. ECM 3–7 has several warm and cold season variants, and the total number of these is 11. (Type 2). As in Type 1, this group is associated with positive and negative NAO, with ECM 3 associated with stronger negative NAO [7], as well as PNA and AO types similar to Type 1.
- Meridional NH circulation (ECM 8–12): These are characterized by wave numbers three to four, with two to four of these waves being highly amplified. Each of these ECM has several sub-variants (18 in all) depending on the location of the amplified troughs. (Type 3). These are associated with stronger negative AO values, and some of the sub types are associated with blocking [7].
- Meridional Azores Antiyclone (ECM 13): This ECM is characterized by zonal flow over most of the NH, but an amplified ridge over the area from the Azores to the study region. This ECM is often associated with blocking [7,24] in the European sector, and has only two sub-variants. (Type 4). These flow types are associated with more positive NAO Indexes depending on the location of blocking [7], and both positive and negative PNA Index.
3. Climatology 1957–2017
3.1. Climatological Background for Southwest Russia
3.2. Climatological Background for the Central USA
3.3. A Comparison Using the HTC for Both Regions
3.4. Discussion: Teleconnection Relationships
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicator | Months of the Year | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
1881–1980 (base period) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −7.5 | −6.8 | −1.9 | 7.5 | 14.4 | 17.9 | 19.6 | 18.5 | 12.7 | 6.1 | −0.3 | −4.9 | 6.3 |
Pre (mm) | 40 | 34 | 33 | 39 | 51 | 67 | 65 | 57 | 55 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 575 |
1957–1969 (P1) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −8.8 | −7.9 | −3.6 | 6.2 | 14.4 | 17.7 | 19.6 | 18.2 | 12.3 | 6.0 | −0.6 | −5.3 | 5.7 |
σ | 3.9 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.8 |
Pre (mm) | 39.2 | 30.1 | 32.9 | 32.5 | 49.1 | 48.4 | 60.2 | 63.0 | 49.3 | 25.3 | 44.4 | 46.2 | 521 |
CV | 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.20 |
1970–1980 (P2) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −9.6 | −7.6 | −2.3 | 7.5 | 14.1 | 17.5 | 18.7 | 17.6 | 12.3 | 5.0 | 0.1 | −4.8 | 5.7 |
σ | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.0 |
Pre (mm) | 32.1 | 31.6 | 31.7 | 40.4 | 46.9 | 72.6 | 73.6 | 63.7 | 58.5 | 52.3 | 54.9 | 53.4 | 612 |
CV | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.20 |
1981–1997 (P3) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −6.5 | −7.1 | −2.0 | 7.1 | 14.5 | 17.7 | 18.7 | 17.9 | 12.3 | 6.1 | −1.3 | −5.8 | 6.0 |
σ | 3.7 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
Pre (mm) | 43.1 | 33.9 | 26.9 | 43.3 | 53.9 | 68.2 | 66.0 | 54.0 | 55.9 | 47.7 | 46.4 | 38.0 | 577 |
CV | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.16 |
1998–2014 (P4) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −6.4 | −5.7 | −0.4 | 8.5 | 14.8 | 18.3 | 20.9 | 19.5 | 13.4 | 6.7 | 0.4 | −4.1 | 7.2 |
σ | 3.2 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 0.6 |
Pre (mm) | 42.2 | 36.9 | 39.8 | 38.9 | 52.3 | 74.5 | 61.7 | 54.2 | 54.1 | 50.2 | 39.9 | 44.0 | 589 |
CV | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.18 |
Indicator | Months of the Year | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
1957–2017 (base period) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −1.8 | 0.8 | 6.6 | 13.0 | 18.0 | 22.9 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 20.1 | 13.8 | 6.9 | 0.6 | 12.6 |
Pre (mm) | 43 | 49 | 76 | 111 | 123 | 103 | 103 | 88 | 100 | 83 | 69 | 57 | 1005 |
1957–1969 (P1) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −2.1 | 0.2 | 5.2 | 13.0 | 18.4 | 22.8 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 20.3 | 14.4 | 7.1 | 0.5 | 12.5 |
σ | 2.5 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 0.5 |
Pre (mm) | 39.4 | 38.7 | 68.2 | 92.7 | 108.7 | 108.3 | 114.5 | 44.7 | 106.8 | 81.8 | 43.9 | 44.4 | 892 |
CV | 0.67 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.22 |
1970–1980 (P2) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −3.9 | −0.5 | 6.0 | 12.7 | 17.6 | 22.6 | 25.6 | 24.5 | 20.3 | 13.6 | 6.2 | 0.6 | 12.1 |
σ | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.5 |
Pre (mm) | 43.7 | 42.5 | 95.3 | 100.3 | 127.1 | 76.1 | 61.2 | 77.5 | 93.2 | 84.7 | 65.5 | 55.8 | 923 |
CV | 0.70 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.24 |
1981–1997 (P3) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −1.7 | 1.1 | 7.0 | 12.3 | 17.4 | 22.7 | 25.2 | 24.3 | 19.5 | 13.3 | 6.1 | 0.1 | 12.3 |
σ | 2.9 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 0.7 |
Pre (mm) | 41.9 | 56.5 | 69.9 | 117.0 | 135.2 | 111.6 | 115.9 | 108.7 | 94.9 | 73.8 | 108.4 | 68.8 | 1103 |
CV | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.21 |
1998–2017 (P4) | |||||||||||||
T (°C) | −0.7 | 1.5 | 7.4 | 13.7 | 18.4 | 23.3 | 25.2 | 24.8 | 20.6 | 13.9 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 13.1 |
σ | 2.4 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.0 |
Pre (mm) | 46.4 | 54.3 | 76.3 | 123.9 | 120.2 | 107.7 | 107.1 | 102.9 | 104.4 | 89.5 | 52.5 | 56.0 | 1041 |
CV | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.16 |
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Period | Years |
---|---|
Increased occurrence of Type 3 flow regimes (P1) | 1957–1969 |
Increase occurrence of Type 1 flow regimes (P2) | 1970–1980 |
The occurrence of more Type 1 and Type 2 flows, but increased Type 4 flow regimes toward the end of the period (P3) | 1981–1997 |
Reduction in occurrence of Type 4 with concomitant increase of Type 3 flow regimes (P4) | 1998–2017 |
Percent change: Days with occurrence of Type 3 and 4 relative to P1 (western Russia/central USA) | |
−10.9/−6.8 | 1970–1980 |
−8.2/−1.5 | 1981–1997 |
+16.4/+8.5 | 1998–2017 |
Indicator | Seasons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter (DJF) | Spring (MAM) | Summer (JJA) | Fall (SON) | Year | |
1957–2017 (base period) | |||||
T (°C) | −6.4 | 6.7 | 18.6 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
Pre (mm) | 118.2 | 123.9 | 188.3 | 144.5 | 575.0 |
1957–1969 (P1) | |||||
Ta (°C) | −0.7 | −1.0 ** | −0.1 | −0.3 | −0.5 |
σ | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
Pa (mm) | −1.2 | −7.6 | −20.4 | −24.5 | −53.9 |
CV | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.20 |
1970–1980 (P2) | |||||
Ta (°C) | −0.9 | −0.3 | −0.7 | −0.4 | −0.6 |
σ | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Pa (mm) | −3.2 | −3.9 | +20.7 | +21.2 | +34.8 |
CV | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.20 |
1981–1997 (P3) | |||||
Ta (°C) | 0.0 | −0.2 | −0.5 | −0.4 | −0.3 |
σ | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
Pa (mm) | −3.2 | +0.3 | −0.1 | +5.4 | +2.3 |
CV | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.17 |
1998–2017 (P4) | |||||
Ta (°C) | +1.0 * | +0.9 ** | +1.0 ** | +0.6 ** | 0.9 ** |
σ | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
Pa (mm) | +5.6 | +7.1 | +2.0 | −0.3 | +14.0 |
CV | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.20 |
Indicator | Seasons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Year | |
1957–2017 (base period) | |||||
T (°C) | −0.2 | 12.5 | 24.3 | 13.6 | 12.6 |
Pa (mm) | 150.8 | 310.5 | 293.7 | 251.4 | 1005.2 |
1957–1969 (P1) | |||||
Ta (°C) | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.1 | +0.3 | −0.1 |
σ | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
Pa (mm) | −25.2 | −40.8 | −26.0 | −19.0 | −113.0 |
CV | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.22 |
1970–1980 (P2) | |||||
Ta (°C) | −1.2 ** | −0.4 | 0.0 | −0.2 | −0.5 * |
σ | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
Pa (mm) | −8.3 | +12.2 | −78.8 | −8.1 | −82.7 |
CV | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.24 |
1981–1997 (P3) | |||||
Ta (°C) | 0.0 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −0.6 ** | −0.3 |
σ | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
Pa (mm) | +15.4 | +11.6 | +42.4 | +25.7 | +97.3 |
CV | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.21 |
1998–2017 (P4) | |||||
Ta (°C) | 0.8 ** | 0.7 ** | 0.2 | 0.5 ** | 0.5 * |
σ | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
Pa (mm) | +7.9 | +10.0 | +24.1 | −5.0 | +36.0 |
CV | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.16 |
(a) | ||||||||
% tile | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | ||||
P3-P4 | P1-P2 | P3-P4 | P1-P2 | P3-P4 | P1-P2 | P3-P4 | P1-P2 | |
20% | 90.8 | 78.2 | 90.7 | 85.6 | 159.2 | 149.9 | 106.6 | 106.1 |
40% | 113.1 | 110.0 | 117.2 | 114.3 | 177.1 | 173.1 | 122.0 | 121.7 |
60% | 130.9 | 126.4 | 140.9 | 130.7 | 195.9 | 196.3 | 153.0 | 159.7 |
80% | 144.0 | 146.9 | 160.2 | 158.3 | 221.4 | 233.2 | 183.9 | 182.3 |
100% | 192.6 | 200.5 | 206.2 | 213.9 | 292.2 | 303.5 | 274.1 | 274.1 |
(b) | ||||||||
% tile | Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | ||||
P3-P4 | P1-P2 | P3-P4 | P1-P2 | P3-P4 | P1–P2 | P3-P4 | P1-P2 | |
20% | 115.0 | 86.6 | 222.8 | 215.6 | 199.1 | 159.3 | 169.9 | 164.8 |
40% | 139.4 | 125.0 | 273.1 | 254.3 | 261.1 | 202.4 | 206.8 | 185.2 |
60% | 175.8 | 141.7 | 325.1 | 288.8 | 357.9 | 243.1 | 247.4 | 258.1 |
80% | 195.3 | 161.0 | 400.8 | 399.0 | 432.6 | 327.4 | 344.2 | 329.7 |
100% | 312.4 | 275.1 | 520.7 | 478.0 | 655.3 | 487.9 | 465.1 | 383.4 |
Years | NAO | PNA | AO |
---|---|---|---|
1957–1969 | −0.53/−0.18/−0.15/+0.05 | −0.13/−0.31/+0.42/+0.16 | −0.91/−0.12/−0.26/−0.23 |
1970–1980 | −0.19/−0.13/+0.20/+0.16 | −0.07/+0.03/−0.32/+0.11 | −0.46/−0.17/−0.03/+0.08 |
1981–1997 | +0.46/+0.31/+0.16/−0.10 | +0.29/+0.27/+0.03/−0.33 | +0.11/+0.09/+0.05/+0.04 |
1998–2017 | +0.37/+0.09/−0.54/−0.13 | +0.38/−0.05/+0.23/+0.23 | −0.14/+0.17/−0.12/−0.00 |
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Lebedeva, M.G.; Lupo, A.R.; Chendev, Y.G.; Krymskaya, O.V.; Solovyev, A.B. Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation Conditions and Regional Climatic Characteristics in Two Remote Regions Since the Mid-20th Century. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010011
Lebedeva MG, Lupo AR, Chendev YG, Krymskaya OV, Solovyev AB. Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation Conditions and Regional Climatic Characteristics in Two Remote Regions Since the Mid-20th Century. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleLebedeva, Maria G., Anthony R. Lupo, Yury G. Chendev, Olga V. Krymskaya, and Aleksandr B. Solovyev. 2019. "Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation Conditions and Regional Climatic Characteristics in Two Remote Regions Since the Mid-20th Century" Atmosphere 10, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010011