Skip to main content
New Exhibition: “Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000” opening in Istanbul Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) and Sapienza University of Rome are proud to... more
New Exhibition: “Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000” opening in Istanbul

Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) and Sapienza University of Rome are proud to present the result of their collaborative efforts: ‘Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000.’ This exhibition focuses on the research on Byzantine art carried out by Italian scholars in the second half of the twentieth century and examines its mutual relationship with the history of Byzantine art historiography in Turkey. Featuring a selection of previously unpublished archival photographs of extraordinary monuments preserved in Anatolia, the exhibition can be visited at ANAMED in Istanbul from 1 June to 31 December 2018. 

Between 1966 and 2000, Italian art historians traveled across the historical regions of Turkey in order to explore Byzantine monuments and works of art. These trips resulted in a substantial number of photographs, later collected in the Center for Documentation of Byzantine Art History of Sapienza (CDSAB). Curated by Livia Bevilacqua and Giovanni Gasbarri, the exhibition draws extensively on the photographs and other archival materials of the CDSAB, focusing especially on four historical regions: eastern Turkey; Lycia; Mesopotamia and Tur ‘Abdin; Cilicia and Isauria. Visitors are invited to follow this unique route from Rome to the East, to rediscover the remains of a lost empire and to step into the scenic landscape that surrounds them.

In conjunction with the opening, ANAMED will publish a bilingual volume under the same title, edited by Bevilacqua and Gasbarri and translated by Yiğit Adam. The book includes all of the photographs on display and features contributions by the curators and by other prominent specialists in Byzantine art and archaeology, such as Alessandra Guiglia, Antonio Iacobini, Engin Akyürek, Claudia Barsanti, Andrea Paribeni, Enrico Zanini and Lorenzo Riccardi.

Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960-2000
1 June–31 December 2018
ANAMED Arched Gallery, Floor -1
Curators: Livia Bevilacqua, Giovanni Gasbarri
ANAMED Gallery Curator: Şeyda Çetin
Exhibition Design: Emrah Çiftçi, BAREK

For further information: anamed.ku.edu.tr/en
#PicturingALostEmpire
Research Interests:
Late Antique and Byzantine History, Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, Photography, Armenian Studies, Anatolian Studies, and 37 more
Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) and Sapienza University of Rome are proud to present the result of their collaborative efforts: ‘Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia,... more
Koç University’s Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) and Sapienza University of Rome are proud to present the result of their collaborative efforts: ‘Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000.’ This exhibition focuses on the research on Byzantine art carried out by Italian scholars in the second half of the twentieth century and examines its mutual relationship with the history of Byzantine art historiography in Turkey. Featuring a selection of previously unpublished archival photographs of extraordinary monuments preserved in Anatolia, the exhibition can be visited at ANAMED in Istanbul from 1 June to 31 December 2018. 

Between 1966 and 2000, Italian art historians traveled across the historical regions of Turkey in order to explore Byzantine monuments and works of art. These trips resulted in a substantial number of photographs, later collected in the Center for Documentation of Byzantine Art History of Sapienza (CDSAB). Curated by Livia Bevilacqua and Giovanni Gasbarri, the exhibition draws extensively on the photographs and other archival materials of the CDSAB, focusing especially on four historical regions: eastern Turkey; Lycia; Mesopotamia and Tur ‘Abdin; Cilicia and Isauria. Visitors are invited to follow this unique route from Rome to the East, to rediscover the remains of a lost empire and to step into the scenic landscape that surrounds them.

In conjunction with the opening, ANAMED published a bilingual volume under the same title, edited by Bevilacqua and Gasbarri and translated by Yiğit Adam. The book includes all of the photographs on display and features contributions by the curators and by other prominent specialists in Byzantine art and archaeology, such as Alessandra Guiglia, Antonio Iacobini, Engin Akyürek, Claudia Barsanti, Andrea Paribeni, Enrico Zanini and Lorenzo Riccardi.

Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960-2000
1 June–31 December 2018
ANAMED Arched Gallery, Floor -1
Curators: Livia Bevilacqua, Giovanni Gasbarri
ANAMED Gallery Curator: Şeyda Çetin
Exhibition Design: Emrah Çiftçi, BAREK

For further information: anamed.ku.edu.tr/en
#PicturingALostEmpire
This book provides an innovative contribution to the history of art historiography on Byzantine art, by focusing on the research carried out in Italy – and in Rome in particular – between the 19th and the 20th centuries. Taking into... more
This book provides an innovative contribution to the history of art historiography on Byzantine art, by focusing on the research carried out in Italy – and in Rome in particular – between the 19th and the 20th centuries. Taking into consideration the development of Byzantine studies in Europe approximately between 1870 and 1930, the author analyses extensive archival material and secondary literature in order to retrace the process which led to Byzantine art becoming a distinct field of research in Italy.
In conjunction with Italian unification (1861) and the appointment of Rome as the capital of a new-born state (1871), the city had rapidly become an important centre for the study of postclassical art, which often included Byzantine art too. As the living heart of the catholic Church, and as a point of reference for a wide milieu of scholars and collectors from all over Europe, in those years Rome was characterised by a lively yet ambiguous intellectual environment, which was suspended between a dynamic openness to the international cultural scenario and some significant outbursts of nationalism and confessionalism. Each of the six chapters of this book examines a specific aspect of such complex situation, and emphasizes the role played by the Italians – as well as by the rich international community working in Rome and in Italy – in the scholarly rediscovery of Byzantine art at the turn of the 20th century.

----

Per gli storici dell’arte italiani attivi a cavallo tra Ottocento e Novecento, intraprendere lo studio di Bisanzio significava spesso dover affrontare un vero e proprio labirinto di questioni controverse. Nel corso della sua millenaria esistenza, infatti, l’Impero Romano d’Oriente aveva impresso un marchio indelebile sui territori della penisola, condizionando in modo profondo gli sviluppi dell’arte medievale in Italia, in misura assai superiore rispetto a qualsiasi altro paese dell’Europa occidentale. Agli occhi degli studiosi che operavano all’interno del delicato clima post-risorgimentale, e che individuavano nella storia dell’arte una componente sostanziale per l’autopercezione culturale di uno Stato ancora giovane, ogni valutazione sull’arte bizantina rischiava quasi inevitabilmente di sfociare in un più vasto problema di identità nazionale.
Tali premesse, tuttavia, non impedirono all’Italia, e all’ambiente romano in particolare, di imprimere una spinta significativa all’avanzamento delle ricerche in materia di arte bizantina. Uno sguardo ravvicinato agli studi storico-artistici di quegli anni consente infatti di riscoprire una produzione scientifica ampia e multiforme, che seppe fornire un contributo rilevante al dibattito internazionale sulle arti di Bisanzio.
Decostruendo dall’interno l’idea diffusa – e spesso preconcetta – di uno “stato di minorità” degli studi italiani sull’arte bizantina, questo libro mette in luce l’apporto positivo offerto a un settore di ricerca che, agli albori del XX secolo, si impose come essenziale nello scenario in continua trasformazione della Kunstwissenschaft europea.
The Byzantine ivory casket with stories of David in the Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia in Rome has engendered scholarly debate due to its exceptional characteristics and controversial chronology. The box, attested in Rome by the... more
The Byzantine ivory casket with stories of David in the Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia in Rome has engendered scholarly debate due to its exceptional characteristics and controversial chronology. The box, attested in Rome by the late nineteenth century, is thought to come from the celebrated collection of the German erudite Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680). Kircher himself may have authorized a radical restoration of the casket, replacing some of the original panels with modern ones that are still clearly recognizable. This paper examines iconographic features of one of these modern panels to reconstruct the afterlife of the David casket in seventeenth-century Rome.
Idolatry is a fundamental component of the debate on sacred images in Byzantium and has engendered considerable discussion among modern scholars, but the actual representation of idols in art still remains to be investigated in depth.... more
Idolatry is a fundamental component of the debate on sacred images in Byzantium and has engendered considerable discussion among modern scholars, but the actual representation of idols in art still remains to be investigated in depth. This paper focuses on one particular aspect of the visualization of idolatry in Byzantine art, namely the use of idol images in relationship to Gospel iconography. Through a wide-ranging overview of different artistic media, this paper examines the different ways in which Byzantine artists employed images of idols to emphasize specific narrative passages or to convey theological content more effectively.
This article examines the visual representation of pagan idols in Byzantine book illumination and investigates how such images were employed to convey a sense of geographical or ethnic distance. The main focus of this study is a group of... more
This article examines the visual representation of pagan idols in Byzantine book illumination and investigates how such images were employed to convey a sense of geographical or ethnic distance. The main focus of this study is a group of illuminated manuscripts containing two of the most popular texts in the Byzantine world: Barlaam and Ioasaph and the Alexander Romance. These manuscripts include numerous representations of statuary that Byzantine readers would have easily recognized as being associated with the religious practices and superstitions of distant and foreign populations, thereby reinforcing their own self-identification with “civilized” characters. Through a comparative analysis of manuscripts such as Athon. Iviron 463 (Barlaam and Ioasaph) and Venice, Istituto Ellenico cod. 5 (Alexander Romance), this article explores the variety of iconographic solutions adopted by Byzantine artists to enhance the “ethnographic” function of idol images. A close examination of these solutions sheds new light on how visual narratives contributed to the construction of notions of identity, otherness, and ethnicity in Byzantium.
Russian art historian Wladimir De Grüneisen (1868-after 1935) is best known as the author of "Sainte-Marie-Antique" (1911), the first monograph dedicated to the early medieval church of Santa Maria Antiqua in the Roman Forum. Born in the... more
Russian art historian Wladimir De Grüneisen (1868-after 1935) is best known as the author of "Sainte-Marie-Antique" (1911), the first monograph dedicated to the early medieval church of Santa Maria Antiqua in the Roman Forum. Born in the province of St. Petersburg, De Grüneisen had moved to Rome in 1903 as a representative of the Imperial Archaeological Institute and successfully devoted himself to the study of early Christian and Byzantine art. The outbreak of war and the October Revolution suddenly deprived him of support from Russia, slowing his career and forcing him to move to Paris in 1923. In the following years, De Grüneisen began selling pieces of his extensive art collection, which was entirely dispersed between 1929 and 1932. Due to the difficulty in finding reliable documentation, De Grüneisen’s activity as an art collector has remained almost completely neglected by scholars until now. This article proposes a first reconstruction of the history of his lost collection and examines it in the broader context of the contemporary art market and culture.
This paper proposes a comparative analysis of representations of pagan idols in late antique Jewish and Christian art. The goal is to understand the practical solutions implemented by artists to visualize the concept of idolatry without... more
This paper proposes a comparative analysis of representations of pagan idols in late antique Jewish and Christian art. The goal is to understand the practical solutions implemented by artists to visualize the concept of idolatry without jeopardizing the legitimacy of the artistic products themselves. By selecting from an established Greco-Roman repertory, late antique artists relied on practices of decontextualization and on specific compositional devices to convert traditional depictions of statues into illegitimate cult objects, making them immediately recognizable to viewers. This unique iconotropic phenomenon is examined here by taking into consideration images in different media and by focusing especially on the ways that the artists’ professional habits contributed to the visualization of idolatry in Late Antiquity.
In 1966 a team of Italian scholars coordinated by Géza de Francovich inaugurated a series of study trips to the historic regions of Armenia, with the aim of collecting extensive photographic documentation of medieval churches and... more
In 1966 a team of Italian scholars coordinated by Géza de Francovich inaugurated a series of study trips to the historic regions of Armenia, with the aim of collecting extensive photographic documentation of medieval churches and monasteries. The first result of these study trips was the photographic exhibition Architettura medievale armena (Rome, June-July 1968), a pioneering event that helped in spreading knowledge of Armenian art and architecture among a broader public in Italy and that became a springboard for new research projects in the eastern Mediterranean territories. This paper provides a critical reconstruction of the context and circumstances that led to the organisation of this exhibition.
From the catalogue of the exhibition (Rome, 14 December 2021–30 April 2022)
https://www.electa.it/mostre/giacomo-boni-lalba-della-modernita/
At the turn of the twentieth century, the question of the origin of early medieval architecture stimulated a significant debate among European scholars. In the wake of the discovery of previously unknown monuments and archaeological sites... more
At the turn of the twentieth century, the question of the origin of early medieval architecture stimulated a significant debate among European scholars. In the wake of the discovery of previously unknown monuments and archaeological sites in Turkey, Egypt, and the Middle East, the publication of Josef Strzygowski’s "Orient oder Rom" (1901) and "Kleinasien" (1903) challenged the conventional narrative that considered medieval architecture a direct descendant of Roman construction. Specialists then began to turn their attention to the eastern Mediterranean territories and to analyze the extent to which the so-called ‘Oriental schools’ had influenced architecture in the West. Strzygowski’s orientalism was saluted as a major step forward in the literature on late Antiquity, but was also severely contested by many reviewers who accused him of lacking knowledge of engineering practices and therefore basing his conclusions on stylistic analysis alone. Among the most passionate critics of Strzygowski’s approach was the Italian engineer Giovanni Teresio Rivoira, whose "Le origini dell’architettura lombarda" (1901-1907) became a reference book for whoever opposed the new orientalist trends in scholarship.
After his debut on the academic scene under the aegis of Adolfo Venturi, Gustavo Giovannoni entered this debate publishing some short articles between 1900 and 1902. Following in Rivoira’s footsteps, he emphasized the urgency of studying monuments and historical buildings from a technical perspective, rather than focusing solely on their external appearance. In his view, the development of late antique and early medieval architecture had been primarily determined by the daily, practical work of masons, bricklayers, carpenters, and blacksmiths, who had inherited the Roman building traditions and had transmitted them over the centuries without any substantial contribution from the East.
In 1812 the French archaeologist Aubin-Louis Millin (1759-1818) commenced a long trip to Italy with the purpose of collecting updated information on the most important examples of the country’s artistic heritage. Although his project of... more
In 1812 the French archaeologist Aubin-Louis Millin (1759-1818) commenced a long trip to Italy with the purpose of collecting updated information on the most important examples of the country’s artistic heritage. Although his project of creating a catalogue of "antiquités italiennes" was never realized, the substantial body of his archival materials, currently in the Bibliothéque nationale de France, stands out for the presence of several drawings of monuments and works of art from the Middle Ages. It also includes the earliest attempt to build a systematic, though embryonic, corpus of medieval art and architecture in Apulia, a region that Millin visited in late 1812-early 1813.
However, even though Apulia’s artistic heritage had never been analytically investigated before Millin’s trip, it was certainly not an unexplored land and the most notable traces of its medieval legacy had already caught the attention of antiquarians, travelers, and historians. From the late sixteenth century onward monuments such as Castel del Monte, the basilica of S. Nicola in Bari, and the mausoleum of Bohemond in Canosa, as well as the numerous icons preserved in churches and monasteries, were not only fundamental components of the social and religious identity of the local communities, but also part of a complex "regional" narrative endorsed by authors from different backgrounds and with very different agendas.
By taking into account a wide variety of publications – including urban history, hagiography, diaries, pamphlets, etc. – this contribution analyzes this narrative and provides the first diachronic reconstruction of the reception of medieval art in Apulia from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century.
Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960-2000 ANAMED Arched Gallery, Floor -1 Curators: Livia Bevilacqua, Giovanni Gasbarri ANAMED Gallery Curator: Şeyda Çetin Exhibition Design: Emrah Çiftçi, BAREK For... more
Picturing a Lost Empire: An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960-2000
ANAMED Arched Gallery, Floor -1
Curators: Livia Bevilacqua, Giovanni Gasbarri
ANAMED Gallery Curator: Şeyda Çetin
Exhibition Design: Emrah Çiftçi, BAREK

For further information: anamed.ku.edu.tr/en
#PicturingALostEmpire
Because of the remarkable thematic density of their contents, the frescoes in S. Maria inter Angelos near Spoleto offer intriguing opportunities for an extensive iconographic examination. Despite the existence of a considerable secondary... more
Because of the remarkable thematic density of their contents, the frescoes in S. Maria inter Angelos near Spoleto offer intriguing opportunities for an extensive iconographic examination. Despite the existence of a considerable secondary literature on this monument1, however, very few art historians have chosen to focus specifically on iconography. There is no doubt that the dispersal of most of the scenes among various museums and institutions, and the consequent disruption of the original program, have thus far discouraged most scholars from attempting an iconographic analysis of the cycle and have promoted instead a more traditional, formalist approach. Nevertheless, with the help of the virtual reconstruction prepared in conjunction with the present volume, it is now possible to bring some new perspectives to the study of S. Maria inter Angelos. The purpose of the present contribution is to provide an iconographic analysis focused specifically on the motif of the Crucifixion, which appears to have played a pivotal role in the decorative system of this church.
With its gilded wooden ceiling, as well as its magnificent mosaics and marble floor, the Cappella Palatina in Palermo has captured the attention of travelers and scholars since the early 19th century as the most peculiar of all Norman... more
With its gilded wooden ceiling, as well as its magnificent mosaics and marble floor, the Cappella Palatina in Palermo has captured the attention of travelers and scholars since the early 19th century as the most peculiar of all Norman monuments in Sicily. However, despite the existence of a rich secondary literature on the Palatina, the two small metallic doors currently on the west end of the aisles have often been neglected, as if they were just minor components in an extremely complex organism. After Ursula Mende’s first attempt to include these doors as fully part of 12th-century Norman artistic production, they have been only sporadically examined by later scholars. They are usually ignored in most of the papers dedicated to the Palatina, and there is still no information available on the exact alloy that was used for forging them. By taking into consideration some recent scholarly contributions on the topic, this paper provides a new and extensive analysis of the two doors, with the aim of proposing a possible dating, and understanding whether they were forged to be put in the current position in the Palatina.
A booklet on the Salerno Ivories for a wider audience
Research Interests:
Alle soglie del Novecento, i cantieri archeologici urbani di San Saba sull’Aventino e di Santa Maria Antiqua al Foro Romano portarono improvvisamente all’attenzione degli specialisti un’inattesa quantità di lacerti pittorici inediti, che... more
Alle soglie del Novecento, i cantieri archeologici urbani di San Saba sull’Aventino e di Santa Maria Antiqua al Foro Romano portarono improvvisamente all’attenzione degli specialisti un’inattesa quantità di lacerti pittorici inediti, che contribuirono a spalancare nuovi orizzonti nello scenario dell’arte romana dei primi secoli del Medioevo. Le testimonianze materiali appena rinvenute concorsero in larga misura a mettere in discussione la tradizionale linea di interpretazione in chiave ‘latina’ dei fenomeni artistici della Roma altomedievale, e lasciarono contemporaneamente emergere l’esigenza di una migliore comprensione delle influenze dirette e indirette provenienti da Bisanzio e dall’Oriente mediterraneo. Queste eccezionali scoperte erano comunque giunte in un contesto scientifico e disciplinare già in parte preparato ad accoglierle. Negli ambienti della Roma dell’ultimo ventennio dell’Ottocento, infatti, gli accurati repertori bibliografici messi a punto dagli archeologi cristiani, le indagini storiche condotte da ‘naturalizzati italiani’ come Louis Duchesne e Hartmann Grisar, e la precoce attenzione rivolta agli sviluppi internazionali delle ricerche dedicate all’arte bizantina, avevano incoraggiato fortemente curiosità e interessi in questo senso. Con il primo decennio del nuovo secolo, che vide il definitivo ingresso in campo di nuove voci critiche provenienti dalla scuola di Adolfo Venturi, la questione della ‘Roma bizantina’ assunse sfumature sempre più complesse e sfaccettate, alimentando uno dei filoni più controversi e allo stesso tempo fecondi della 'byzantinische Frage', e imponendosi come un problema fondante dell’acceso dibattito sulle origini dell’arte medievale italiana.
The so-called Salerno ivories comprise more than sixty carved plaques datable between the eleventh and twelfth centuries, combining Islamic, Byzantine, Coptic, and western Christian features. They present superb craftsmanship and display... more
The so-called Salerno ivories comprise more than sixty carved plaques datable between the eleventh and twelfth centuries, combining Islamic, Byzantine, Coptic, and western Christian features. They present superb craftsmanship and display numerous biblical scenes as well as portraits of saints and magnificent decorative ornaments. In medieval times as today constituing one of the most precious and impressive treasures of the Cathedral of Salerno, they have attracted the attention of many historians and art historians, who have tried to contextualize the ivories in the medieval history of Salerno, southern Italy, and the Mediterranean. Yet, they remain enigmatic, as do the many questions concerning their date, place of production, patronage, function, and possible audience. This volume brings together articles written by scholars with different backgrounds and perspectives on medieval art. It presents the Salerno ivories in an interdisci-plinary approach and sheds new light on their important position as mirroring the visual culture of the ›Mediterranean‹ at the age of intense commercialism and cultural exchange.
Research Interests:
This essay focuses on the role of the art press in the advancement of the research on Byzantine art in Italy at the turn of the twentieth century. Byzantine civilization touched Italy deeply: historic monuments and treasuries in churches... more
This essay focuses on the role of the art press in the advancement of the research on Byzantine art in Italy at the turn of the twentieth century. Byzantine civilization touched Italy deeply: historic monuments and treasuries in churches and museums are lasting evidence of this enduring contact. To Italian scholars involved in debates on the origin of their national art, the role of the “Byzantine element” has often appeared as a very contentious issue. Was Byzantium to be considered as a degenerate form of classical “Latin” culture? Was its art merely identified with the traditional Vasarian maniera greca? Since the second half of the nineteenth century, Italy’s contribution to the flourishing rediscovery of Byzantine art assumed thus an atypical identity, which is still waiting to be fully investigated. By taking into account a selection of specialized Italian journals, such as Bullettino di archeologia cristiana, Archivio storico dell’arte, and L’Arte, this essay retraces the process which gradually led Italian journals to become significant contributors to the international debate on Byzantine art before World War I.
Research Interests:
In the wake of the commercial success of early Christian and Byzantine works of art, in the late nineteenth century the circulation of copies and forgeries had a very significant increase and several brand new pieces reached the art... more
In the wake of the commercial success of early Christian and Byzantine works of art, in the late nineteenth century the circulation of copies and forgeries had a very significant increase and several brand new pieces reached the art market.
Archaeologists and art historians were thus required to develop new skills for detecting fakes, in order to ensure accuracy in academic scholarship, as well as to protect collectors from
any risk of fraud. Among the most outstanding examples of ‘postclassical’ forgeries, the so-called Sacro Tesoro Rossi – or Rossi Treasury – is particularly worthy of note. This bizarre group of golden and silver pieces – bought in Rome between 1882 and 1884 by the Italian amateur collector Giancarlo Rossi – is usually neglected in the secondary literature. However, in the last decade of the nineteenth century, the questions concerning its authenticity generated a heated debate among both scholars and collectors. With the support of previously unpublished or little-known documentation, this contribution aims to provide a new critical reconstruction of the story of the Rossi Treasury, particularly focusing on its impact on the research between the nineteenth and the twentieth century.
Nel novero delle culture del Mediterraneo dell’Età di Mezzo, quella Bisanzio si presenta come un campo d’osservazione particolarmente interessante per ricostruire le modalità con cui l’uomo ha immaginato l’elemento acquatico, delineando e... more
Nel novero delle culture del Mediterraneo dell’Età di Mezzo, quella Bisanzio si presenta come un campo d’osservazione particolarmente interessante per ricostruire le modalità con cui l’uomo ha immaginato l’elemento acquatico, delineando e ridefinendo continuamente il proprio rapporto con esso. Memori di un’ininterrotta tradizione classica di impronta ellenistica, e allo stesso tempo stimolati dalle esigenze rappresentative della nuova letteratura cristiana, gli artisti bizantini hanno saputo rispondere alla necessità di dover raffigurare l’acqua in modi molto differenti, per far fronte ai numerosi e diversi contenuti testuali che richiedevano la visualizzazione di questo tema: dalle sorgenti portatrici di vita ispirate ai Salmi, fino agli oceani, ai fiumi e alle piogge, elementi integranti di alcuni tra i più importanti episodi del Vecchio e del Nuovo Testamento (dalla Creazione al Diluvio, dal Battesimo di Cristo all’Apocalisse).
Il repertorio di possibili soluzioni si amplia di molto se, insieme alla Bibbia, si considerano anche le opere storiche, geografiche e scientifiche, e soprattutto il ricchissimo corpus della letteratura patristica e agiografica, fondamentale complemento per la formazione culturale dell’uomo bizantino: in questi testi l’acqua assume un ruolo fondamentale, essendo spesso raffigurata all’interno delle complesse allegorie teologiche dei padri della Chiesa, o diventando protagonista di eventi miracolosi nelle vite dei santi.
Se in molti casi l’acqua si configurava secondo connotazioni assolutamente positive – come fonte di vita e simbolo di salvazione eterna - altrettanto comunemente essa poteva essere considerata come portatrice di distruzione e morte: l’elemento all’origine di cataclismi e alluvioni, la dimora privilegiata di creature mostruose, lo strumento principe della punizione divina. In campo artistico, le medesime personificazioni antropomorfe e divinità acquatiche di tradizione classica, che in molti casi assistevano pacifiche e benevole alle vicende della storia sacra, si presentavano talvolta come vere e proprie interpreti di una volontà sovrannaturale indirizzata all’annullamento dello stesso genere umano. L’episodio del Diluvio, che compare precocemente già nel manoscritto cosiddetto della Genesi di Vienna (VI secolo), insieme alle visionarie rappresentazioni del Giudizio Universale, diventavano così occasione per una suggestiva e allo stesso tempo inquietante riflessione escatologica condotta attraverso le immagini, nelle quali il fenomeno naturale e la dimensione ultraterrena giungevano a coincidere.
Il Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna custodisce una piccola ma notevole raccolta di opere d’età medievale in avorio e osso, costituita da otto oggetti di varia tipologia: una valva di dittico ecclesiastico, una cassettina a rosette, e... more
Il Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna custodisce una piccola ma notevole raccolta di opere d’età medievale in avorio e osso, costituita da otto oggetti di varia tipologia: una valva di dittico ecclesiastico, una cassettina a rosette, e alcune placche appartenute in parte a cofanetti. Ad esse, va aggiunto un interessante rilievo in osso raffigurante un Cristo benedicente in trono, che fin dai primi anni del XX secolo è stato riconosciuto come non autentico. Il presente contributo, frutto di una ricerca condotta su documentazione d’archivio inedita o poco nota, vuole tentare di ripercorrere la storia della formazione e della musealizzazione della suddetta raccolta. Sebbene tali vicende si presentino piuttosto discontinue e difficilmente ricostruibili nella loro interezza, è comunque possibile rintracciare alcuni interessanti informazioni in merito alla conservazione e alla tesaurizzazione delle opere, alla luce del complesso panorama del collezionismo italiano di antichità medievali dei secoli XVIII e XIX. Emerge con particolare rilievo la figura del pittore Pelagio Palagi (1775-1860), precedente proprietario di gran parte degli oggetti eburnei più interessanti oggi a Bologna. Le numerose carte del cosiddetto archivio Palagi conservate presso le istituzioni locali hanno restituito una personalità di collezionista originale, sfaccettata e poliedrica: la fitta corrispondenza intrapresa con la famiglia di antiquari veneziani Sanquirico consente infatti di verificare l’attenzione con cui il Palagi s’interessò dell’acquisto di pezzi anche assai lontani dagli orizzonti estetici e culturali del tempo, com’è il caso dei suddetti avori. Una raccolta, questa, che si dimostra caratterizzata da una propria specifica anche se ancora nebulosa identità, sullo sfondo del panorama del collezionismo e della cultura artistica dell’Italia centro-settentrionale a cavallo tra ‘700 e ‘800.

-------------------------

Most of the Byzantine and medieval ivory carvings currently preserved in the Museo Civico Medievale in Bologna were once part of the large collection of antiquities owned by Pelagio Palagi (1775–1860). One of the most remarkable pieces of this collection is a bone relief representing the enthroned Christ, which is commonly considered a forgery produced in the early 19th century. With the support of some new and previously unpublished documentation, this contribution aims to analyse in depth the history of the Palagi's collection, as well as to reconstruct the events that led to the production of this fake.
The origin of the concept of “idol” can be traced back to the third and the second centuries BCE, the time of the redaction of the Septuagint. In translating the Bible into Greek, the Jewish communities of Alexandria resemanticized the... more
The origin of the concept of “idol” can be traced back to the third and the second centuries BCE, the time of the redaction of the Septuagint. In translating the Bible into Greek, the Jewish communities of Alexandria resemanticized the term eidolon—previously used to signify “dream” or “illusion”—to render a variety of Hebrew words that defined the powerless cult images of the enemies of Israel. This new meaning of the term was adopted by Paul, who ratified the association between idol-eidolon and the religious statuary of the Gentiles, establishing the foundation for any subsequent reflection on the issue in Christian literature. The idol thus became the most recognizable index of those who fell outside the borders of Christianity and was tranformed into a theological category that justified by contrast the legitimacy of “proper” Christian images: icons.
Over the past few decades, the origins and implications of the concept of “idol” in Late Antiquity have been extensively investigated by historians, anthropologists, and sociologists, while archaeologists have explored the topic as a basis for the phenomenon of the destruction of pagan temples and statues by Christians. However, there are surprisingly few studies on the actual artistic representations of idols, which were introduced in Jewish and early Christian art in the third century CE to illustrate some specific Old Testament episodes. These depictions have never been examined as a cohesive group, despite their importance as witnesses to a radically changed attitude toward Greco-Roman statuary, which was visually presented for the first time as intrinsically evil and deceptive. By considering numerous examples, such as the Dura Europos frescoes, the Brescia Casket, and the hypogeum of Santa Maria in Stelle in Verona, this paper provides the first comparative analysis of the earliest depictions of idols in Late Antiquity and demonstrates how these images can be read as unique and deliberate forms of iconotropy.
As dusk set on the ancient world and Christianity was becoming a major religious force across the Mediterranean basin, life as a pagan statue must have been extremely precarious. In fact, according to apologetic and hagiographic texts,... more
As dusk set on the ancient world and Christianity was becoming a major religious force across the Mediterranean basin, life as a pagan statue must have been extremely precarious. In fact, according to apologetic and hagiographic texts, from the early third century onward a wave of resolute bishops, deacons, and monks had already begun to attack temples and shrines physically, smashing the idols of ancient gods. Some of these men were destined to be included among the most venerated saints in Byzantium: at the turn of the fourth century, Theodore set the temple of Cybele at Amasea on fire, destroying the wooden cult statue; a few years later, Nicholas, bishop of Myra, razed the local temple of Artemis to its foundations and saved the citizens from the demons that had gathered there; and George was capable of pulverizing idols by his presence alone.
After increasing in popularity in the textual tradition, episodes of idol destruction also began to occur in the visual arts. From the eleventh century onward, such episodes proliferated in Byzantine hagiographical cycles and made their appearance in book illumination, icons, and wall paintings, eventually reaching Russia, Bulgaria, and Serbia, areas outside the empire but within the Byzantine cultural orbit. In depicting the confrontation between an early Christian saint and pagan idols, Byzantine artists needed to represent events that supposedly had taken place centuries before, in a period in which scenes of idol destruction were almost entirely unknown in the figurative arts. Despite the stereotypical nature of this iconographic motif, the artists provided a surprisingly broad variety of pictorial solutions that reveal a multifaceted attitude toward their late antique cultural and artistic heritage.
By taking into account a wide selection of examples in diverse media, this seminar will explore different patterns in the development of the motif of idol destruction in Byzantine art.
Research Interests:
By taking into account a selected group of depictions of pagan idols between the ninth and the fifteenth century, this seminar will analyze how idols were represented in Byzantium and assess the implications of these depictions in the... more
By taking into account a selected group of depictions of pagan idols between the ninth and the fifteenth century, this seminar will analyze how idols were represented in Byzantium and assess the implications of these depictions in the Byzantine artistic world. After some theoretical consideration of the criteria according to which an artifact can be assumed as an idol, particular attention will be paid to the role played by Judaism in defining the early Christian and Byzantine visual approach to idolatry.
4-6 June, 2024 - Sapienza Università di Roma curated by Antonio Iacobini, Maria Luigia Fobelli, Simona Moretti, Manuela De Giorgi ------ Navigare nell’Italia bizantina. Arte, musei, mostre, web aims to offer a multidisciplinary... more
4-6 June, 2024 - Sapienza Università di Roma
curated by Antonio Iacobini, Maria Luigia Fobelli, Simona Moretti, Manuela De Giorgi
------
Navigare nell’Italia bizantina. Arte, musei, mostre, web aims to offer a multidisciplinary perspective on Byzantine artifacts preserved and exhibited in museums, collections, and churches across Italy. This event is part of the PRIN Project “Navigating through Byzantine Italy: An Online Catalog to Study and Enhance a Submerged Artistic Heritage,” led by research units from four universities—Sapienza Università di Roma, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Università IULM di Milano, and Università del Salento—in collaboration with the Directorate-General of Museums of the Ministry of Culture and the Italian Association of Byzantine Studies.
Italy’s Byzantine heritage is remarkably rich, encompassing a diverse array of objects such as icons, panel paintings, marble and wood sculptures, goldsmith works, ivory carvings, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and fragments of mosaics and frescoes. Despite their exceptional historical significance, these artifacts form a ‘network’ that is not widely visible due to their scattered locations. The PRIN Project seeks to create a database that virtually assembles the first ‘Italian Byzantine Museum’ accessible online, aiming to enhance and popularize these artifacts among non-specialist audiences.
Navigare nell’Italia bizantina will present research findings and discuss key issues through a series of case studies, with papers delivered by specialists from universities, superintendencies, and museums, organized into seven panels. The conference will provide an opportunity to deepen the understanding of an extraordinarily valuable yet often ‘submerged’ heritage, which reflects the mobility and exchange phenomena that influenced the Mediterranean throughout the Middle Ages and beyond. This includes dynamics related to religious history, patronage, diplomacy, trade, and collecting. Particular attention will be given to the afterlife of Byzantine artifacts in Italy up to the present day, addressing themes of conservation, museum layouts, exhibitions, and the web.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
15 dicembre 2022 - Napoli, Biblioteca Pagliara, via Suor Orsola 10
Research Interests:
November 11th 2022 – Sala de Graus, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The number of Byzantine objects preserved in Italian museums and churches is one of the most eloquent indications of the continuous artistic exchanges that marked the relationship between Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the... more
The number of Byzantine objects preserved in Italian museums and churches is one of the most eloquent indications of the continuous artistic exchanges that marked the relationship between Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages. This thematic session will reassess the identity of Byzantine objects in the modern and contemporary world through the lens of the interaction of their original function with the processes of recontextualization that characterized their afterlife.
This workshop is organized within the framework of the National Research Project (PRIN) “Navigating through Byzantine Italy: An Online Catalog to Study and Enhance a Submerged Artistic Heritage”, funded by the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research.
Convegno dottorale di Storia dell’arte medievale
Sapienza Università di Roma, 15-18 giugno 2022
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The workshop Fotografare Bisanzio. Arte bizantina e dell’Oriente mediterraneo negli archivi italiani aims to explore the Italian archives that preserve photographs of Byzantine and Eastern Mediterranean art and architecture, a network... more
The workshop Fotografare Bisanzio. Arte bizantina e dell’Oriente mediterraneo negli archivi italiani aims to explore the Italian archives that preserve photographs of Byzantine and Eastern Mediterranean art and architecture, a network that is poorly known in its entirety. These collections have been forming from the beginnings of the twentieth century, following research led by individual scholars and academic institutions and during field trips and archeological excavations. The workshop is part of the Sapienza research project Picturing a Lost Empire. An Archive for Byzantine Monumental Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell'arte Bizantina, Sapienza Università di Roma.

The workshop will take place online via Zoom. Please register here: https://uniroma1.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZAscO6hrjstGdIusk30E7OiGrrGB0ZQ7wih
Research Interests:
The workshop will explore the question of why Byzantium was and keeps being marginalized within the western academic canon and to a lesser extent in the public discourse. Instead of resurrecting the 19th and early 20th century academic... more
The workshop will explore the question of why Byzantium was and keeps being marginalized within the western academic canon and to a lesser extent in the public discourse. Instead of resurrecting the 19th and early 20th century academic debate known as the “Byzantine question” (“Byzantinische Frage”), this workshop examines the historiographical mechanisms and turning points that resulted in the marginalization of Byzantium in art history and related fields. In an attempt to move past pinpointing single moments of “influence” from Byzantium to the West, the workshop asks why the one hundred-year search to answer the “Byzantine question” was unsuccessful, failing to secure a prominent place for the Eastern Roman Empire within art historical teaching and scholarship.
Building on these insights, the workshop will delve into practical aspects, seeking possible places for Byzantium after the end of a linear, chronological art historical canon as described by Hans Belting (Das Ende der Kunstgeschichte: Eine Revision nach 10 Jahren) and others. The talks will focus on historiography and scholarly networks, on questions of collecting, artistic production, national and supranational political thought, and on Byzantium’s place within the boundaries of modern academic disciplines.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Picturing a Lost Empire An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000 I viaggi di studio della Sapienza in Anatolia attraverso le fotografie del CDSAB – Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina Catalogo della... more
Picturing a Lost Empire
An Italian Lens on Byzantine Art in Anatolia, 1960–2000
I viaggi di studio della Sapienza in Anatolia
attraverso le fotografie del CDSAB – Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina

Catalogo della mostra
Arched Gallery, ANAMED – Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Koç University, Istanbul

A cura di
Livia Bevilacqua e Giovanni Gasbarri

Testi di
Engin Akyürek, Claudia Barsanti, Livia Bevilacqua, Giovanni Gasbarri,
Alessandra Guiglia, Antonio Iacobini, Andrea Paribeni, Lorenzo Riccardi, Enrico Zanini

Introducono

EUGENIO GAUDIO Magnifico Rettore della Sapienza Università di Roma
STEFANO ASPERTI Preside della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia
GAETANO LETTIERI Direttore del Dipartimento SARAS

Intervengono

ANTONIO IACOBINI, MARINA RIGHETTI Sapienza Università di Roma
SILVIA RONCHEY Università degli Studi Roma Tre
ENRICO ZANINI Università degli Studi di Siena

VENERDÌ 25 GENNAIO 2019
ORE 16.30

Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento SARAS – Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo
Sezione Arte, Aula I “Adolfo Venturi”
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma

Progetto d’Ateneo 2017 Picturing a Lost Empire. An Archive for Byzantine Monumental Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean. Responsabile Scientifico: Antonio Iacobini
Research Interests:
Il Convegno conclude un Grande Progetto di Ricerca d’Ateneo, finanziato dalla Sapienza nel 2015, dedicato allo studio dei disegni e della documentazione del viaggio in Italia di Aubin-Louis Millin, con particolare riguardo al patrimonio... more
Il Convegno conclude un Grande Progetto di Ricerca d’Ateneo, finanziato dalla Sapienza nel 2015, dedicato allo studio dei disegni e della documentazione del viaggio in Italia di Aubin-Louis Millin, con particolare riguardo al patrimonio artistico della Puglia medievale.
Nelle due giornate, l’opera pionieristica del francese verrà messa a confronto con quella di eruditi, studiosi e viaggiatori che, tra Settecento e Ottocento, esplorarono le regioni allora ancora poco note dell’Italia meridionale.
L’approccio ai monumenti condotto con l’ausilio della storia della storiografia, del collezionismo e del restauro permetterà di ripercorrere le tappe della loro riscoperta critica e le loro vicende conservative fino alla contemporaneità.
L’Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, in collaborazione con il Centro di Studi per la Storia dell’Architettura, dedica un convegno internazionale alla figura e all’opera poliedrica progettuale, didattica, teorica e legislativa – di Gustavo... more
L’Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, in collaborazione con il Centro di Studi per la Storia dell’Architettura, dedica un convegno internazionale alla figura e all’opera poliedrica  progettuale, didattica, teorica e legislativa – di Gustavo Giovannoni (Roma 1873 - 1947), nella ricorrenza dell’ottantesimo anniversario del Congresso internazionale degli architetti svoltosi nel 1935 a Roma presso Palazzo Carpegna, la nuova sede dell’Accademia di San Luca appena restaurata dallo stesso Giovannoni con Arnaldo Foschini e inaugurata il 24 aprile 1934.
Laureatosi in ingegneria civile nel 1895, Gustavo Giovannoni è il principale protagonista della codificazione della professione dell’architetto in Italia. Il convegno indaga non soltanto il ruolo di promotore e innovatore che Giovannoni ricoprì nell’ambito delle problematiche del restauro architettonico e della storia e critica dell’architettura, ma anche la sua influenza nella progettazione architettonica per il cosiddetto regionalismo e barocchetto, come pure per l’ingegneria strutturale e l’attività antisismica dei suoi esordi professionali.Quindi, oltre ai tradizionali ambiti di ricerca legati alla sua figura, nel convegno si affronteranno tematiche strettamente connesse sia alla sfera dell’ingegneria, sia a quella della tradizionale progettazione architettonica (in opere quali la fabbrica della Birra Peroni, le chiese di Salerno e Formia, il villino Torlonia, le case a piazza Caprera e la Città Giardino Aniene a Roma, solo per citarne alcune), cercando di valutare il suo vero o presunto apporto all’architettura della prima metà del XX secolo. Gli interventi dei relatori approfondiranno poi l’attenzione di Giovannoni alla città e al paesaggio e il suo ruolo di maestro per una miriade di allievi coevi e postumi, tenendo in primo piano l’orizzonte variegato che caratterizza la sua produzione, l’insegnamento e il suo pensiero programmatico e propositivo di progettista integrale.
Febbraio 2013 Rigo, Babuin, Trizio (a cura di), Vie per Bisanzio PROFILO DELL’OPERA “Vie per Bisanzio” è l’evocazione di molteplici percorsi e approcci al mondo bizantino: storia, letteratura, arte, archeologia, filologia,... more
Febbraio 2013 Rigo, Babuin, Trizio (a cura di), Vie per Bisanzio

PROFILO DELL’OPERA

“Vie per Bisanzio” è l’evocazione di molteplici percorsi e approcci al mondo bizantino: storia, letteratura, arte, archeologia, filologia, paleografia, filosofia, teologia. Una diversità poliedrica che rappresenta la ricchezza e la vitalità odierne della tradizione degli studi bizantini in Italia. “Vie per Bisanzio” sta a indicare i diversi itinerari seguiti: dal mondo classico seguendo il filo della grecità, dalla storia medievale volgendosi a Oriente, dalle letterature slave, partendo dalla filosofia e teologia russe moderne e contemporanee per andare a ritroso. Emerge una volta di più l’immagine di Bisanzio quale “Impero di mezzo”, luogo-cerniera di scambi e di irradiazioni, vero e proprio Knotenpunkt, non solo all’interno di quello che è stato felicemente indicato come Commonwealth bizantino, ma ben oltre, in Occidente, nel Nord, in Oriente. 
Dal 25 al 28 di novembre 2009 si tenne a Venezia un Congresso intitolato “Vie per Bisanzio”,  VII Convegno dell’Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (AISB) e al contempo occasione di incontro della bizantinistica italiana in Italia e all’estero. I due volumi contengono i risultati dei lavori di quelle giornate.

CURATORI:

Antonio Rigo, professore ordinario di Filologia bizantina e di Storia del Cristianesimo bizantino presso l’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. Presidente dell’Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (AISB).

Andrea Babuin University of Ioannina/Greece, Fine Arts and History, Faculty Member.

Michele Trizio Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento di Scienze filosofiche, Post-Doc.

INTERVENTI DI:

A.A. Aletta, A. Babuin, D. Baldi, C. Barsanti, M. Bazzani, C. Bevegni, L. Bevilacqua, C. Bordino, D. Borrelli, L. Bossina, T. Braccini, G. Breccia, D. Bucca, A. Bucossi, D. Calcagno, A. Caramico, C. Carpinato, P. Cassella, A. Cataldi Palau, M. Cavana, S. Cosentino, S. Costanza, R. Cresci, F. D’Aiuto, M. della Valle, M. Di Branco, V. von Falkenhausen, M. Fanelli, R. Flaminio, D. Fusi, G. Gasbarri, A. Gobbi, A. Guiglia, A.M. Ieraci Bio, R. Lavagnini, A. Luzzi, A. Mainardi, M.R. Marchionibus, S. Marcon, G. Matino, M. Menchelli, S. Moretti, S. Origone, F. Osti, C. Pace, A. Paribeni, S. Pasi, S. Pedone, M. Re, L. Riccardi, A. Rigo, M.T. Rodriquez, C. Rognoni, S. Ronchey, V. Ruggieri, M. Scarpa, G. Strano, A. Taddei, S. Tessari, A.-M. Totomanova, M. Trizio, A. Zimbone, N. Zorzi

SLOGAN Atti del VII Congresso nazionale dell’Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia, 25-28 novembre 2009).


SETTORE          Bizantinistica
COLLANA     Duepunti, nr. 25
FORMATO     17 x 24
PAGINE   XII-1072 (2 tomi, con illustrazioni B/N)
RILEGATURA  Brossura cucita
PREZZO     72,00
ISBN                    978-88-7470-229-9
INDICE: La Sapienza bizantina. Il contributo della Storia dell’arte (1896-1970) - Antonio Iacobini Le missioni di studio in Oriente e il Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina (1966-2006) - Andrea Paribeni Il... more
INDICE:

La Sapienza bizantina. Il contributo della Storia dell’arte (1896-1970) - Antonio Iacobini

Le missioni di studio in Oriente e il Centro di Documentazione di Storia dell’Arte Bizantina (1966-2006) - Andrea Paribeni

Il progetto di ricerca sui marmi della Santa Sofia, Alessandra Guiglia - Claudia Barsanti

Hagia Sophia: nuovi studi e ricerche per il restauro, Mario Docci - Storici dell’arte, esploratori, antropologi, archeologi: le missioni
lungo il limes orientale (1982-1992) - Enrico Zanini

Alcune considerazioni sull’architettura bizantina a Creta - Spiridione Alessandro Curuni

Il «Corpus della pittura monumentale bizantina in Italia»: il caso di Umbria, Marche e Abruzzo - Mauro della Valle

Il mosaico parietale aniconico da Tessalonica a Costantinopoli - Alessandro Taddei

Basilio ‘parakoimomenos’, l’aristocrazia e la passione per le arti sotto i Macedoni - Livia Bevilacqua

Il colore scolpito. Raffinatezze cromatiche nella scultura ad incrostazione del Medioevo mediterraneo - Silvia Pedone

Viaggio di un trittico eburneo da Costantinopoli a Roma. Note in margine al «Corpus degli oggetti bizantini in Italia» - Simona Moretti

L’insegnamento della Filologia e della Storia bizantina a Roma dalla
fondazione agli anni Settanta del ’900 - Augusta Acconcia Longo

La Filologia e la Storia bizantina alla Sapienza nell’ultimo trentennio del ’900 - Andrea Luzzi

La Paleografia greca e bizantina alla Sapienza, dagli anni Venti del
’900 a Enrica Follieri e alla sua scuola - Francesco D’Aiuto

Ricerche e iniziative promosse dalla Sapienza per lo studio delle scritture greche antiche e bizantine nell’ultimo trentennio - Guglielmo Cavallo

Immagini eloquenti. Nuove osservazioni sul codice Atheniensis gr. 211 con le Omelie di Giovanni Crisostomo - Giovanni Gasbarri