- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Wickeredit
After the merger of two local churches consisting of 419 and 961 members, 118 members formerly from the smaller church and 115 members formerly from the larger church reported their support for activities in both the prior and merged... more
After the merger of two local churches consisting of 419 and 961 members, 118 members formerly from the smaller church and 115 members formerly from the larger church reported their support for activities in both the prior and merged churches, and their feelings about participating in the merged church. Church support prior to the merger did not differ for the two groups. Results indicated that both groups declined in support after the merger, but the decline was greater for members from the small church. The small church sample felt less close to the merged church, less obligated and less welcome to participate in its activities.
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Consumers' subjective experiences in service behavior settings, such as retail shops, museums, and therapeutic sessions, are considered in terms of the Japanese concept of kansei (sensitivity, feeling, impression). A proposed trajectory... more
Consumers' subjective experiences in service behavior settings, such as retail shops, museums, and therapeutic sessions, are considered in terms of the Japanese concept of kansei (sensitivity, feeling, impression). A proposed trajectory model considers what consumers bring to such settings, their sensory experiences and interactions within settings, and residuals of their participation.
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The potential value of increased specialization within ecological psychology is described, based on the model employed in the natural sciences. We outline a hypothetical case of such specialization, "Gas Station Psychology"
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We attempt to engage a particular kind of experience, kansei, a Japanese concept, with feelings that consumers may have in behavior settings.
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Demographic statistics developed for human populations are useful indicators of change in populations of organizations. Several dynamic measures used in demography are illustrated with a population of over 150,000 retail and service... more
Demographic statistics developed for human populations are useful indicators of change in populations of organizations. Several dynamic measures used in demography are illustrated with a population of over 150,000 retail and service establishments.
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Using several investigative procedures, we attempted to locate and interview 196 former owners of retail and service establishments. About half of the 37 former owners we spoke with found the closing personally difficult, and had lost... more
Using several investigative procedures, we attempted to locate and interview 196 former owners of retail and service establishments. About half of the 37 former owners we spoke with found the closing personally difficult, and had lost money. However, all but six of them would consider going into business again.
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This research examined the relative influence of husbands and wives in decisions concerning several activities that occur in both the home and the business.
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The author reflects on his experience as a graduate student working at the Midwest Psychological Field Station and on the significance of the Field Station's contributions
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A conceptual model based on staffing theory was applied to data from a representative sample of American workers to test the generality of research findings across different categories of workers.
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The basic unit of ecological psychology, the behavior setting, has been con cep tualized and studied from two contrasting but complementary perspectives. This article describes both and proposes development of an additional perspective... more
The basic unit of ecological psychology, the behavior setting, has been con cep tualized and studied from two contrasting but complementary perspectives. This article describes both and proposes development of an additional perspective incorporating the subjective experiences of setting occupants. According to the traditional view, behavior settings are selfregulating, extrapersonal systems that not only provide opportunities for occupants but also constrain their actions. The contemporary view focuses on individual and group sensemaking in settings: Occupants attend to, assess, and act on environmental events in light of their current knowledge and beliefs. It also considers the larger contexts of settings. Ecological psychologists have largely neglected feelings and emotions arising from people's direct experiences of, and in, the settings they occupy. Research is needed to link such experiences with the setting features identified by the traditional and contemporary perspectives. An ethnographer's published account of a single behavior setting, a hostess club in Japan, provides illustrations for each viewpoint presented.
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While drawing on its traditional roots, contemporary ecological psychology advances a revised and expanded conception of behavior settings that can be applied to the design and improvement of small-scale environments. In the contemporary... more
While drawing on its traditional roots, contemporary ecological psychology advances a revised and expanded conception of behavior settings that can be applied to the design and improvement of small-scale environments. In the contemporary view, behavior settings are products of interactions of setting occupants who continually make sense of internal and external events affecting the setting. These and other revisions have emerged from intensive study of individual settings. Their practical utility is illustrated by an experimental introduction of a queuing device at a crowded bus stop in Yosemite National Park and by a longitudinal case study of the creation of a coffee shop in Southern California. Such projects could be harbingers of a broader pragmatic movement in environment and behavior studies.
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This paper outlines, for purposes of discussion and debate, an ecologically oriented approach to theory and research in psychology and related social sciences. This approach, labeled "substantive theorizing," is intended as a constructive... more
This paper outlines, for purposes of discussion and debate, an ecologically oriented approach to theory and research in psychology and related social sciences. This approach, labeled "substantive theorizing," is intended as a constructive response to recent critiques of the logical positivism paradigm. Substantive theorizing is presented as the intersection of a series of choices by researchers, including decisions to focus on limited but socially important domains; to use multiple methods; to develop intimate familiarity with chosen domains; and to examine processes in their natural social and temporal contexts. The approach emphasizes the process, rather than the product, of conceptual framing and development. Among the projected benefits of substantive theorizing are development of new concepts and procedures, blurring of disciplinary boundaries, greater understanding of socially important domains, and increased utility of research for policy and practice. Projected costs include long-term research commitments and lack of support from academic departments and research funding agencies. A recent surge of published critiques has revealed growing dissatisfaction with the ideology that underlies most of our research on complex psychological and social processes. The logical positivism paradigm has come under direct attack, even from some of its former proponents. Detractors of
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The human tendency to think recurring thoughts limits our theories and research. This article presents four sets of strategies that may be useful for generating new perspectives on familiar research problems: playing with ideas,... more
The human tendency to think recurring thoughts limits our theories and research. This article presents four sets of strategies that may be useful for generating new perspectives on familiar research problems: playing with ideas, considering contexts, probing and tinkering with assumptions, and clarifying and systematizing the conceptual frame.
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Verbal and overt behavioral responses of 152 church members toward their local churches were examined. Three verbal measures, in addition to attitude toward the church, were obtained: perceived consequences of behavior, evaluation of... more
Verbal and overt behavioral responses of 152 church members toward their local churches were examined. Three verbal measures, in addition to attitude toward the church, were obtained: perceived consequences of behavior, evaluation of behavior, and judged influence of extraneous events on behavior. The four measures were used in multiple-regression equations to predict three behavioral criteria: Sunday worship service attendance, monetary contributions (both from church records), and serving in responsible roles in church activities (self-report). Consistent with the "other variables" position, addition of other verbal predictors to attitude did significantly improve predictions of the behaviors. The best single predictor of the behaviors was judged influence of extraneous events (mean ?' = .36), followed by evaluation of behavior (mean r = .26), attitude (mean /= .22), and perceived consequences of behavior (mean r = .15). When all verbal predictors were employed, approximately 75% of the behavior variance remained unaccounted for (mean R — .46). The following possible implications of attitude-behavior inconsistency are discussed: (a) re-focusing the attitude from the object of the behavior to the behavior itself, (fc) assessing variables other than attitudes, and (c) directly studying overt behaviors and the conditions which affect behavior.
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Consistent with behavior setting theory, new members of a small church (338 members, n = 26) reported greater assimilation than new members of a comparable large church (1,599 members, » = 40). The assimilation measure was a composite... more
Consistent with behavior setting theory, new members of a small church (338 members, n = 26) reported greater assimilation than new members of a comparable large church (1,599 members, » = 40). The assimilation measure was a composite based on participation in church activities, felt obligation to participate , sense of belonging to the church, and acquaintance with church members and officers. College students asked to role play new members of either the small church (n = 21) or the large church (« = 21) did not differ in reported assimilation. The 2X2 analyses of variance (large vs. small church, new vs. established members) of self-report data on participation and church records of attendance and contributions revealed greater support for church activities by members of the small church and by established members.
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This investigation provides new data and commentary on several neglected topics: employment contributions of microbusinesses, characteristics of the selfemployed, business survival rates, and psychological and social aspects of new... more
This investigation provides new data and commentary on several neglected topics: employment contributions of microbusinesses, characteristics of the selfemployed, business survival rates, and psychological and social aspects of new business ownership. A survey ...
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ABSTRACT: Building on the pioneering work of Barker and Wright, ecological psychologists have demonstrated the relevance of behavior-setting theory and research to issues in organizational, community, social, and environmental psychology.... more
ABSTRACT: Building on the pioneering work of Barker and Wright, ecological psychologists have demonstrated the relevance of behavior-setting theory and research to issues in organizational, community, social, and environmental psychology. They have used a ...
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... 17, 251274 (1976) Effects of Manning Levels on Subjective Experiences, Performance, and Verbal Interaction in Groups ALLAN 'V. WICKER, SANDRA L. KIRMEYER, LOIS HANSON, AND DEANALEXANDER Claremont Graduate ... Barker,... more
... 17, 251274 (1976) Effects of Manning Levels on Subjective Experiences, Performance, and Verbal Interaction in Groups ALLAN 'V. WICKER, SANDRA L. KIRMEYER, LOIS HANSON, AND DEANALEXANDER Claremont Graduate ... Barker, 1968; Steiner, 1972; Zajonc, 1965). ...
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... In order to study the dy-f the man-environment relationship, atorb must carefully select ... jL of the variaiicc 111 overt behavioral measutes be accounted for by nttitutliiial data [Wicker, 1969a, pp ... such :is the kindergarten... more
... In order to study the dy-f the man-environment relationship, atorb must carefully select ... jL of the variaiicc 111 overt behavioral measutes be accounted for by nttitutliiial data [Wicker, 1969a, pp ... such :is the kindergarten class referred to earlier, or specially created novel settings n ...
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Research Interests: Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Imagination, Social Perception, and 16 moreInterpersonal Relationship, Social Exchange Theory, Emotions, Reward, Humans, Female, Male, Interpersonal Relations, Rating Scale, Ego, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Questionnaires, Adult, Social Exchange, Sex Factors, and Analysis of Variance
Examines the hypothesis that cognitive complexity (CC) in any given domain is a function of frequency and intensity of interaction with objects in that domain. The Ss were 40 juniors from a large high school and 40 matched juniors from... more
Examines the hypothesis that cognitive complexity (CC) in any given domain is a function of frequency and intensity of interaction with objects in that domain. The Ss were 40 juniors from a large high school and 40 matched juniors from small high schools. A modified Role Construct Repertory Test, on which Ss responded to triads of school behavior settings, was
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... 1966, 21, 445-454) on "The Life and Death of Project Camelot," the author ... of Horowitz' words, why should he complain that the termination of Camelot "represents a ... of respondents to personality tests and... more
... 1966, 21, 445-454) on "The Life and Death of Project Camelot," the author ... of Horowitz' words, why should he complain that the termination of Camelot "represents a ... of respondents to personality tests and ques-tionnaires (American Psychologist, November, 1965; May, 1966 ...
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107 juniors from 4 small high schools and 84 Ss from 1 large high school rated their subjective experiences in 6 kinds of school extracurricular activities, e.g., basketball games, dances. Comparisons between and within large and small... more
107 juniors from 4 small high schools and 84 Ss from 1 large high school rated their subjective experiences in 6 kinds of school extracurricular activities, e.g., basketball games, dances. Comparisons between and within large and small schools revealed that experiences such as being needed, feeling challenged, having an important job, and developing self-confidence are associated with undermanned activities, i.e.,
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Presentation with slides for a symposium entitled "Roger G. Barker and the Midwest Psychological Field Station at the University of Kansas: A Landmark in the History of Psychology." Harry Heff, Chair.
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The founding of a new small retail business, a coffee house, is described in terms of Sara Ruddick's analysis of maternal thinking.
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This paper is an attempt to engage constructively two scholarly traditions that seek to portray and make claims about social reality: naturalistic social science and documentary filmmaking. Drawing upon Fernando Pérez' film, Suite Habana... more
This paper is an attempt to engage constructively two scholarly traditions that seek to portray and make claims about social reality: naturalistic social science and documentary filmmaking. Drawing upon Fernando Pérez' film, Suite Habana (2003), which presents daily life in Havana, Cuba, and Roger Barker and Herbert Wright's books, One Boy's Day (1951) and Midwest and its Children (1955), which describe life in a very small town in Kansas, USA, I consider several common aspects of the two traditions. These aspects include selecting reality, constructing accounts, assessing the products, and carrying the work forward. For each aspect, I suggest ways that the traditions might be enriched by thoughtful application of ideas or practices from the other. For example, if reports of naturalistic social science investigations were regularly subjected to published critical reviews as documentary films are, the significance and meaning of those investigations would be more deeply probed than they are now.
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Abstract Citing recent research developments, Brewster Smith recently expressed optimism for the future of personality, developmental, and social psychology, which he labeled the “humane core of psychology.” The promising developments... more
Abstract
Citing recent research developments, Brewster Smith recently expressed optimism for the future of personality, developmental, and social psychology, which he labeled the “humane core of psychology.” The promising developments he noted were attempts to join the opposing causal/explanatory and hermeneutic/interpretative approaches. The greater methodological openness resulting from this convergence allows researchers to capture more of the complexity of individuality and of historical/social/cultural contexts. Contemporary ecological psychology, which extends the classic work of Roger Barker and Herbert Wright, provides a distinctive perspective on persons and their environments that could enrich the “humane core.” Illustrations are drawn from a case study of the founding of a small business, narratives of Ghanaian and American workers, and a participant observer’s portrayal of a Nicaraguan agricultural cooperative. Prospects for actually transforming personality, developmental, and social psychology in North America are considered in light of Danziger’s critical historical analysis of the discipline’s investigative practices and the institutional structures that support them
Citing recent research developments, Brewster Smith recently expressed optimism for the future of personality, developmental, and social psychology, which he labeled the “humane core of psychology.” The promising developments he noted were attempts to join the opposing causal/explanatory and hermeneutic/interpretative approaches. The greater methodological openness resulting from this convergence allows researchers to capture more of the complexity of individuality and of historical/social/cultural contexts. Contemporary ecological psychology, which extends the classic work of Roger Barker and Herbert Wright, provides a distinctive perspective on persons and their environments that could enrich the “humane core.” Illustrations are drawn from a case study of the founding of a small business, narratives of Ghanaian and American workers, and a participant observer’s portrayal of a Nicaraguan agricultural cooperative. Prospects for actually transforming personality, developmental, and social psychology in North America are considered in light of Danziger’s critical historical analysis of the discipline’s investigative practices and the institutional structures that support them
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From the back cover: "Environments--the places we work, play, shop--greatly influence how we act and feel. In a clear and direct style, Allan Wicker traces the thirty-year development of ecological psychology..."
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The author of a "Citation Classic" briefly comments on his paper that reviewed empirical research on the attitude-behavior relationship.
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A review of the applied research on business formation and mortality is followed by an application of demographic concepts and methods to a population of retail and service establishments in the greater Los Angeles area.
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A conceptual framework for the life cycles of behavior settings is presented, followed by a description of our program of research based upon that framework.
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Behavior settings are re-conceptualized to take into account temporal stages of settings, their resources, their internal dynamics, and their context. This is Part 1 of 2.
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Behavior settings are re-conceptualized to take into account temporal stages of settings, their resources, their internal dynamics, and their context. This is Part 2 of 2.
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From traditional farmer to member of parliament, men and women from the West African country of Ghana tell what they do in their jobs, and what their work means to them and their families. Expatriates from several continents, including a... more
From traditional farmer to member of parliament, men and women from the West African country of Ghana tell what they do in their jobs, and what their work means to them and their families.
Expatriates from several continents, including a development agency officer, Peace Corps volunteer, and ethnomusicologist also relate their stories of living and working in Ghana.
The full texts of more than 50 work narratives are available at this site: http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/wickera/working.htm
Expatriates from several continents, including a development agency officer, Peace Corps volunteer, and ethnomusicologist also relate their stories of living and working in Ghana.
The full texts of more than 50 work narratives are available at this site: http://web.cgu.edu/faculty/wickera/working.htm
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Admonitions to graduates for their future life path: Look homeward, look outward, look inward,. This advice based on the speaker's own experiences following his graduation from ICC in 1961.
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An account of the author's securing from Kyrgyzstan customs a mail order from the United States.