Skip to main content
Situé dans le désert Oriental égyptien, Samut Nord est un site entièrement voué à l’exploitation de l’or. Constitué de zones d’extraction et de transformation du quartz aurifère et de deux édifices dédiés au logement, il est occupé... more
Situé dans le désert Oriental égyptien, Samut Nord est un site entièrement voué à l’exploitation de l’or. Constitué de zones d’extraction et de transformation du quartz aurifère et de deux édifices dédiés au logement, il est occupé brièvement vers 310 av. J.-C. Avant leur destruction en 2017, les vestiges de Samut Nord étaient exceptionnellement bien préservés et leur exploration représentait l’opportunité d’étudier, pour la première fois et dans son intégralité, une installation minière à l’apogée de l’exploitation de l’or en Égypte. C’était aussi l’occasion de comparer le témoignage des vestiges archéologiques aux descriptions des mines antiques laissées par Agatharchide de Cnide, qui vécut au IIe siècle av. J.-C.

La confrontation des données permet de dresser un panorama inédit de la chaîne opératoire qui a produit une partie de l’or dont Ptolémée, fils de Lagos, avait besoin pour conduire sa politique en Méditerranée. L’étude attentive de tous les vestiges, y compris les plus modestes, permet aussi de reconstituer les conditions de vie des habitants (soldats, intendants, mineurs, dont peut-être des femmes) qui ont, durant quelques saisons, vécu au milieu du désert pour en exploiter les richesses. Elles étaient manifestement effroyables.

Est adjointe à ces chapitres l’étude de trois villages de mineurs localisés dans le district de Samut, occupés au Nouvel Empire et à l’époque médiévale.

————◆————

Located in the Eastern desert of Egypt, Samut North is a site entirely devoted to gold mining. Consisting of areas for the extraction and transformation of gold quartz and two vast buildings dedicated to housing, it was briefly occupied around 310 BC. Before they were destroyed in 2017, the remains of Samut North were exceptionally well preserved and their exploration represented a unique opportunity to fully study a mining facility at the height of gold mining in Egypt. It was also a chance to compare the evidence of the archaeological remains with the descriptions of the ancient mines left by Agatharchides of Cnidus, who lived in the 2nd century BC.

The comparison of the data makes it possible to draw up an unprecedented panorama of the operating chain that produced part of the gold that Ptolemy, son of Lagos, needed to conduct his policy in the Mediterranean. The careful study of all the remains, including the most modest ones, also makes it possible to reconstruct the living conditions of the inhabitants (soldiers, logisticians, miners, including perhaps women) who, for some seasons, lived in the middle of the desert to exploit its riches. They were obviously appalling.

Added to these chapters is a study of three mining villages in Samut district dating back to the New Kingdom and the Middle Ages.
Research Interests:
Ptolemaic bronze coins from the Alexandria mint provide a unique example for examining the full extent of the operational chain of monetary production, from the supply of metal to striking the coin. Aside from the provenance of the... more
Ptolemaic bronze coins from the Alexandria mint provide a unique example for examining the full extent of the operational chain of monetary production, from the supply of metal to striking the coin. Aside from the provenance of the different constituents necessary for the creation of bronze, one can also comment upon the evolution of the alloy and thus class distinct coin series through an analysis of the metallic composition. The mint and its component parts provide a second field of study. Given that ancient sources are almost non-existent, one must look at the coin itself to obtain information regarding the engraver and his creation: the die. The engraving of coin types leads to questions regarding the identification of images chosen by the authorities, and as part of the history of technology, thoughts must turn to the work undertaken within the workshop: making the blanks, trimming and finishing, and striking the coin. This study demonstrates the evolution of Ptolemaic bronze coinage. As a continuation of a strong Macedonian tradition, the coinage was adapted and modernised to become an extraordinary currency. For all this, the Alexandrian mint was not actually exceptional. It was simply a reflection of the evolution of the Hellenistic world.
Research Interests:
This publication of 3527 coins found in the excavations of the Centre d'Études Alexandrines studies the production of the Alexandrian mint from its establishment by Ptolemy I, as well as the different forms of bronze coinage used up until... more
This publication of 3527 coins found in the excavations of the Centre d'Études Alexandrines studies the production of the Alexandrian mint from its establishment by Ptolemy I, as well as the different forms of bronze coinage used up until the modern era.
The often very damaged state of the pieces has led to a defining of the most significant criteria for identifying individual coins. It has been noted that using a classification by reign of the Ptolemies does not correspond with monetary history and that it is more important to identify the value of the pieces in use.
The use of money in Egypt is marked by certain original practices: the closure of the market to foreign monies occurred under the Ptolemies, was retained under the Roman empire and reappeared in the Byzantine period. In addition, the sharp rise in papyrus prices, often interpreted as part of an inflationary event, can be reconsidered in the light of an analysis of coin manufacture""

""Cette publication des 3527 monnaies trouvées dans les fouilles du Centre d'Études Alexandrines étudie les productions de l'atelier monétaire d'Alexandrie depuis sa création par Ptolémée I ainsi que les différentes formes d'utilisation jusqu'à l'époque moderne de la monnaie de bronze.
L'état des pièces souvent très abîmées a conduit à définir les critères les plus significatifs pour identifier la monnaie. On a constaté que le classement par règnes en usage pour les Ptolémées ne correspondait pas à l'histoire monétaire et que l'important était d'identifier la valeur des pièces utilisées.
Deux pratiques originales marquent l'usage de la monnaie en Egypte : la fermeture du marché aux monnaies étrangères, connue sous les Ptolémées, conservée sous l'Empire romain et réapparue à l'époque byzantine ; la flambée des prix connue par les papyrus, souvent interprétée comme un phénomène d'inflation, que l'analyse de la fabrication de la monnaie invite à reconsidérer.
Research Interests:
The article presents recent discoveries made by the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt in two Ptolemaic forts occupied in the second half of the 3rd century b.c., Bir Samut and Abbad, located along the road... more
The article presents recent discoveries made by the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt in two Ptolemaic forts occupied in the second half of the 3rd century b.c., Bir Samut and Abbad, located along the road leading from Edfu to Berenike on the Red Sea Coast at the southern fringes of the Ptolemaic Empire. These artifacts, three copper-alloy arrowheads marked with the monogram BE and four Ptolemaic coins minted in Joppa, were recovered in contexts securely dated to the last decades of the 3rd century b.c. Due to the sealed stratigraphy and the discovery of thousands of ostraca and dozens of coins in the same deposits, it is clear that the forts and these objects were abandoned on the eve of the Great Theban Revolt in Egypt, around 207–206 b.c. These discoveries offer an occasion to reassess the corpus of similar arrowheads and coins found in the Eastern Mediterranean. The catalog presented here includes 45 BE arrowheads and 18 Joppa coins and a careful reassessment of the corpus suggests that they were probably produced by the Ptolemaic regime in direct association with the Fourth Syrian War, which ended with the Battle of Raphia in 217 b.c. The geographic distribution of the arrowheads and coins discussed in the article demonstrates the mobility of the Ptolemaic troops after this intense period of conflict.
In 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and... more
In 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and unusually shaped fort, identified in ostraca found in the fortress as Berkou (Βɛρκου), lay along a track leading from ancient Kaine (Qena) to the imperial quarries at Porphyrites. The fort lay over the remains of a Ptolemaic village and incorporated elements from the water system of the older settlement. This article presents the results of those excavations, including an overview of the fort's architecture and associated finds, as well as a discussion of its role in the regional transportation and security network that supported Roman exploitation of the nearby porphyry quarries in the 1st c. CE.
1. Problematique et bilan des principaux resultats La mission archeologique francaise du desert Oriental a explore entre 2013 et 2016 le district minier de Samut. Elle a fouille la mine d’or de Samut Nord et le fort de Bi’r Samut, tous... more
1. Problematique et bilan des principaux resultats La mission archeologique francaise du desert Oriental a explore entre 2013 et 2016 le district minier de Samut. Elle a fouille la mine d’or de Samut Nord et le fort de Bi’r Samut, tous deux dates de l’epoque ptolemaique, et localises sur l’ancienne route menant d’Edfou au port de Berenice. Lors des campagnes 2017 et 2018, nous avons fouille un deuxieme fortin ptolemaique, localise sur la meme route, pour completer les donnees cruciales mais i...
Since early 2014 the French Archaeological Mission of the Eastern Desert has been working in the Samut district, with the aim to close gaps in our knowledge of the mining, production and circulation of gold in Ancient Egypt up to the... more
Since early 2014 the French Archaeological Mission of the Eastern Desert has been working in the Samut district, with the aim to close gaps in our knowledge of the mining, production and circulation of gold in Ancient Egypt up to the Ptolemaic Period. During the course of the season, two large round structures were cleared and, tentatively, identified as mineral processing plants – though with the proviso that further excavations were needed to verify their function. And indeed, as more recent works shows, the original assumptions now need to be revised. In January 2014, the French Eastern Desert mission under Bérangère Redon and Thomas Faucher discovered two ‘heavy mineral processing plants’ at Samut North. Yet as further work has now shown, the structures are, in fact, mills of outstanding proportion.
The aim of this paper is to offer a broad view on a discrete region: Egypt. A broad view, because the results presented here cover a long span of time, from the appearance of coinage in Egypt in the fifth century BC until the end of the... more
The aim of this paper is to offer a broad view on a discrete region: Egypt. A broad view, because the results presented here cover a long span of time, from the appearance of coinage in Egypt in the fifth century BC until the end of the Ptolemaic period towards the end of the first century BC; and because the results assembled here embrace different coined metals: gold, silver and bronze.
The Samut mining district, in the eastern Egyptian desert, has been explored and excavated by the French Eastern Desert archaeological mission (MAFDO) since 2013. The area was occupied in the Pharaonic era and the Hellenistic period. It... more
The Samut mining district, in the eastern Egyptian desert, has been explored and excavated by the French Eastern Desert
archaeological mission (MAFDO) since 2013. The area was occupied in the Pharaonic era and the Hellenistic period. It regained
interest at the beginning of the Islamic period. Narrow-vein and alluvial gold deposits were mined there.
Two hut villages, in northern Samut, called medieval northern Samut, and in the Kabb Abou Shigil wabi, have been studied
more closely. These two areas present all of the mineral processing operations: both ore extraction from veins and the different
steps of ore crushing, grinding and cleansing. The ceramic material found is very poor, a clear sign of seasonal and sporadic occupation, with no evidence of a hierarchy in spatial organization. The quality of conservation of the huts, work areas and of all the stone implements preserved in situ provide an exceptional view of gold mining in the early Islamic period.
Le trésor de Gézéïr provient des rives du lac Mariout, non loin d'Alexandrie. Il comprend plus de deux cents monnaies en bronze dont la grande majorité appartient à un type peu connu de monnaies lagides datées. Cette trouvaille nécessite... more
Le trésor de Gézéïr provient des rives du lac Mariout, non loin d'Alexandrie. Il comprend plus de deux cents monnaies en bronze dont la grande majorité appartient à un type peu connu de monnaies lagides datées. Cette trouvaille nécessite de resituer la frappe de cette émission dans la capitale lagide lors du règne de Ptolémée IX Sôter Il à la fin du Il' s. av. J.-C.
Abstract.-The Gezeir hoard cornes from the shore of the Mari ut Lake, not far from Alexan-dria. It consists of more than two hundred bronze coins wh ose majority be longs to a Ptolemaic dated coinage. This fi nd requires a new attribution of this emission in the capital of the Ptole-mies at the end of the second century during the reign of Ptolemy IX Sôter II.
Dossier d'articles (V. Chankowski, C. Viglietti, Fr. de Callataÿ, Ch. Doyen, Th. Faucher, X. Deru, D. Hoyer) dans Topoi 21 (2017), p. 147-262.
Research Interests:
The classification of the Hellenistic coinage of Cyrenaica is for a long time a matter of discussion among numismatists. Some, like E.S.G. Robinson and recently M. Asolati, were studying it as a specific production. However, J. Svoronos,... more
The classification of the Hellenistic coinage of Cyrenaica is for a long time a matter of discussion among numismatists. Some, like E.S.G. Robinson and recently M. Asolati, were studying it as a specific production. However, J. Svoronos, or us, in our publication of the coins from the French excavations in Alexandria, have considered it as a part of the Ptolemaic coinage. The Cyrenaican coins were very rare in Alexandria and it is clear that they were not used there.
The analysis of the types shows in one hand a very strong Ptolemaic influence and, on the other hand, the same evolution in the technical practices (die production, metallic composition). However, most of the time, some subtle transformations on the types and the discrepancy between the weights are indicating that coins from Alexandria and Cyrenaica have a different value.
Research Interests:
Les techniques de fabrication des monnaies antiques nous sont mal connues. L’absence de coins authentiques ainsi que le petit nombre de sources sur lesquelles s’appuyer, qu’elles soient archéologiques ou littéraires, ne permettent que... more
Les techniques de fabrication des monnaies antiques nous sont mal connues. L’absence de coins authentiques ainsi que le petit nombre de sources sur lesquelles s’appuyer, qu’elles soient archéologiques ou littéraires, ne permettent que difficilement de reconstituer la chaîne opératoire qui conduit à la production des monnaies. L’approche expérimentale est une voie nouvelle pour tester, et ainsi infirmer ou confirmer les différentes hypothèses émises par les spécialistes de la monnaie, qu’elles concernent l’or, l’argent ou le bronze.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In January 2014, the French Eastern Desert mission under Bérangère Redon and Thomas Faucher discovered two ‘heavy mineral processing plants’ at Samut North. Yet as further work has now shown, the structures are, in fact, mills of... more
In January 2014, the French Eastern Desert mission under Bérangère Redon and Thomas Faucher discovered two ‘heavy mineral processing plants’ at Samut North. Yet as further work has now shown, the structures are, in fact, mills of outstanding proportion.
Research Interests:
La (re)découverte de nombreux trésors ces dernières années offre un visage plus juste de la circulation monétaire dans le sud de l’Égypte. Même si le développement de l’utilisation de la monnaie s’est opéré un peu plus tardivement... more
La  (re)découverte  de  nombreux  trésors  ces  dernières années offre un visage plus juste de la circulation monétaire dans le sud de l’Égypte. Même si le développement de l’utilisation de la monnaie s’est  opéré un peu plus tardivement que dans le reste de l’Égypte, les trouvailles montrent bien que la Vallée thébaine était monétarisée. Le paiement des taxes a favorisé l’emploi de la monnaie (surtout du numéraire de bronze) par toute la population. Et si les troubles ont amené à un paiement plus sporadique des taxes, et donc à une utilisation de la monnaie moins fréquente, elle est restée comme un moyen d’échange accepté de tous. Il en résulte qu’il n’est pas forcément possible de faire le lien entre présence grecque et utilisation de la monnaie.
Research Interests:
Centre névralgique de l’antique agglomération de Thèbes, le grand temple de Karnak est exploré par les archéologues depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Les travaux se sont concentrés sur le sanctuaire et le parvis ouest du temple d’Amon,... more
Centre névralgique de l’antique agglomération de Thèbes, le grand temple de Karnak est exploré par les archéologues depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Les travaux se sont concentrés sur le sanctuaire et le parvis ouest du temple d’Amon, principale voie d’accès au sanctuaire aux époques tardives, n’a pas été fouillé aussi systématiquement. Son exploration s’est faite, plutôt, au gré des fouilles à l’intérieur du sanctuaire et/ou lors de travaux d’aménagements touristiques du parvis, dont la dernière grande opération a été menée à partir de 2006.
Le réexamen des données anciennes et la synthèse des découvertes récentes permettent de démontrer que le parvis ouest du domaine d’Amon à l’époque ptolémaïque fût occupé par un véritable quartier d’habitat doté, notamment, de plusieurs installations balnéaires. Installé sur des atterrissements récents du Nil, le quartier fleurit au IIe s. av. J.-C. Il tient dès cette époque un rôle important dans l’agglomération thébaine comme lieu de rencontres et de passage, qui se matérialise dans le nom qui lui sera donné à l’époque romaine : les « Agoras ».
""Résumé : Les expérimentations menées à Melle de 2007 à 2009 se sont appuyées sur des recherches préexistantes qui, si elles avaient permis de connaître un peu mieux la chaîne opératoire de fabrication de la monnaie grecque, comportaient... more
""Résumé : Les expérimentations menées à Melle de 2007 à 2009 se sont appuyées sur des recherches préexistantes qui, si elles avaient permis de connaître un peu mieux la chaîne opératoire de fabrication de la monnaie grecque, comportaient certaines lacunes que l’archéologie expérimentale semblait à même de résoudre. En recréant un atelier monétaire dans des conditions aussi proches de l’Antiquité que possible, notre équipe a dû faire face aux problématiques liées à la fabrication des flans et à la frappe monétaire. Il ressort de ces trois sessions d’expérimentations deux éléments de réponse. Premièrement, s’il est possible d’obtenir des flans en bronze très proches des objets antiques, il n’en est pas de même pour l’argent où de nouvelles expérimentations devront être menées pour déterminer la méthode de fabrication, la coulée en moules ouverts ayant été écartée. Deuxièmement, il a été observé que la frappe des monnaies de bronze usait les coins monétaires de manière plus importante que la frappe de monnaies en argent.

Abstract: Experiments on Greek minting techniques held in Melle from 2007 to 2009 lied on preexisting research which, even if they gave some new information on the operational sequence work to produce Greek coins, presents some gaps that experimental archaeology seemed able to fill. By recreating a mint workshop in conditions as close as possible from Antiquity, our team faced problems linked to the monetary blanks fabrication as well as the striking process. First of all, if it is possible to produce bronze blanks similar to those of Antiquity, it is not the case concerning silver ones where new experiments are needed to understand the whole process, the pouring into open moulds being discarded. Secondly, it was shown that striking bronze coins lead to a quicker wear than striking of silver coins.""
According to many Greek and Latin literary sources entering baths was low priced. Egyptian data – 41 documents from the mid-third century BC to the early fourth century AD – confirm these information and give also the prices of various... more
According to many Greek and Latin literary sources entering baths was low priced. Egyptian data – 41 documents from the mid-third century BC to the early fourth century AD – confirm these information and give also the prices of various services, utensils or products associated with bathing. However, as the smallest currency in circulation seems to be the usual entrance fee to Egyptian baths, crossing textual and numismatic data raises a problem. There are periods during which the coins mentioned in papyri are not in circulation. Besides, the money supply seems too scarce to be used as commonly as sources indicate. Because access to collective baths was open to a broad customer base, according to a multi weekly frequency.
Abstract: Experiments on Greek minting techniques held in Melle from 2007 to 2009 lied on preexisting research which, even if they gave sorne new information on the operational sequence work to produce Greek coins, presents sorne gaps... more
Abstract: Experiments on Greek minting techniques held in Melle from 2007 to 2009 lied on preexisting research which, even if they gave sorne new information on the operational sequence work to produce Greek coins, presents sorne gaps that experimental archaeology seemed able to jill. By recreating a mint workshop in conditions as close as possible from Antiquity, our te am foced problems linked to the monetary blanks fabrication as weil as
the striking process. First of ail, if it is possible to produce bronze blanks similar to those of Antiquity, it is not the case concerning silver ones where new experiments are needed to understand the who le process, the pouring into open moulds being discarded. Secondly, it was shown that striking bronze coins lead to a quicker wear than striking ofsilver coins.
"RÉSUMÉ La masse d’informations considérable donnée par les trouvailles et les monnaies de fouilles en Égypte offre la possibilité d’étudier avec précision les mouvements monétaires à l’époque hellénistique. La fermeture du système... more
"RÉSUMÉ
La masse d’informations considérable donnée par les trouvailles et les monnaies de fouilles en Égypte offre la possibilité d’étudier avec précision les mouvements monétaires à l’époque hellénistique. La fermeture du système monétaire par Ptolémée Ier après 300 a créé dans le royaume une situation exceptionnelle. D’une part, les monnaies trouvées en fouilles montrent bien que les monnaies extérieures au pays n’ont pas circulé sur le territoire égyptien. On observe d’autre part que notre vision du développement de la monnaie dans la chôra était peut-être trop liée à la connaissance des textes (essentiellement les papyrus). La monnaie de bronze se retrouve en nombre dans le Sud de l’Égypte dès le début du règne de Ptolémée II. Enfin, le phénomène des monnaies moulées aux deux aigles ne s’est sans doute pas étendu à tout le territoire mais seulement à la zone autour d’Alexandrie et au Fayoum.
SUMMARY
In Egypt, information provided by hoards and excavations coins offer the possibility of studying with accuracy the monetary movements in the Hellenistic times. The closed currency system introduced by Ptolemy I created in the kingdom an exceptional situation. On the one hand, coins found during excavations show that coins minted outside the country did not circulate on the Egyptian territory. On the other hand, we can see that our vision of the monetary development in the chôra was perhaps too related to the knowledge of texts (especially papyri). The bronze currency is present in numbers in South Egypt as soon as the beginning of the Ptolemy II’s reign. Finally, the phenomenon of the molded two eagles coins is presumably not spread over all the territory but only over the area around Alexandria and in the Fayum.
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Ο εξαιρετικά μεγάλος αριθμός πληροφοριών που προέρχεται από τα ευρήματα και τα ανασκαφικά νομίσματα της Αιγύπτου προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα να μελετήσουμε με ακρίβεια τη νομισματική κυκλοφορία κατά την ελληνιστική εποχή. Το κλειστό νομισματικό σύστημα που εισήγαγε ο πτολεμαίος Α μετά το 300, δημιούργησε μια ιδιαίτερη κατάσταση μέσα στο βασίλειο. Από τη μία μεριά, τα ανασκαφικά νομίσματα φανερώνουν πως τα ξένα νομίσματα δεν κυκλοφόρησαν στο αιγυπτιακό έδαφος και από την άλλη, παρατηρεί κανείς ότι η ερμηνεία της εξέλιξης του νομίσματος στη χώρα ήταν ίσως αρκετά στενά συνδεδεμένη με την γνώση των κειμένων (ιδιαίτερα των παπύρων). Τα χάλκινα νομίσματα βρίσκονται στο νότιο τμήμα της Αιγύπτου από τις αρχές της βασιλείας του πτολεμαίου Β. Τέλος, το φαινόμενο των χυτών νομισμάτων με τους δύο αετούς αναμφίβολα δεν απλώθηκε σε όλη την επικράτεια, αλλά μόνο σε μία ζώνη γύρω από την Αλεξάνδρεια και το Φαγιούμ."
Lors des fouilles menées en 2008-2009 dans la zone nord du temple d'Amon de Karnak a été mise au jour une construction en briques crues d'époque ptolémaïque, adossée à la façade de la chapelle d’Osiris Ounnefer Neb Djefaou (VIe S. av.... more
Lors des fouilles menées en 2008-2009 dans la zone nord du temple d'Amon de Karnak a été mise au jour une construction en briques crues d'époque ptolémaïque, adossée à la façade de la chapelle d’Osiris Ounnefer Neb Djefaou (VIe S. av. J.-C.), qui comportait des structures de combustion auprès desquelles ont été découverts des scories de forge, des monnaies d’imitation en bronze et un chapelet de flans. L'ensemble de ces éléments permet d'interpréter la structure comme un atelier monétaire du IIe s. av. J.-C. destiné à la fabrication de monnaies d'imitation et abritant peut-être d'autres activités artisanales annexes. Le caractère modeste de l'installation et le fait qu'y ont été trouvées également plusieurs monnaies « officielles » n'ayant plus cours au IIe s. av. J.-C. suggèrent que la production métallurgique de l'atelier était issue de la refonte d'objets d'alliage cuivreux.
Cette découverte est, par bien des aspects, tout à fait exceptionnelle, car, même à l'échelle du bassin méditerranéen, les vestiges des lieux de production monétaire sont rares. L'analyse comparative des structures attestées pour la Grèce antique ainsi que les données issues de l'archéologie expérimentale permettent d'affiner notre compréhension de la chaîne opératoire à l'œuvre dans ce genre d'atelier. En outre, cette  trouvaille permet de localiser précisément au moins une partie des monnaies d’imitations émises pendant la deuxième moitié du IIe s. av. J.-C. en Égypte et de démontrer l'existence, à l'intérieur d'un sanctuaire en activité, d'un lieu de fabrication monétaire dont le statut ne pouvait pas être entièrement clandestin.

Mots-clés : Numismatique - Atelier monétaire - Chapelet de flans - Monnaies d'imitation - Production métallurgique  - Chapelles osiriennes de Karnak - Époque ptolémaïque –

During excavations carried out in 2008-2009 in the northern area of the Temple of Amun at Karnak, a mud brick structure of the Ptolemaic period was brought to light, leaning against the facade of the chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb Djefau (VIth c. BC). It included combustion structures, near to which forging slags have been discovered, imitative bronze coins and a chapelet of blanks. The structure can be interpreted as a mint of the second century BC intended for the manufacture of imitative coins and may have also housed other crafts activities. The modest nature of the installation and the fact that together have been found several “official” coins, no longer in use in the second century BC, suggests that the metallurgical production in the workshop was carried out following smelting of copper alloy objects.
This finding is in many respects quite exceptional because the remains of monetary mints are rare throughout the entire Mediterranean region during this period,. Comparative analysis of structures documented for ancient Greece as well as the data from experimental archaeology can refine our understanding of the operating chain in this type of workshop. Furthermore, this find pinpoints at least some of the imitative coins issued during the second half of the second century BC in Egypt and demonstrates the existence, within a sanctuary, a place of coin production which could not have been entirely clandestine.

Keywords: Numismatics – Monetary mint – Chapelet of blanks - Imitative coins - Metallurgical production - Osirian chapels of Karnak - Ptolemaic Period –
Drawing primarily on hoards, but also on metrological and metallurgical analyses, the authors propose a relative chronology and classification for Egyptian bronze coinage of the second century bc. This coinage is characterized by diverse... more
Drawing primarily on hoards, but also on metrological and metallurgical analyses, the authors propose a relative chronology and classification for Egyptian bronze coinage of the second century bc. This coinage is characterized by diverse obverse types that served as consistent denomination markers, even as the weights of the several denominations were reduced in piecemeal fashion. A debasement of the alloy introduced a metrologically stable currency that remained in circulation from before mid-century to 115 bc. The subtlety of the early weight reductions and the long period of stability raise doubt whether changes to the currency could have caused the much-studied price inflation of the second century.
The skill of the engravers from the mint of Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period is not questionable, even if some charge of monotony the coins of the Ptolemies. Likewise, analyses of metallic content have shown early that the fineness... more
The skill of the engravers from the mint of Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period is not questionable, even if some charge of monotony the coins of the Ptolemies. Likewise, analyses of metallic content have shown early that the fineness of gold and silver coins is of good quality, and for a long period, at least until the beginning of the first century BC as regards to silver coinage. Even if it is not exactly the case for the bronze currency, analyses held at the Ernest Babelon centre highlight the quality of the monetary alloy until the half of the second century. Though, it turns out that a great care was taken of the engraving even when the coin was not produced with a fine alloy. It is natural to wonder about the correlation between the fineness of the engraving and the one of the coins metallic content.
In front of the First Pylon of the Karnak temple, a team of archaeologists found a hoard of coins during the excavations of the Ptolemaic public baths. The hoard consists of 316 bronze coins from the second century BC, bearing the heads... more
In front of the First Pylon of the Karnak temple, a team of archaeologists found a hoard of coins during the excavations of the Ptolemaic public baths. The hoard consists of 316 bronze coins from the second century BC, bearing the heads of either Isis or Zeus Ammon on the obverse, and one or two eagles on the reverse. The discovery of a hoard of coins with its exact content is something rare, and this is the first example known for
second century Egypt. It provides a chance for a better understanding of the different sets of coins issued at that time by the Ptolemies, and its presence in Karnak is strong evidence for the use of coinage in the area during those troubled times. The hoard, possibly buried around 120 BC, represented a not insignificant sum for the period, although it is hard to know exactly for what purpose the coins were collected.

And 3 more

Un film de Gaël Pollin et Thomas Faucher sur la Mission du Désert Oriental d'Egypte.
Research Interests:
After Ptolemy Soter took possession of Egypt, he soon installed a closed currency system, at that scalę, a novelty in ancient coinage. With regard to the three metals Struck in the mint of Alexandria-the only mint in the entire country... more
After Ptolemy Soter took possession of Egypt, he soon installed a closed currency system, at that scalę, a novelty in ancient coinage. With regard to the three metals Struck in the mint of Alexandria-the only mint in the entire country for almost 300 years-innovations in the manner of minting occurred when the kings were faced with specific needs. Millions of coins were struck. These coins appeared in a succession of series, sometimes struck continuously but not always. The different metals that were used filled different demands and needs. The Greek rulers adapted themselves to the country and to the economic and politic Situation, always showing a great sense of resilience with regard to the problems they faced. We can understand these issues in a new manner and refresh our view of this peculiar coinage by way of recent research on these coins' metallic content but also by way of archaeological experiments conducted on the minting process itself. How can the minting methods help us to understand the distinction between each series, and how can they help us to understand how the workers at the mints struggled with new challenges brought by the head of the mint? How can Egypt help us understand from a broader perspective the minting of coins in the Greek world? KEY WORDS: Egypt, Ptolemies, metallurgy, bronze coinage, experimental archaeology ABSTRAKT: Techniki bicia monet w ptolemejskim Egipcie. Obserwacja, analiza, nowe spojrzenie Wkrótce po objęciu w posiadanie Egiptu Ptolemeusz I Soter wprowadził zam-knięty system monetarny, co w takiej skali stanowiło novum w historii pieniądza starożytnego. Na skutek szczególnych wyzwań, z jakimi musieli się zmierzyć pto-lemej scy władcy, w Aleksandrii-jedynej mennicy działającej w kraju przez prawie 300 lat-wprowadzano innowacje w zakresie sposobu produkcji monet bitych li
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Créée en 1994, la mission française du désert Oriental (Égypte) a, pendant une vingtaine d’années, exploré les fortins d’époque impériale qui gardaient les routes reliant le Nil à la mer Rouge. En janvier 2013, la mission a débuté une... more
Créée en 1994, la mission française du désert Oriental (Égypte) a, pendant une vingtaine d’années, exploré les fortins d’époque impériale qui gardaient les routes reliant le Nil à la mer Rouge. En janvier 2013, la mission a débuté une nouvelle étape dans ses recherches en s’intéressant désormais à l’occupation ptolémaïque de la région, dont l’histoire est alors intimement liée à l’exploitation du minerai d’or par les Lagides.
Les travaux ont débuté dans le district de Samut, dont l’occupation va du Nouvel Empire à l’époque omeyyade. Les vestiges les plus imposants datent du début de l’époque ptolémaïque (fin du IVe- IIIe s. av. J.-C.) et se concentrent autour de deux sites principaux : Samut nord, qui abrite le filon principal, et Bir Samut, où est localisé un vaste fortin muni d’un puits. Les deux premières campagnes menées sur les deux sites en 2014 et 2015 ont permis de mettre au jour des vestiges extrêmement bien préservés et plusieurs centaines d’ostraca écrits en grec et en démotique. Ils éclairent à la fois la réalité de l’exploitation de l’or, et en particulier ses aspects les plus techniques, et la vie quotidienne des soldats, des mineurs et des voyageurs de passage au cœur du désert égyptien.
Research Interests:
« Quelle monarchie, compagnons, est-elle devenue à ce point riche en or ? ». Cette apostrophe d’Athénée de Naucratis rappelle l’abondance des réserves en or que possédaient les Ptolémées, rois d’Égypte à l’époque hellénistique. À la fois... more
« Quelle monarchie, compagnons, est-elle devenue à ce point riche en or ? ». Cette apostrophe d’Athénée de Naucratis rappelle l’abondance des réserves en or que possédaient les Ptolémées, rois d’Égypte à l’époque hellénistique. À la fois hérité des stocks métalliques pris par Alexandre aux rois perses et produit des mines égyptiennes, cet or était notamment conservé sous forme de pièces d’orfèvrerie et de monnaies. Les riches collections du Cabinet des Médailles ainsi que les résultats de la fouille récente d’un district minier du désert Oriental offrent un point de vue unique sur l’approvisionnement et les usages de l’or en Égypte.
The Institut français d'archéologie orientale and Ain Shams University are organising an international conference on History of Egyptian Coinage. The conference is organized by Tomas Faucher (IRAMAT-CEB, CNRS/Univ. Orleans) & Naglaa Ezzat... more
The Institut français d'archéologie orientale and Ain Shams University are organising an international conference on History of Egyptian Coinage. The conference is organized by Tomas Faucher (IRAMAT-CEB, CNRS/Univ. Orleans) & Naglaa Ezzat (University of Ain Shams) March 25, 2018 at the auditorium of the French Institute in Egypt.

Contact details: nagfollis@yahoo.com or thomas.faucher@cnrs-orleans.fr

Simultaneous translation to Arabic will be available for all English and French communications and all the interventions in Arabic will be simultaneously translated into English.

جميع المداخلات باللغة الأنجليزية أو الفرنسية سيتم ترجمتها فوريا للعربية في القاعة كما سيتم ترجمة المداخلات العربية الى اللغة الأنجليزية
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and... more
In 2020, during excavations in the Wadi al-Ghozza in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, archaeologists from the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt discovered a well-preserved Flavian praesidium. This small and unusually shaped fort, identified in ostraca found in the fortress as Berkou (Βɛρκου), lay along a track leading from ancient Kaine (Qena) to the imperial quarries at Porphyrites. The fort lay over the remains of a Ptolemaic village and incorporated elements from the water system of the older settlement. This article presents the results of those excavations, including an overview of the fort's architecture and associated finds, as well as a discussion of its role in the regional transportation and security network that supported Roman exploitation of the nearby porphyry quarries in the 1st c. CE.