REFIK ARIKAN
Bilecik University, History, Faculty Member
Kitap Tanitimi: Refik Arikan, Halim Demiryurek, H. 1246-M. 1831 ve H. 1254- M. 1839 Tarihli Nufus Defterlerinde Sogut, Babiali Kultur Yayinciligi, Istanbul, 2019.
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Demir, insanlık tarihinin en stratejik madenlerinden biri olmuştur. Saban ve benzeri tarım aletleri ile üretim ekonomisinin başta gelen araçları, bu madenden imal edildiği için demir, insanlığa yeni ufuklar açmıştır. Diğer taraftan aynı... more
Demir, insanlık tarihinin en stratejik madenlerinden biri olmuştur. Saban ve benzeri tarım aletleri ile üretim ekonomisinin başta gelen araçları, bu madenden imal edildiği için demir, insanlığa yeni ufuklar açmıştır. Diğer taraftan aynı madenden imal edilen kılıç, mızrak, ok uçları gibi savaş aletleri ise; tarihi süreç içinde toplumlararası mücadelenin adeta belirleyici unsurları haline gelmiştir. Türkler, demir madenini her iki amaç doğrultusunda başarılı bir şekilde kullanmak suretiyle dünya tarihinde, belirleyici bir rol oynamışlardır. Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesi sürecinde demiri işleyebilme becerileri, Türkleri Anadolu'nun egemen toplulukları karşısında avantajlı konuma getirmiş olmalıdır. Çalışmamıza temel teşkil eden Bilecik çevresinde tespit edilen demir cüruflarına da bu cihetten yaklaşılmıştır. Orta Sakarya vadisi, uzun bir süre "uc" bölgesi olarak gaza faaliyetlerine ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Aynı bölge, bir yandan da yerli Bizans idarecilerinin baskısı altında...
The Tomb of İsa Sofi: An Evaluation of Its Decoration in Terms of the Process of Islamization of Turks The process of accepting Islam by the Turks has progressed in two ways. The settled tribes tried to recognize and adopt new religion... more
The Tomb of İsa Sofi: An Evaluation of Its Decoration in Terms of the Process of Islamization of Turks The process of accepting Islam by the Turks has progressed in two ways. The settled tribes tried to recognize and adopt new religion with all its principles. On the other hand, the nomadic Turks recognized the sources of new religion by the dervishes who were coming from within themselves. although they were Muslims, the old beliefs survived longer among the nomadic Turks. The tomb tradition continued in Anatolia as a burial unit that took its root from the dormitory and lived in an architectural style according to its period. In this study, we will evaluate the internal inscription of the Tomb of Isa Sofi in Borcak village of Söğüt district of Bilecik. The decorations are very important in that they contain motives for the belief of the God of God (Shamanism) and are the first examples identified in Anatolia. During the restoration initiated in the tomb, these decorations which emerged with the scrape of the plaster on the upper floor, reached to the present day with little deterioration. The decoration of the tomb also allows us to comment on the Islamization process of the Turks. It is certain that because of the name of İsa Sofi whose grave is in the tomb, he was a religious figure, and the tomb was built for him. However, the non-Islamic figures in the shrine contain clues about the community in which he lives and the relationship of İsa Sofi with them. It is a case where most of the Turkish communities at the tip are semi-nomadic. This shrine is one of the most important proofs of their perception of Islam. In addition to the importance of the tomb in the old times, İsa Sofi has continued to be important in the social and religious life of the village until recently. In addition to being a pilgrimage site to the locals, hıdrellez celebrations were also held there. This and other examples below point out the importance of the tomb and the importance of İsa Sofi.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well... more
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well as taking the existence of state back of the beyond. In this context, Roman Empire, while generating one of the most important elements for humankind, was able to take its influence, through these road nets constituted by bridges and milestone, to the lands dominated. Courier service has great importance for the rendering of power. In Roman period, the main road, from Belgrade via Edirne (Adrianople) to Istanbul strait, had been extending to Izmit (Nikomedia), passing to Anatolia side. Thus, Izmit that, until the establishment of Istanbul (Constantinapole), was the center of Roman Empire in Asia Minor had rendered a service as a first distribution point of Anatolian road system. From there, routes, leading to Black Sea (Phontus) coasts, were covering...
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Research Interests:
Milleti olusturan fertleri bir arada tutan, onlarin ortak degerleridir. Millet olarak tanimlanan toplulugu olusturan bireyler, sevincte, tasa ve kivancta daima bir paydaslik duygusu icinde hareket ederler. Paydaslik duygusu, milletler... more
Milleti olusturan fertleri bir arada tutan, onlarin ortak degerleridir. Millet olarak tanimlanan toplulugu olusturan bireyler, sevincte, tasa ve kivancta daima bir paydaslik duygusu icinde hareket ederler. Paydaslik duygusu, milletler icin ideallerin beslendigi ana kaynaktir. Hidirellez toren ve senlikleri, Turk Milletinin sevincte ve idealde bir oldugu kadim geleneklerindendir. Yapilan arastirmalar, Eski Turklerde Hidirellez geleneginin “yer-su kultu” etrafinda toplandigini gostermektedir. Gelir ve gecim kaynaklarinin basta hayvancilik olmak uzere tarima dayali oldugu topluluklarda, baharin gelisi her zaman sevincle karsilanmistir. Bizim disimizda dunyanin farkli topluluklarinda da kis aylarinin bitisi ile duzenlenen torenler, hidirellez geleneginin adeta evrensel bir boyut ortaya koydugunu gostermektedir. Orta Asya’dan Anadolu’ya Hidirellez kutlamalarinda bolgeden bolgeye, turlu derecelerden farklar oldugu gorulmektedir. Farklilasmada, yasanilan cografyanin dogal sartlari, baska k...
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"Taş âbidevî yapıların unsur-ı aslisidir". Bu yapılar ise devletin güç ve medeniyetini göstermesi adına önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu duruma dair her toplumun kendine ait örnekleri olsa da, Osmanlı Devleti'nde "Selatin Camileri" böyle bir... more
"Taş âbidevî yapıların unsur-ı aslisidir". Bu yapılar ise devletin güç ve medeniyetini göstermesi adına önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu duruma dair her toplumun kendine ait örnekleri olsa da, Osmanlı Devleti'nde "Selatin Camileri" böyle bir işlevi yerine getirmişlerdir. Bu tür büyük eserlerin yapımında en temel sorun malzeme tedarikidir. Özellikle taşınması son derece zor olan taş gibi malzemelerde bu durum daha da ön plana çıkmaktadır. İstanbul'un fethini takip eden yıllarda girişilen imar faaliyetleri için külliyetli miktarda taşa ihtiyaç duyulmuş ve bunun tedariki yakından başlayarak, zamanla farklı mahallere ulaşmıştır. 1 metreküp taşın ortalama 1,5 ton geldiği ve bir arabanın günde ancak bir kere sefer yapabildiği hesaplandığında (20 km mesafeli bir ocak için), binlerce bloktan oluşan bu yapıların aslında mucizevî yapılar olduğu da ortaya çıkar. Taş tedarikindeki bu güçlük, deniz ulaşımı olan ocakları daha önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda İzmit Körfezinin her iki tarafında da İstanbul'un taş ihtiyacını karşılayan ocaklar yoğun bir faaliyet içerisinde olmuşlardır. Âbidevî sanat eserlerinin inşa malzemeleri arasında tezyinatta kullanılacak renkli taşların, mermer ve granit sütunların çok önemli yeri vardır. Diğer taraftan günümüz teknolojik imkânlarına sahip olmayan dönemin mimarlarının ve idarecilerinin taş temin işini gerçekleştirmede büyük bir maharet ve tecrübeyi ortaya koydukları muhakkaktır. Bu işin büyük maliyetler ortaya çıkardığı da dikkate değer bir gelişmedir.
Research Interests:
The Tomb of İsa Sofi: An Evaluation of Its Decoration in Terms of the Process of Islamization of Turks The process of accepting Islam by the Turks has progressed in two ways. The settled tribes tried to recognize and adopt new religion... more
The Tomb of İsa Sofi:
An Evaluation of Its Decoration in Terms of the Process of Islamization of Turks
The process of accepting Islam by the Turks has progressed in two ways. The settled tribes tried to recognize and adopt new religion with all its principles. On the other hand, the nomadic Turks recognized the sources of new religion by the dervishes who were coming from within themselves. although they were Muslims, the old beliefs survived longer among the nomadic Turks. The tomb tradition continued in Anatolia as a burial unit that took its root from the dormitory and lived in an architectural style according to its period.
In this study, we will evaluate the internal inscription of the Tomb of Isa Sofi in Borcak village of Söğüt district of Bilecik. The decorations are very important in that they contain motives for the belief of the God of God (Shamanism) and are the first examples identified in Anatolia. During the restoration initiated in the tomb, these decorations which emerged with the scrape of the plaster on the upper floor, reached to the present day with little deterioration.
The decoration of the tomb also allows us to comment on the Islamization process of the Turks. It is certain that because of the name of İsa Sofi whose grave is in the tomb, he was a religious figure, and the tomb was built for him. However, the non-Islamic figures in the shrine contain clues about the community in which he lives and the relationship of İsa Sofi with them. It is a case where most of the Turkish communities at the tip are semi-nomadic. This shrine is one of the most important proofs of their perception of Islam.
In addition to the importance of the tomb in the old times, İsa Sofi has continued to be important in the social and religious life of the village until recently. In addition to being a pilgrimage site to the locals, hıdrellez celebrations were also held there.
This and other examples below point out the importance of the tomb and the importance of İsa Sofi.
An Evaluation of Its Decoration in Terms of the Process of Islamization of Turks
The process of accepting Islam by the Turks has progressed in two ways. The settled tribes tried to recognize and adopt new religion with all its principles. On the other hand, the nomadic Turks recognized the sources of new religion by the dervishes who were coming from within themselves. although they were Muslims, the old beliefs survived longer among the nomadic Turks. The tomb tradition continued in Anatolia as a burial unit that took its root from the dormitory and lived in an architectural style according to its period.
In this study, we will evaluate the internal inscription of the Tomb of Isa Sofi in Borcak village of Söğüt district of Bilecik. The decorations are very important in that they contain motives for the belief of the God of God (Shamanism) and are the first examples identified in Anatolia. During the restoration initiated in the tomb, these decorations which emerged with the scrape of the plaster on the upper floor, reached to the present day with little deterioration.
The decoration of the tomb also allows us to comment on the Islamization process of the Turks. It is certain that because of the name of İsa Sofi whose grave is in the tomb, he was a religious figure, and the tomb was built for him. However, the non-Islamic figures in the shrine contain clues about the community in which he lives and the relationship of İsa Sofi with them. It is a case where most of the Turkish communities at the tip are semi-nomadic. This shrine is one of the most important proofs of their perception of Islam.
In addition to the importance of the tomb in the old times, İsa Sofi has continued to be important in the social and religious life of the village until recently. In addition to being a pilgrimage site to the locals, hıdrellez celebrations were also held there.
This and other examples below point out the importance of the tomb and the importance of İsa Sofi.
Research Interests:
The Crusades is one of the most important turning points in the history of Turks in Anatolia. Only in a decade after the battle of Malazgirt Turks’ advances, which had reached to İstanbul and was secured by the treaty of peace in 1081,... more
The Crusades is one of the most important turning points in the history of Turks in Anatolia. Only in a decade after the battle of Malazgirt Turks’ advances, which had reached to İstanbul and was secured by the treaty of peace in 1081, however, began to decline following the Crusades, and the Byzantine Empire became a dominant power in North-western Anatolia.
On the call of Pope Urban, the Crusaders, moving from various countries of Europe, mainly France, continued their progress in the Anatolian lands by taking Iznik from Anatolian Seljuks. The subject of my work is related to the route the Crusaders followed from the Iznik to the possible area where the Battle of Dorylaion was made.
There is no definite information about the direction of the Crusaders in both local and foreign sources, and they are talking about very different ways. We have reached important data about the field investigations we are conducting and the possible way the Crusaders walked. The remains of the Roman bridge in the Sakarya River, where we have identified other remains of the same area, as well as the bridge over the Göksu, which are all used by all of the existing studies, were strong evidence for the possible course of the Crusaders. From this point, it will be possible to determine the place of the Battle of Dorylaion, which is the place between Sultan Kılıçarslan and the Crusaders, with archeological works to be done.
On the call of Pope Urban, the Crusaders, moving from various countries of Europe, mainly France, continued their progress in the Anatolian lands by taking Iznik from Anatolian Seljuks. The subject of my work is related to the route the Crusaders followed from the Iznik to the possible area where the Battle of Dorylaion was made.
There is no definite information about the direction of the Crusaders in both local and foreign sources, and they are talking about very different ways. We have reached important data about the field investigations we are conducting and the possible way the Crusaders walked. The remains of the Roman bridge in the Sakarya River, where we have identified other remains of the same area, as well as the bridge over the Göksu, which are all used by all of the existing studies, were strong evidence for the possible course of the Crusaders. From this point, it will be possible to determine the place of the Battle of Dorylaion, which is the place between Sultan Kılıçarslan and the Crusaders, with archeological works to be done.
Research Interests:
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well... more
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well as taking the existence of state back of the beyond. In this context, Roman Empire, while generating one of the most important elements for humankind, was able to take its influence, through these road nets constituted by bridges and milestone, to the lands dominated. Courier service has great importance for the rendering of power. In Roman period, the main road, from Belgrade via Edirne (Adrianople) to Istanbul strait, had been extending to Izmit (Nikomedia), passing to Anatolia side. Thus, Izmit that, until the establishment of Istanbul (Constantinapole), was the center of Roman Empire in Asia Minor had rendered a service as a first distribution point of Anatolian road system. From there, routes, leading to Black Sea (Phontus) coasts, were covering a distance to the territorial enclaves of Anatolia. Hence, the main road, extending from İzmit to Anatolia, was leading to Iznik (Nikaea) and from there via Osmaneli (Lefke) was bifurcating through Ankara (Ancyra) and Eskişehir (Dorylaion). Milestones, bridges and roads fitted with stones, still existent, have the evidences for this road nets. Sakarya River (Sangarios) was one of the obstacles in the proceeding of the road net reaching to Lefke surroundings. It was extremely hard to cross this ferocious river described as a hell by traveler Ibn Battuta. Romans had built enormous bridges to cross this obstacle dominating the main road. Even though none of these bridges reached today, their remnants have certain clues. The bridge, to which we refer, is located close to Selçik Village encountered at 3 kilometers far from and northwest of Osmaneli province. This bridge, following the milestones, is one of the most important points of main road extending to Anatolia. In this context we have determined another bridge remnant in the same place through our field research. This ultimate bridge, constructed by six arches, three of which is under the water, was devastated by this river. In this study, this bridge, having no records in literature, will be dealt with the road net surrounding it, and the remnants of this road net penetrating into Anatolia will, also, be examined.
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Milleti oluşturan fertleri bir arada tutan, onların ortak değerleridir. Millet olarak tanımlanan topluluğu oluşturan bireyler, sevinçte, tasa ve kıvançta daima bir paydaşlık duygusu içinde hareket ederler. Paydaşlık duygusu, milletler... more
Milleti oluşturan fertleri bir arada tutan, onların ortak değerleridir. Millet olarak tanımlanan topluluğu oluşturan bireyler, sevinçte, tasa ve kıvançta daima bir paydaşlık duygusu içinde hareket ederler. Paydaşlık duygusu, milletler için ideallerin beslendiği ana kaynaktır. Hıdırellez tören ve şenlikleri, Türk Milletinin sevinçte ve idealde bir olduğu kadim geleneklerindendir. Yapılan araştırmalar, Eski Türklerde Hıdırellez geleneğinin “yer-su kültü” etrafında toplandığını göstermektedir. Gelir ve geçim kaynaklarının başta hayvancılık olmak üzere tarıma dayalı olduğu topluluklarda, baharın gelişi her zaman sevinçle karşılanmıştır. Bizim dışımızda dünyanın farklı topluluklarında da kış aylarının bitişi ile düzenlenen törenler, hıdırellez geleneğinin adeta evrensel bir boyut ortaya koyduğunu göstermektedir. Orta Asya’dan Anadolu’ya Hıdırellez kutlamalarında bölgeden bölgeye, türlü derecelerden farklar olduğu görülmektedir. Farklılaşmada, yaşanılan coğrafyanın doğal şartları, başka kültürlerden etkilenme, nesilden nesile oluşan anlayış değişmeleri rol oynamıştır. Anadolu’nun değişik yörelerine göre, Bilecik’te Hıdırellez tören ve şenliklerinin daha canlı ve birtakım farklarla icra edildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bilecik halk kültüründe Hıdırellez’in yeri ve gerek Türk Dünyası’nda gerek Anadolu’nun diğer yörelerine göre kutlamalarda ortaya çıkan farkları ve bunun sebeplerini değerlendirilmiştir. Makalenin hazırlanmasında alan araştırması kullanılmış, Bilecik’in köyleri incelendiği gibi Hıdrellez sabahı halkın davranışları gözlemlenmiştir.
Abstract
It is their own common values that keep peoples together. Individuals of a nation acts in a common sense in some cases such as joy, sorrow and sadness or grief. This fellowship sense has always been main element for a nation’s ideals. Hıdırellez festivity is one of the ancient traditions in which Turkish people cele-brate its joy by coming together. Recent studies shows that Hıdrellez festivity has, for ancient Turks, been celebrated in a cult of earth–water (yer-su kültü or Yer-sub are a category of nature spirits in the Turkic-Mongolian belief of Tengriism). In agricultural societies, both in our culture and other cultures beyond us, the coming of springtime always is celebrated joyfully. From Mid-Asia to Anatolia in Hıdrellez celebrities there are some differences of celebrating these festivities. It is because certain circumstances such as geographical, cultural ones, etc. have played important role. It is seen that in Bilecik Hıdrellez festivities are celebrated animatedly and with some activities. This study aims to point the place of
Hıdrellez in Bilecik and its villages and how this festivity is celebrated compared to others places in Anatolia.
Abstract
It is their own common values that keep peoples together. Individuals of a nation acts in a common sense in some cases such as joy, sorrow and sadness or grief. This fellowship sense has always been main element for a nation’s ideals. Hıdırellez festivity is one of the ancient traditions in which Turkish people cele-brate its joy by coming together. Recent studies shows that Hıdrellez festivity has, for ancient Turks, been celebrated in a cult of earth–water (yer-su kültü or Yer-sub are a category of nature spirits in the Turkic-Mongolian belief of Tengriism). In agricultural societies, both in our culture and other cultures beyond us, the coming of springtime always is celebrated joyfully. From Mid-Asia to Anatolia in Hıdrellez celebrities there are some differences of celebrating these festivities. It is because certain circumstances such as geographical, cultural ones, etc. have played important role. It is seen that in Bilecik Hıdrellez festivities are celebrated animatedly and with some activities. This study aims to point the place of
Hıdrellez in Bilecik and its villages and how this festivity is celebrated compared to others places in Anatolia.
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Özet Birinci Dünya Savaşı, tarihin en önemli kırılma noktalarından biridir. Savaş sonrası dünya siyasi haritası büyük değişikliklere uğrarken, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyük toprak kayıpları ile birlikte tarih sahnesinden silindi. Ayrıca bu... more
Özet Birinci Dünya Savaşı, tarihin en önemli kırılma noktalarından biridir. Savaş sonrası dünya siyasi haritası büyük değişikliklere uğrarken, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu büyük toprak kayıpları ile birlikte tarih sahnesinden silindi. Ayrıca bu savaş II. Dünya Savaşı'na yol açtığı gibi günümüze de yansıyan pek çok siyasi ve sosyo-ekonomik etkileri oldu. Osmanlı Devleti açısından değerlendirildiğinde, savaşın gidişatını mutlak şekilde etkileyen Marne Cephesi'nin Osmanlı Devleti'ne etkileri incelendi. Almanların Marne yenilgisi sonrası savaştan beklentilerinin değişmesi ve zafere olan inançlarının azalmasına rağmen Osmanlı Devleti'nin sonu belli bir savaşa girmiş olması da bu çalışmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturdu. Abstract World War I became one of the most important breaking points that changed the course of history. After the war, while borders of the defeated countries were undergoing a great change, Ottoman Empire, with great loss of lands, disappeared from the history scene. This war, as its consequences triggered World War II, caused to other political and socioeconomic problems that continue today, especially in Balkans and Mid-East. With regard to Ottoman Empire, this study aims to analysis the motives of Ottomans' participation to this war and the effects of Marne Campaign that affected the course of the war absolutely. Even though Germans, after the defeat in Marne
Research Interests:
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well... more
Not only do road systems serve dominance claims, but they also occupy a vital place as a power instrument. Road systems, made use of, at war, through transportation of army, are also an indispensable instrument for trade network as well as taking the existence of state back of the beyond. In this context, Roman Empire, while generating one of the most important elements for humankind, was able to take its influence, through these road nets constituted by bridges and milestone, to the lands dominated. Courier service has great importance for the rendering of power. In Roman period, the main road, from Belgrade via Edirne (Adrianople) to Istanbul strait, had been extending to Izmit (Nikomedia), passing to Anatolia side. Thus, Izmit that, until the establishment of Istanbul (Constantinapole), was the center of Roman Empire in Asia Minor had rendered a service as a first distribution point of Anatolian road system. From there, routes, leading to Black Sea (Phontus) coasts, were covering a distance to the territorial enclaves of Anatolia. Hence, the main road, extending from İzmit to Anatolia, was leading to Iznik (Nikaea) and from there via Osmaneli (Lefke) was bifurcating through Ankara (Ancyra) and Eskişehir (Dorylaion). Milestones, bridges and roads fitted with stones, still existent, have the evidences for this road nets. Sakarya River (Sangarios) was one of the obstacles in the proceeding of the road net reaching to Lefke surroundings. It was extremely hard to cross this ferocious river described as a hell by traveler Ibn Battuta. Romans had built enormous bridges to cross this obstacle dominating the main road. Even though none of these bridges reached today, their remnants have certain clues. The bridge, to which we refer, is located close to Selçik Village encountered at 3 kilometers far from and northwest of Osmaneli province. This bridge, following the milestones, is one of the most important points of main road extending to Anatolia. In this context we have determined another bridge remnant in the same place through our field research. This ultimate bridge, constructed by six arches, three of which is under the water, was devastated by this river. In this study, this bridge, having no records in literature, will be dealt with the road net surrounding it, and the remnants of this road net penetrating into Anatolia will, also, be examined.