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Second Part. Continuing to question some traditional historiographical theses, in this second part, the author discusses the common assertion that "popular" praxis is dependent on naïve belief in the benevolent tsar: on the contrary, the... more
Second Part. Continuing to question some traditional historiographical theses, in this second part, the author discusses the common assertion that "popular" praxis is dependent on naïve belief in the benevolent tsar: on the contrary, the subjects of action adapt their beliefs to their needs. A still very influential historiography considers that illusions, naïve, popular, and false as well as passivity would constitute the plurisecular "mentality" of the Russian peasantry. But mentality is a category that is deficient in the explanation of historical dynamics, especially when it comes to change. Against the verdict "false" applied to the myth of the benevolent tsar, the author explains why a myth is neither true nor false and stresses that it should not be considered as a stage in a history of thought that would lead to a scholarly representation but it is necessary to understand its origin, its logic and the usefulness of its use by human beings, in particular its role in the production of modern political thought. Against the positivist historiography's disdain for popular metaphors, the author highlights the "truth" of the autocratic system that this linguistic figure expresses and the permeability between metaphor and action. The study concludes by tracing, based on the material analyzed, Russian history's own path towards a political modernity that by its reality inhibits the existence of any central modernity and situates the moment at which this Russian modernity appears in the light of day.
évidemment ni toujours d'accord entre eux, ni tous parvenus au même niveau de réflexion. Une bonne part se cantonnent dans le genre descriptif, narratif, ou au mieux typologique ; U. Linse est le seul à proposer un modèle évolutif... more
évidemment ni toujours d'accord entre eux, ni tous parvenus au même niveau de réflexion. Une bonne part se cantonnent dans le genre descriptif, narratif, ou au mieux typologique ; U. Linse est le seul à proposer un modèle évolutif transnational, d'ailleurs convaincant : l'anarchisme serait passé des insurrections paysannes (phase Bakounine) aux attentats artisanaux (phase Kropotkine), puis à l'action directe ouvrière, et enfin aux grèves révolutionnaires de masse de 1920. W. L. Bernecker, lui, se distingue par un souci d'historiographie ; il rappelle que l'anarchisme espagnol a été successivement interprété comme produit de l'âme populaire, du besoin religieux, du millénarisme, des abus des classes dominantes, et du régionalisme ; lui-même y voit surtout une réponse à la violence d'État. Empruntée à l'ethnologie, l'analyse des rituels, des hiérarchies et des symboles peut être aussi très fructueuse, comme le montre A. Lyttelton à propos des squadristi et de leur triple inspiration : « frustration sociale, défense de valeurs fondamentales, stratégie consciente pour des objectifs précis ». Il n'est pas jusqu'aux mathématiques, simples comme un graphique de conjoncture ou raffinées comme une régression multiple, qui ne permettent à G. Botz de pondérer les effets du chômage et de la répression sur les actes de violence dans la République autrichienne.
We are pleased to announce the online publication of the fourteenth issue of our journal Conceptos Históricos. You can access it through the following link. https://revistasacademicas.unsam.edu.ar/.../issue/view/92
Continuing to question some traditional historiographical theses, in this second part, the author discusses the common assertion that "popular" praxis is dependent on naïve belief in the benevolent tsar: on the contrary, the subjects of... more
Continuing to question some traditional historiographical theses, in this second part, the author discusses the common assertion that "popular" praxis is dependent on naïve belief in the benevolent tsar: on the contrary, the subjects of action adapt their beliefs to their needs. A still very influential historiography considers that illusions, naïve, popular, and false as well as passivity would constitute the plurisecular "mentality" of the Russian peasantry. But mentality is a category that is deficient in the explanation of historical dynamics, especially when it comes to change. Against the verdict "false" applied to the myth of the benevolent tsar, the author explains why a myth is neither true nor false and stresses that it should not be considered as a stage in a history of thought that would lead to a scholarly representation but it is necessary to understand its origin, its logic and the usefulness of its use by human beings, in particular its role in the production of modern political thought. Against the positivist historiography's disdain for popular metaphors, the author highlights the "truth" of the autocratic system that this linguistic figure expresses and the permeability between metaphor and action. The study concludes by tracing, based on the material analyzed, Russian history's own path towards a political modernity that by its reality inhibits the existence of any central modernity and situates the moment at which this Russian modernity appears in the light of day.
The author discusses some of the dominant assertions in the literature on Russian history. One of them is the disqualification of the myth of the benevolent tsar as “false”. This disqualification is accompanied by the formulas “naïve or... more
The author discusses some of the dominant assertions in the literature on Russian history. One of them is the disqualification of the myth of the benevolent tsar as “false”. This disqualification is accompanied by the formulas “naïve or popular monarchism”, which designate the “pre-scientific illusions” that would have guided the collective movements of resistance to autocracy. Given the importance of collective representations of the tsar and power in Russian history, the theoretical premises on which the above-mentioned disqualifications are based affect the general interpretation of this history, for example the conception of the Russian people as “passive”. The author proposes to abandon this positivist scaffolding and approach the sources from other theoretical perspectives, in particular conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), to pose a radically different question: what truth is contained in the myth of the benevolent tsar and to reconstruct, against the essentialist and tel...
The author discusses some of the dominant assertions in the literature on Russian history. One of them is the disqualification of the myth of the benevolent tsar as “false”. This disqualification is accompanied by the formulas “naïve or... more
The author discusses some of the dominant assertions in the literature on Russian history. One of them is the disqualification of the myth of the benevolent tsar as “false”. This disqualification is accompanied by the formulas “naïve or popular monarchism”, which designate the “pre-scientific illusions” that would have guided the collective movements of resistance to autocracy. Given the importance of collective representations of the tsar and power in Russian history, the theoretical premises on which the above-mentioned disqualifications are based affect the general interpretation of this history, for example the conception of the Russian people as “passive”. The author proposes to abandon this positivist scaffolding and approach the sources from other theoretical perspectives, in particular conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), to pose a radically different question: what truth is contained in the myth of the benevolent tsar and to reconstruct, against the
essentialist and teleological vision, the historicity of the collective resistance to power in Russia. The first part studies the genealogy of the expression samozvan/ets/stvo (self-appointment), its original meaning – individual initiative against divine appointment – and its functions in the autocratic political paradigm. The lack of heuristic value of the formulas of “popular, or naïve monarchism,the logic of which is to deprive the most oppressed segments of the population of their culture and language, is emphasized.
Keywords: Resistance to power, popular/naïve monarchism, positivist historiography, essentialism, teleology, conceptual history
The article discusses the dominant approaches to populism and, in particular, the origins of the term and the practice of the Russian movement that embodied it. From the sources, it reconstructs the genesis and logic of the concept in a... more
The article discusses the dominant approaches to populism and, in particular, the origins of the term and the practice of the Russian movement that embodied it. From the sources, it reconstructs the genesis and logic of the concept in a historical-conceptual perspective and the journey of the concept from Russia through China to Latin America. The legitimacy of Russian populism emerges from the relationship between the concept and factual history. In the Russian historical structure (end of the eighteenth century—first decades of the twentieth century), elements such as the preponderance of the concept of “people” over that of “class,” the rejection of politics, society conceived as a confrontation between the people and a tiny minority, and others that have been updated, without being identical, in today’s world, can be observed. Taking into account this updating reveals the historicity of the concept and its current legitimacy.
tique d'Alain Besançon « russophobe » opposé à Pierre Pascal, le « russophile » ', est particulièrement éclairante chez Nivat d'un refus des réductionnismes. Reprenant l'épitaphe du poète Mandelstam, au carrefour des... more
tique d'Alain Besançon « russophobe » opposé à Pierre Pascal, le « russophile » ', est particulièrement éclairante chez Nivat d'un refus des réductionnismes. Reprenant l'épitaphe du poète Mandelstam, au carrefour des mondes russe et soviétique — « S'ils tuent les poètes, c'est qu'ils respectent la poésie » —, Nivat redonne la parole dans une dernière partie à cette poignée de militants de la mémoire qui, comme Anna Akhmatova, Lydia Tchoukovskaja, Nadejda Mandelstam et d'autres, ont permis de comprendre ce fossé séparant ce « Eux » du « Nous ». Si aujourd'hui on conçoit que « la poésie — comme l'écrivait Mandelstam — est l'air volé », cette spécifité d'une culture russe dépasse les frontières géographiques pour se confronter à des obstacles plus fondamentaux parce qu'existentiels. h'Homo Sovieticus n'a pas aboli l'Homme russe. Et le réalisme socialiste n'a pas tué les genres, même si l'Union des Écrivains en 1934 a scellé le pacte entre la littérature et l'État, permettant d'interpréter toute esthétique en fonction de critères idéologiques. Le phénomène totalitaire a aussi engendré ses contraires. Car cette littérature de Gogol à nos jours, de Biely à Raspoutine, a contribué à sortir des comportements totalisants. Si l'exil intérieur demeure la dimension fondamentale de toute littérature, celle-ci, en Russie comme en URSS, n'a fait qu'additionner les drames renouvelés d'une impossible rencontre entre l'État et la Société. Nivat trace ces correspondances. Celles d'une littérature qui, dans l'histoire, faute d'avoir vraiment reçu un statut de citoyenneté, a du moins acquis, à un prix exorbitant, celui de la liberté.
Ingerflom Claudio Sergio. Dominique Colas, Le léninisme. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 40ᵉ année, N. 4, 1985. pp. 833-834
Р. Козеллек заложил и развил основы понимания истории как процесса во множественном чи- сле. Begriffsgeschichte — это не просто история понятий. Концептуальная история предполагает исследовательскую работу, которая зиждется на теории... more
Р. Козеллек заложил и развил основы понимания истории как процесса во множественном чи- сле. Begriffsgeschichte — это не просто история понятий. Концептуальная история предполагает исследовательскую работу, которая зиждется на теории исторических времен и наоборот, тео- рию, постоянно проверяемую конкретными историческими исследованиями. С этих позиций автор настоящей статьи подчеркивает неуместность эволюционистской и телеологической па- радигм, используемых в рамках позитивистского подхода к изучению истории. Отмечается, что уже с первой трети XIX в. исследование истории каждой страны проводилось в контексте про- тивопоставления «государство — общество». Это обусловило трансформацию сформированных в эпоху модерна понятий в аналитические категории для прочтения более ранних источников и современной интерпретации далекого прошлого. Существованию подобного взгляда на исто- рию способствуют две причины: 1) политическая — направленная на искусственное создание длительной генеалогии государства, которая использовалась диктаторскими режимами, жела- ющими придать себе прочную историческую легитимность; 2) эпистемологическая, являюща- яся следствием некорректного отождествления слова и понятия. Такое смешение основано на предположении, что слова представляют идеи, которые содержат постоянное семантическое ядро, то есть идеи могут адаптироваться к изменениям, но ядро не изменяется. Обозначенная установка, по мнению автора, приводит к когнитивному тупику. Яркой иллюстрацией такого положения является употребление словосочетаний «феодальное государство» или «государство Средневековья», во время существования которых само слово государство (“estado, state, état”) означало «достоинство», «статус» и могло иметь другие коннотации, но не имело того смысла, которое оно приобрело, когда стало понятием, означающим правовой и политический поря- док, основанный на народном суверенитете, представительстве, равенстве и других явлениях, рожденных Французской революцией. В России значение понятия «государство» изменилось в конце XVIII в. при одновременном сосуществовании предшествующей патримониалистской семантики, присущая как термину «государь», так и реальному функционированию русской им- перской системы. Эта традиционная семантика присутствовала и в ХХ в. как в императорской семье, так и в народе. Следовательно, историк обязан принимать во внимание как повторя- емость структур, так и уникальность событий. В результате проведенного исследования автор приходит к заключению о необходимости выявлять сосуществование различных темпорально- стей, современность того, что не является современным, и избегать разделения на диахронию и синхронию. Именно такой подход в наибольшей степени отражает основную эвристическую ценность теории исторических времен Козеллека для конкретно-исторических исследований.
Este articulo postula la ausencia de capacidad heuristica de las categorias ruptura y continuidad –habitualmente utilizadas por la historiografia para pensar el cambio en la historia– y propone, a partir de la ontologia heideggeriana,... more
Este articulo postula la ausencia de capacidad heuristica de las categorias ruptura y continuidad –habitualmente utilizadas por la historiografia para pensar el cambio en la historia– y propone, a partir de la ontologia heideggeriana, respetar la estructura temporal compleja de los cambios que se explicitan cuando se vuelve presente el futuro y el pasado. La critica hace uso aqui tanto del material empirico de la historia rusa como de la reflexion teorica que encontramos en la hermeneutica contemporanea (Gadamer, Ricoeur, Koselleck). Al final de los anos 1920, una acusacion recorria el mundo rural de la URSS: el poder sovietico es el Anticristo. En este discurso, la interpretacion del regimen excluye las categorias ruptura (desde el siglo XVII la contestacion popular acusaba a los zares de ser la encarnacion del Anticristo) y continuidad (en el siglo XX, es el poder y no su detentador quien es cuestionado). Como consecuencia de esta revision epistemologica, emerge igualmente una nue...
espanolAnalisis de la relacion existente entre el historiador y su comprension de la aniculacion entre pasado (continuidad) y presente (novedad o ruptura). Las temporalidades en la articulacion de la cultura politica rusa tradicional y la... more
espanolAnalisis de la relacion existente entre el historiador y su comprension de la aniculacion entre pasado (continuidad) y presente (novedad o ruptura). Las temporalidades en la articulacion de la cultura politica rusa tradicional y la ex· periencia sovietica son analizadas en Rusia, en el transcurso del siglo veinte. La presencia recurrente del tennino tradicional 'autonombrado' -significando a Stalin-, las practicas de 'aulOnombramiento' durante el siglo XX. asi como diversas manuestaciones del pensamiento religioso en el poder, son examinados mediante la aplicacion del analisis del discurso como modelo intcrpretativo. Sincretismos de indole diversa -de tipo tradicional y de nueva estirpe- se vinculan con mecanismos de reinvestimento semantico dcl pasado. Concluye que el hisloriador debe buscar 10 que se reinviste semanticamente en el presente, integrando la complejidad tempornJ de la memoria de los actores en el anaJisis historico. EnglishAnaJysis oC lhe existi...

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Índice, introducción y capítulo 1 de
El revolucionario profesional. La construcción política del pueblo, de Claudio S. Ingerflom - Prohsitoria Ediciones, Rosario, 2017.
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