B. J. Oropeza
Azusa Pacific University, Biblical Studies, Faculty Member
- B. J. Oropeza, Ph.D., University of Durham, England, is Professor of Biblical and Religious Studies at Azusa Pacific ... moreB. J. Oropeza, Ph.D., University of Durham, England, is Professor of Biblical and Religious Studies at Azusa Pacific University (Azusa, California). His many works and interests include the subjects of Pauline studies, Intertextuality, Romans, Corinthian correspondence, Socio-rhetorical analytic, and a 3-volume study on Apostasy in the New Testament Communities. He is the founder of the Intertextuality in the New Testament Section of the Society of Biblical Literature (SBL), a member of the Society of New Testament Studies (Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas), and a member of the Rhetoric of Religious Antiquity.
A list of his books and monographs (both scholarly and popular works) are available through amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/B.-J.-Oropeza/e/B001K6VWE6/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1459387475&sr=8-1 and he can be followed through his column on Patheos "In Christ" (https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/author/boropeza/) and Twitter @bjoropeza1edit
This study asks on what basis the gospel that Paul proclaimed provides equal access for both Jews and gentiles. Staples unlocks biblical texts to uncover the importance of Israel's restoration in Paul's thinking. This article presents the... more
This study asks on what basis the gospel that Paul proclaimed provides equal access for both Jews and gentiles. Staples unlocks biblical texts to uncover the importance of Israel's restoration in Paul's thinking. This article presents the complete interview (unlike the three-part Patheos blog: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/03/paul-and-the-resurrection-of-israel-a-restoration-viewpoint/
Research Interests:
Among the various perspectives on Paul is the viewpoint held by those from the Eastern Orthodox tradition. Prof. Athanasios Despotis provides us with good insight on Paul in this tradition. I had the privilege of catching up to him asking... more
Among the various perspectives on Paul is the viewpoint held by those from the Eastern Orthodox tradition. Prof. Athanasios Despotis provides us with good insight on Paul in this tradition. I had the privilege of catching up to him asking him about some of his scholarly research. This interview covers topics from his books, Participation, Justification, and Conversion: Eastern Orthodox Interpretation of Paul and the Debate between Old and New Perspectives on Paul WUNT 2/442 (Mohr-Siebeck), and his earlier book, Die 'New Perspective on Paul' und die grieschisch-orthodoxe Paulus interpretation. Die Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Orthodoxe Theologie 11 (EOS Verlag). For the Patheos versions, see
Pt. 1
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/03/paul-and-eastern-orthodox-tradition-new-old-perspectives/
Pt 2:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/03/justification-union-with-christ-an-eastern-orthodox-view/
Pt. 1
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/03/paul-and-eastern-orthodox-tradition-new-old-perspectives/
Pt 2:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/03/justification-union-with-christ-an-eastern-orthodox-view/
Research Interests:
This is my complete interview with Matthew Thiessen regarding his new book, A Jewish Paul: The Messiah's Herald to the Gentiles (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2023). The Patheos version is broken up into three parts. This academia post,... more
This is my complete interview with Matthew Thiessen regarding his new book, A Jewish Paul: The Messiah's Herald to the Gentiles (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2023). The Patheos version is broken up into three parts. This academia post, however, combines all three.
For the patheos versions, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/01/a-jewish-paul-matthew-thiessen-on-his-new-book/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/02/matthew-thiessens-a-jewish-paul-part-2-of-the-interview/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/02/a-jewish-paul-part-3-of-the-interview-with-matthew-thiessen/
For the patheos versions, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/01/a-jewish-paul-matthew-thiessen-on-his-new-book/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/02/matthew-thiessens-a-jewish-paul-part-2-of-the-interview/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/02/a-jewish-paul-part-3-of-the-interview-with-matthew-thiessen/
Research Interests:
This is a study on covenant language related to Paul. The high word count prevents this version from publication.
Research Interests:
When Paul says that "all Israel" will be saved in Rom 11:26 does this include the gentiles that he just mentioned in 11:25? Or is Paul referring purely to ethnic Israel? This article explores this subject in close engagement with and... more
When Paul says that "all Israel" will be saved in Rom 11:26 does this include the gentiles that he just mentioned in 11:25? Or is Paul referring purely to ethnic Israel? This article explores this subject in close engagement with and response to N. T. Wright's ecclesiastical position. This is a synopsis of my longer article, "The Identity and Destiny of 'All Israel' in Paul's Apocalyptic Imagination: Revisiting Rom. 11.26" in The Scriptures in the Book of Revelation and Apocalyptic Literature, ed. Susan Docherty and Steve Smith, LNTS 634 (London: Bloomsbury, 2023), 171-82.
Research Interests:
English versions of Romans 8:29-30 routinely translate the aorist verbs in this text as past tense. This brief article challenges this view by arguing that the verbs in this passage should be understood as gnomic aorists. The implications... more
English versions of Romans 8:29-30 routinely translate the aorist verbs in this text as past tense. This brief article challenges this view by arguing that the verbs in this passage should be understood as gnomic aorists. The implications of this rendering have ramifications for how one interprets predestination and glory in this text.
For the Patheos version online click on this link: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/06/what-the-bible-you-read-may-be-wrongly-translating-romans-829-30/
For the Patheos version online click on this link: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/06/what-the-bible-you-read-may-be-wrongly-translating-romans-829-30/
Research Interests:
This paper draft interprets Romans 6 in light of the text's concepts of grace and obedience. It expands on my approach of gift reciprocation from the BBR article, "The Expectation of Grace," but now with Romans as the focus, and in... more
This paper draft interprets Romans 6 in light of the text's concepts of grace and obedience. It expands on my approach of gift reciprocation from the BBR article, "The Expectation of Grace," but now with Romans as the focus, and in conversation with the more recent perfections of grace articulated by John Barclay, especially in his works, Paul and the Gift, and "The Gift Perspective."
Research Interests:
This covers the first volume of Channing Crisler's recent commentary set entitled, An Intertextual Commentary on Romans. Intertextual methodology is discussed along with four prominent intertexts to Romans 1:16-17. For the Pathoes... more
This covers the first volume of Channing Crisler's recent commentary set entitled, An Intertextual Commentary on Romans. Intertextual methodology is discussed along with four prominent intertexts to Romans 1:16-17. For the Pathoes version, see https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/02/an-intertextual-commentary-on-romans-in-conversation-with-channing-crisler/
Research Interests:
This interview covers various topics from Channing L. Crisler's recent commentary entitled An Intertextual Commentary on Romans, Volume 2 (Romans 5:1-8:39). These include the salvific language of Romans 5, exilic echoes in Romans 6, the... more
This interview covers various topics from Channing L. Crisler's recent commentary entitled An Intertextual Commentary on Romans, Volume 2 (Romans 5:1-8:39). These include the salvific language of Romans 5, exilic echoes in Romans 6, the Divide "I" in Romans 7, the Spirit, Abba, Suffering as sheep for the slaughter in Romans 8, and much more. For the Patheos versions, see the following links: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/04/having-been-righteoused-by-faith-reading-romans-5-intertextually/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/05/the-divided-i-in-romans-77-25-and-psalms-of-lament/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/05/exile-spirit-renewal-abba-and-the-slaughterhouse-in-romans-6-8/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/05/the-divided-i-in-romans-77-25-and-psalms-of-lament/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/05/exile-spirit-renewal-abba-and-the-slaughterhouse-in-romans-6-8/
Research Interests:
This interview covers the recent Volume 3 of Channing Crisler's Intertextual Commentary on Romans. This volume covers Romans 9-11, especially the first two chapters. For Patheos versions, see:... more
This interview covers the recent Volume 3 of Channing Crisler's Intertextual Commentary on Romans. This volume covers Romans 9-11, especially the first two chapters. For Patheos versions, see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/09/an-intertextual-commentary-on-romans-9-11/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/10/deuteronomy-and-the-telos-of-the-law-in-romans-10-an-intertextual-commentary-on-romans-9-11-part-2/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/09/an-intertextual-commentary-on-romans-9-11/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/10/deuteronomy-and-the-telos-of-the-law-in-romans-10-an-intertextual-commentary-on-romans-9-11-part-2/
Research Interests:
Paper presented at the annual SBL conference. Nov 18, 2023
Research Interests:
A phenomenon noticeable in many of Paul’s quotations of Scripture is the way that they do not follow the texts he cites verbatim. This prompts the question as to whether his audience would be competent enough to detect these differences.... more
A phenomenon noticeable in many of Paul’s quotations of Scripture is the way that they
do not follow the texts he cites verbatim. This prompts the question as to whether his audience
would be competent enough to detect these differences. This study considers aspects such as text
variations, memory, notetaking, and rhetorical argument as potential factors related to Paul’s flexible
use of Scripture in Romans. The study then probes whether Paul’s audience, particularly believing
gentiles in Rome, would have known Jewish Scripture well enough to evaluate Paul’s use of Scripture.
Through congregational longevity, plurality of audience, synagogue influence, and other factors,
it is concluded that there is indeed competency among Paul’s auditors, but there is no evidence
suggesting that he is concerned about their reacting negatively to the elasticity of his quotations.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
do not follow the texts he cites verbatim. This prompts the question as to whether his audience
would be competent enough to detect these differences. This study considers aspects such as text
variations, memory, notetaking, and rhetorical argument as potential factors related to Paul’s flexible
use of Scripture in Romans. The study then probes whether Paul’s audience, particularly believing
gentiles in Rome, would have known Jewish Scripture well enough to evaluate Paul’s use of Scripture.
Through congregational longevity, plurality of audience, synagogue influence, and other factors,
it is concluded that there is indeed competency among Paul’s auditors, but there is no evidence
suggesting that he is concerned about their reacting negatively to the elasticity of his quotations.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Research Interests:
This paper consists of what I consider to be some of the major points and arguments I make in my New Covenant Commentary Series (NCCS) commentary on 1 Corinthians, along my major articles on 1 Corinthians. This work is especially targeted... more
This paper consists of what I consider to be some of the major points and arguments I make in my New Covenant Commentary Series (NCCS) commentary on 1 Corinthians, along my major articles on 1 Corinthians. This work is especially targeted for students, fellow scholars, and academicians who want to cite and compare my viewpoints with others.
Research Interests:
The debate over Paul’s use of πίστις Χριστοῦ as ‘faith in Christ’ or ‘faithfulness of Christ’ remains an unsettled one. After discussing theological and exegetical arguments for and against the two positions, this study explores Paul’s... more
The debate over Paul’s use of πίστις Χριστοῦ as ‘faith in Christ’ or ‘faithfulness of Christ’ remains an unsettled one. After discussing theological and exegetical arguments for and against the two positions, this study explores Paul’s use of Scripture, primarily Psalms and Habakkuk in Romans 1:17, 3:1–19, and 4:6–8, which may be informative on how the apostle intended πίστις Χριστοῦ to be understood by his auditors in 3:21–26. Although the study concludes that the objective genitive reading of πίστις Χριστοῦ makes better sense of the evidence, it also suggests a trajectory from Christ’s faithfulness, to faith in the gospel message about Christ, to confession of Christ as Lord at baptism, as a robust way of understanding the term.
Research Interests:
This draft addresses intertextuality in relation to the term's origin in post-structuralism and adaptation by biblical interpreters who are not poststructuralists. It addresses intertextuality's development inside and outside of biblical... more
This draft addresses intertextuality in relation to the term's origin in post-structuralism and adaptation by biblical interpreters who are not poststructuralists. It addresses intertextuality's development inside and outside of biblical studies. This excerpt comes from a longer article entitled, "Ancient Midrash in the Age of Intertextuality,” in New Studies in Textual Interplay, ed. Craig A. Evans, B. J. Oropeza, and Paul T. Sloan; Studiesin Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity 20/Library of New Testament Studies 632 (London: T. & T. Clark,2020), 9-28. ISBN 978-0567-67897-3. The complete essay in this monograph is highly recommended.
Research Interests:
This article discusses "grace" with a view to interpreting God as a benefactor (in light of Seneca and ancient patron-client relationships) who bestows favors on the early followers of Christ s. The perspective sheds light on Paul's word... more
This article discusses "grace" with a view to interpreting God as a benefactor (in light of Seneca and ancient patron-client relationships) who bestows favors on the early followers of Christ s. The perspective sheds light on Paul's word to the Corinthians that they should not receive God's grace in vain (2 Cor 6:1), a warning that creates tensions for interpreters who assume that divine grace is freely given without expecting anything in return. This study shows that the system of gift giving and reciprocity, especially in conversation with Seneca, helps alleviate the tensions. It elaborates on gratitude as the proper human response to divine gift giving and undesirable reprisals as the appropriate consequence for ingratitude.
Research Interests:
This paper examines a version of via media between the "old" traditional Lutheran-Protestant perspective and the new perspective (E. P. Sanders, James D. G. Dunn, N. T. Wright) of Paul's soteriology and view of the Law. Garwood Anderson's... more
This paper examines a version of via media between the "old" traditional Lutheran-Protestant perspective and the new perspective (E. P. Sanders, James D. G. Dunn, N. T. Wright) of Paul's soteriology and view of the Law. Garwood Anderson's work is the focus of this study.
Research Interests:
Scholars frequently claim that Paul’s new covenant language in 2 Cor 3 is derived from Jer 31 (38 LXX), but they frequently overlook the larger discourse of the ancient prophet that includes the purchase of his uncle’s field in Jer 32 (39... more
Scholars frequently claim that Paul’s new covenant language in 2 Cor
3 is derived from Jer 31 (38 LXX), but they frequently overlook the larger discourse of the ancient prophet that includes the purchase of his uncle’s field in Jer 32 (39 LXX). This article suggests that the sealing of an official contract in the form of a “double document” as proof of the redemption of Jeremiah’s purchase for a future inheritance, along with the covenant language that both precedes and follows this narrative, have inuenced the interpretation of certain images that Paul presents in 2 Corinthians. This includes not only his term new covenant but also his conception
of the seal of the Spirit (1:21–22), writing in the heart (3:2–3), and treasure in earthenware jars (4:7). Paul recontextualizes for his Corinthian auditors Jeremiah’s prophetic object lesson that involves a seal (bulla), a future promise, and a double document placed in an earthenware jar.
3 is derived from Jer 31 (38 LXX), but they frequently overlook the larger discourse of the ancient prophet that includes the purchase of his uncle’s field in Jer 32 (39 LXX). This article suggests that the sealing of an official contract in the form of a “double document” as proof of the redemption of Jeremiah’s purchase for a future inheritance, along with the covenant language that both precedes and follows this narrative, have inuenced the interpretation of certain images that Paul presents in 2 Corinthians. This includes not only his term new covenant but also his conception
of the seal of the Spirit (1:21–22), writing in the heart (3:2–3), and treasure in earthenware jars (4:7). Paul recontextualizes for his Corinthian auditors Jeremiah’s prophetic object lesson that involves a seal (bulla), a future promise, and a double document placed in an earthenware jar.
Research Interests:
This is a draft version of a book review on Katja Kujanpää's The Rhetorical Functions of Scriptural Quotations in Romans: Paul’s Argumentation by Quotations (Supplements to Novum Testamentum 172; Leiden: Brill, 2019).
Intertextuality has been influential in the field of literary studies ever since Bulgarian philosopher Julia Kristeva coined the term in the late 1960s. This draft paper surveys major intertextual works, especially those related to New... more
Intertextuality has been influential in the field of literary studies ever since Bulgarian philosopher Julia Kristeva coined the term in the late 1960s. This draft paper surveys major intertextual works, especially those related to New Testament interpretation.
Research Interests:
This article associates the Lord's Supper in the Synoptic Gospels and 1 Corinthians with the Passover and New Exodus motif, Application is made to contemporary issues and divisions related to the Eucharist.
Research Interests:
This article addresses seldom addressed issues related to sex and the single Christian. I wrote this when I was still single.
Research Interests:
This article discusses recent interpretations of 1Corinthians 13:8–10, particularly those of biblical scholars who advocate for the cessation of speaking in tongues and avoid the classic argument that the “perfect” in this passage refers... more
This article discusses recent interpretations of 1Corinthians 13:8–10, particularly those of biblical scholars who advocate for the cessation of speaking in tongues and avoid the classic argument that the “perfect” in this passage refers to the close of the biblical canon and full revelation of Scripture. This article responds to their arguments and reaffirms that Paul is claiming here that speaking in tongues and revelatory gifts will not cease until the Parousia takes place.
Research Interests:
This study examines three views of the composition of 2 Corinthians:: the unified letter view, 2 Corinthians 10-13 as the letter of tears, and 2 Corinthians 10-13 as a second letter not identified as the letter of tears. It concludes... more
This study examines three views of the composition of 2 Corinthians:: the unified letter view, 2 Corinthians 10-13 as the letter of tears, and 2 Corinthians 10-13 as a second letter not identified as the letter of tears. It concludes that the third view is less problematic than the other two.
Research Interests:
This is a review and assessment of L. L. Welborn's work on 2 Corinthians
Research Interests:
This is a synopsis of apostasy in Mark, Matthew, Luke-Acts, John, and the Epistles of John
Research Interests:
This is a synopsis of the pre-published version of my book with almost the same name, subtitled Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, vol. 2. This paper, along with others that cover the other two volumes, were originally presented... more
This is a synopsis of the pre-published version of my book with almost the same name, subtitled Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, vol. 2. This paper, along with others that cover the other two volumes, were originally presented in a seminar in Tubingen when I stayed as a scholar in residence at the University of Tubingen, Germany, for my sabbatical (Summer-Fall 2009).
Research Interests:
This is a synopsis of the pre-published version of my monograph with nearly the same name (subtitled Apostasy in the New Testament Communities vol. 3), complete with some concluding observations of apostasy that engage with the other New... more
This is a synopsis of the pre-published version of my monograph with nearly the same name (subtitled Apostasy in the New Testament Communities vol. 3), complete with some concluding observations of apostasy that engage with the other New Testament writings. This synopsis covers the General Epistles (Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, Jude) and Revelation (Since 1, 2, 3 John is covered already in the book, In the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors, these letters are not covered in this synopsis. For Johannine letters, see "A Synopsis of the Gospels, Johannine Writings, and Acts")
Research Interests:
This study surveys Jewish Scripture and Second Temple sources, New Testament, early Christian sources, Recent studies, and with a brief annotated bibliography.
Research Interests:
Certain interpretative approaches have coloured the conclusions of some recent scholarly works on the subject of apostasy. Judith Gundry Volf's topical-exegetical method is one example. This article argues that the content of Paul's... more
Certain interpretative approaches have coloured the conclusions of some recent scholarly works on the subject of apostasy. Judith Gundry Volf's topical-exegetical method is one example. This article argues that the content of Paul's description of the Israelites in the wilderness focuses upon the notions of apostasy and eschatology. As a point of departure, a cultural anthropological approach is used to illuminate 1 Cor. 10.1-12. Paul presupposes a Jewish apocalyptic understanding of eschatology in the language of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, and the apostle's perspective is compared with the liminal processes of pilgrimages and rites of passage as discussed by cultural anthropologist Victor Turner. In light of this perspective, Paul is warning the Corinthian congregation that, although they had been initiated into the body of Christ through a separation process that was prefigured in Israel's exodus, many of them may be in danger of committing apos tasy during their liminal stage before reaching the aggregative goal of their lifelong journey.
Research Interests:
This work examines the recent work of Lutz Doering on epistolography
Research Interests:
This paper argues against the commonly held view that Paul's metaphors on "running" are derived from agonistic language imagining a foot race in Galatians. The paper argues instead that the language is derived from prophetic literature,... more
This paper argues against the commonly held view that Paul's metaphors on "running" are derived from agonistic language imagining a foot race in Galatians. The paper argues instead that the language is derived from prophetic literature, and Habakkuk 2 in particular, which imagines a messenger running from town to town proclaiming the prophetic vision of the just person living by faithfulness.
Research Interests:
This is a examination of the second volume of a series that explores the urban context of earliest Christian churches from Jerusalem to Rome. The first volume focused on methodologies, and this second volume investigates Roman Corinth in... more
This is a examination of the second volume of a series that explores the urban context of earliest Christian churches from Jerusalem to Rome. The first volume focused on methodologies, and this second volume investigates Roman Corinth in the first century. A critique of the imperial cult in Corinth is included.
Research Interests:
This is a review of Paul Trebilco''s work on the Christian identity terms.
Research Interests:
Written prior to the completion of my book, Churches under Siege of Persecution and Assimilation: The General Epistles and Revelation. Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, Vol. 3 (Eugene: Cascade/Wipf & Stock, 2012). The book covers... more
Written prior to the completion of my book, Churches under Siege of Persecution and Assimilation: The General Epistles and Revelation. Apostasy in the New Testament Communities, Vol. 3 (Eugene: Cascade/Wipf & Stock, 2012). The book covers my own interpretation of the Hebrews warning passages on pp. 3-70. About this article: the interpretation of the warning passages in Hebrews has long been disputed, especially 6.4-6. Discussions on the issue over the last several decades frequently remain in dialogue with the theologies of Calvinist-Reformed and Arminian traditions, and intrigue about the passages often centers on whether or not the recipients of the message are 'genuine' believers and able to abandon their salvation because of apostasy. Recent methods of interpretation have opened up new ways of looking at the warnings and bring them into sharper relief. Such methods include historical-critical, socio-rhetorical, social-scientific, intertextual, and oral-critical methods. This article addresses studies of the warnings in Hebrews relevant to such approaches, and it also surveys recent interpretations that integrate Calvinist or Arminian viewpoints.
Research Interests:
A Study of Paul's Thematic use of Isaiah in 1 Corinthians
Research Interests:
In this study the death and final destiny of Judas Iscariot are examined in the four Gospels, Acts, the earliest Christian writings, and the Gospel of Judas. These sources generally portray Judas’ end in negative light that has... more
In this study the death and final destiny of Judas Iscariot are examined in the four Gospels, Acts, the earliest Christian writings, and the Gospel of Judas. These sources generally portray Judas’ end in negative light that has implications on the way the auditors may have interpreted Judas’ final destination. This observation runs contrary to the recent trend in scholarship that tends to exonerate Judas for his act of surrendering Jesus to the authorities. Judas was considered by the emerging Christians as a representative apostate from their communities, and as such, his final destination functions as a warning to the early auditors.
Some scholars have suggested that Paul's discussion on meat sacrificed idols in 1 Corinthians 8,1-11,1 is composed of two separate documents: 8,1-9,23 and 10,23-11,1 form letter B, and 10,1-22, forms letter A, which is often regarded as... more
Some scholars have suggested that Paul's discussion on meat sacrificed idols in 1 Corinthians 8,1-11,1 is composed of two separate documents: 8,1-9,23 and 10,23-11,1 form letter B, and 10,1-22, forms letter A, which is often regarded as an early midrash that was written prior to its present form in 1 Corinthians. This paper argues that the Deuteronomic tradition alluded to by Paul throughout 1 Cor 8–10, including the Song of Moses in Deuteronomy 32, is entirely relevant to the Corinthian situation related to idol meats. This suggests that Paul himself collected these older traditions to address specifically the Corinthian congregation's present circumstance.
This study of Romans 9–11 focuses on three prominent questions that Paul asks in relation to God's faithfulness to Israel: 1) Is God unjust in reference to his election?; 2) Why does God find fault, for who has resisted his will? and 3)... more
This study of Romans 9–11 focuses on three prominent questions that Paul asks in relation to God's faithfulness to Israel: 1) Is God unjust in reference to his election?; 2) Why does God find fault, for who has resisted his will? and 3) Has God rejected his people? The article examines Paul's answers to these questions in light of an intertextual study related to the catchwords the apostle develops from the ancient Jewish sources that he echoes.
Research Interests:
This paper examines Paul's vice lists in his letters, especially in his Corinthian correspondence, and argues that such lists are specifically composed to center on problems unique to the respective congregations being addressed. This is... more
This paper examines Paul's vice lists in his letters, especially in his Corinthian correspondence, and argues that such lists are specifically composed to center on problems unique to the respective congregations being addressed. This is a pre-edited, pre-formatted version of an article that appeared in The Expository Times 110.1 (1998) 9-10. Consultation of the article is highly recommended.
Research Interests:
This bibliography covers the new perspective on Paul, pre-new perspective works, critiques of the new perspective, new perspective responses to critiques, topics relevant to the new perspective, and post-new and via media perspectives.
Research Interests:
This is an annotated bibliography on important intertextual works. After this bibliography is given, an extensive general bibliography is also included. For interpreters, especially biblical interpreters intending to work on the subject... more
This is an annotated bibliography on important intertextual works. After this bibliography is given, an extensive general bibliography is also included. For interpreters, especially biblical interpreters intending to work on the subject or use intertextuality as their approach, this may be a useful tool.
Research Interests:
The Paul within Judaism perspective, also known as the "Radical New Perspective," has become an influential position in scholarship in recent years. This bibliography attempts to collect some of the most essential and relevant works on... more
The Paul within Judaism perspective, also known as the "Radical New Perspective," has become an influential position in scholarship in recent years. This bibliography attempts to collect some of the most essential and relevant works on this perspective.
Research Interests:
The Society of Biblical Literature seminar called "Paul and Scripture," set out to investigate points of agreement and disagreement among scholars regarding the use of Scripture in Paul's letters. This paper reflects on the results of... more
The Society of Biblical Literature seminar called "Paul and Scripture," set out to investigate points of agreement and disagreement among scholars regarding the use of Scripture in Paul's letters. This paper reflects on the results of this seminar, particularly in relation to audience competency, which is related to the Corinthian congregation.
Research Interests:
This study examines hospitality based on ancient Greco-Roman and Jewish customs, especially Dio Chrysostom's oration on the Hunter. New Testament focus is on Romans 12:13 and Hebrews 13:2, which leads to Abraham's hospitality in Genesis.
Research Interests:
This is a study on the controversial passage of Acts 13:48, which has been understood as a form of predestination since the believers were appointed to eternal life before they believed. This study provides an intertextual interpretation... more
This is a study on the controversial passage of Acts 13:48, which has been understood as a form of predestination since the believers were appointed to eternal life before they believed. This study provides an intertextual interpretation that what is ordained is the inclusion of the gentiles prophesied through the text of Isaiah, which in the narrative that immediately preceded is cited by the Lukan Paul.
Research Interests:
Who are the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1-4? And who are the "giants," also called Nephilim? This study will pursue these questions and explore Second Temple Literature and the Book of the Giants. Shortened patheos blog of mine are... more
Who are the "sons of God" in Genesis 6:1-4? And who are the "giants," also called Nephilim? This study will pursue these questions and explore Second Temple Literature and the Book of the Giants.
Shortened patheos blog of mine are also available on these topics:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/02/who-are-the-sons-of-god-in-genesis-6-sethians-rulers-or-angelic-watchers/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/03/who-are-the-nephilim-and-did-they-escape-the-flood-giant-problems-in-genesis-6-and-numbers-13/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/04/what-your-religion-never-taught-you-the-book-of-giants-from-the-dead-sea-scrolls/
Shortened patheos blog of mine are also available on these topics:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/02/who-are-the-sons-of-god-in-genesis-6-sethians-rulers-or-angelic-watchers/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/03/who-are-the-nephilim-and-did-they-escape-the-flood-giant-problems-in-genesis-6-and-numbers-13/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/04/what-your-religion-never-taught-you-the-book-of-giants-from-the-dead-sea-scrolls/
Research Interests: Second Temple Judaism, Fall of the Angels, Book of Genesis, Second Temple Studies, Genesis 1-11, and 10 moreDead Sea Scrolls, Book of the Watchers, Book of Giants, Nephilim, 1 Enoch, Fallen Angels and Giants Genesis 6:1-4 (DSD 2000), Who are the Nephilim?, Genesis 6:1 4, Sons of God, and Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity
This brief study, written on a popular level, investigates "Lucifer" in Isaiah 14 and later Christian perspectives. Excerpt from 99 Answers...
Research Interests:
This study cover the spiritual blindness and obduracy motif in Isaiah, and in other early Jewish sources.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In this study, I present the interpretation that the attack from the messenger of Satan occurs during (not before or after) Paul's third heaven experience, as does his request for the Lord to take the thorn (or better, a stake) in the... more
In this study, I present the interpretation that the attack from the messenger of Satan occurs during (not before or after) Paul's third heaven experience, as does his request for the Lord to take the thorn (or better, a stake) in the flesh away. The "thorn" ends when his experience does. The purpose of speaking about the experience was that Paul was attempting to defend his competency as a minister of Christ against Corinthian critics, influenced by his boasting opponents. Part of establishing his authenticity involved the words of Jesus to him during the experience, which he then applies to his own hardships as a minister: strength in weakness.
This is an excerpt from my commentary, Exploring Second Corinthians: Death and Life, Hardship and Rivalry (RRA 3; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016). My commentary goes on to affirm that implicit in this experience---which is part of Paul's so-called "Fool's Discourse"---is that Corinthian accusations against him centered on the notion that Paul's hardships, mediocre persona and preaching style, inconsistencies, and refusal to accept their financial support all counted as evidence that he may not have been called by God to proclaim the gospel. They expected that a person called by God would be successful and not suffer such adversities, would be a great orator, have a pleasant persona, and request money for preaching, similar to Paul's sophist opponents in this letter who claim to be Jewish Christ-followers.
This is an excerpt from my commentary, Exploring Second Corinthians: Death and Life, Hardship and Rivalry (RRA 3; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016). My commentary goes on to affirm that implicit in this experience---which is part of Paul's so-called "Fool's Discourse"---is that Corinthian accusations against him centered on the notion that Paul's hardships, mediocre persona and preaching style, inconsistencies, and refusal to accept their financial support all counted as evidence that he may not have been called by God to proclaim the gospel. They expected that a person called by God would be successful and not suffer such adversities, would be a great orator, have a pleasant persona, and request money for preaching, similar to Paul's sophist opponents in this letter who claim to be Jewish Christ-followers.
Research Interests:
This paper argues against the commonly held viewpoint that Paul is discussing a loss of eschatological reward only in 1 Corinthians 3:10-17.
Research Interests:
With the rise of studies on intertextuality and biblical use of canonical Scripture in recent decades, it is important for interpreters to define what they mean by commonly used but ambiguous terms such as "allusions" and "echoes." This... more
With the rise of studies on intertextuality and biblical use of canonical Scripture in recent decades, it is important for interpreters to define what they mean by commonly used but ambiguous terms such as "allusions" and "echoes." This paper makes an attempt to do so.
Research Interests:
This study, an extended earlier version of a chapter later published in Apostasy in the New Testament Communities (Vol. 3), engages apostasy and restoration in the Epistle of James and engages the book of Job in relation to the themes of... more
This study, an extended earlier version of a chapter later published in Apostasy in the New Testament Communities (Vol. 3), engages apostasy and restoration in the Epistle of James and engages the book of Job in relation to the themes of suffering, wisdom, and poverty
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This study surveys and evaluates several options for interpreting the puzzling phrase, "The 'not beyond what is written'" in 1 Cor 4:6. It concludes by suggesting this as a case of rhetorical ἀμφιβολία, a type of double entendre that has... more
This study surveys and evaluates several options for interpreting the puzzling phrase, "The 'not beyond what is written'" in 1 Cor 4:6. It concludes by suggesting this as a case of rhetorical ἀμφιβολία, a type of double entendre that has similarities with double coding.
Research Interests:
This brief paper addresses and responds to recent interpretations of Paul handing over the incestuous man to Satan "for the destruction of the flesh so that the spirit may be saved on the day of the Lord."
Research Interests:
This study covers major superhero characteristics along with the common theme of a hero's four-stage mythological plight to a restored Eden: paradise lost, commissioned savior, epic battle, and restored paradise.
Research Interests:
This is a paper presented at the SBL conference, Nov. 19, 2022 (Denver, CO). at the Scripture and Paul seminar. It emphasizes the gift of the Spirit as belonging to Paul's soteriology by examining three informants in relation to... more
This is a paper presented at the SBL conference, Nov. 19, 2022 (Denver, CO). at the Scripture and Paul seminar.
It emphasizes the gift of the Spirit as belonging to Paul's soteriology by examining three informants in relation to passages in Galatians: revelations to Paul from Jesus, Scripture, and Paul's knowledge of Jesus traditions. The combination of these informants shed fresh insight on Paul's texts related to the Holy Spirit.
It emphasizes the gift of the Spirit as belonging to Paul's soteriology by examining three informants in relation to passages in Galatians: revelations to Paul from Jesus, Scripture, and Paul's knowledge of Jesus traditions. The combination of these informants shed fresh insight on Paul's texts related to the Holy Spirit.
Research Interests:
Conference paper presented at the SBL annual conference. San Antonio, Texas (22 Nov. 2021: Intertextuality in the New Testament session).
Research Interests:
Presented at the SBL annual conference (virtual), 2020, for the Scripture and Paul Seminar, Dec. 9. Whereas scholars argue that the origin of Paul's reconciliation language was developed from the Hellenistic political-diplomatic sphere,... more
Presented at the SBL annual conference (virtual), 2020, for the Scripture and Paul Seminar, Dec. 9. Whereas scholars argue that the origin of Paul's reconciliation language was developed from the Hellenistic political-diplomatic sphere, and others argue that is came from Deutero-Isaiah even though the actual term does not appear there, this paper argues that Paul derived his language and term for reconciliation from Isaiah 8:22-9:7. This places reconciliation in the prophetic sphere in the context of the dawn of the messianic era and reign of the son.
Research Interests:
Paper presented at the Pacific Coast Regional SBL conference, March, 2019. This paper addresses the faith of Christ/faithfulness of Christ divide in light of Paul's use of Scripture
Research Interests:
This is a paper presented at the SBL conference in San Diego, Nov. 24, 2019. Intertextuality in the New Testament and Epistle of Hebrews joint session. The paper is in response to Jason A. Whitlark's "Humor in Hebrews:Rhetoric of the... more
This is a paper presented at the SBL conference in San Diego, Nov. 24, 2019. Intertextuality in the New Testament and Epistle of Hebrews joint session. The paper is in response to Jason A. Whitlark's "Humor in Hebrews:Rhetoric of the Ridiculous in the Example of Esau," and Scott Mackie's "Divine Testing, Toil, and Confession of Divine Kinship in Philo, Congr. 157-180 and the Epistle to the Hebrews 12:5-17."
Research Interests: Humor, Early Judaism (2nd Temple, Greco-Roman), Rhetorical Criticism, Intertextuality, Catholic Epistles, and 9 moreThe Letter to the Hebrews, Philo of Alexandria, Humor Studies, General Epistles, Greco-Roman World, New Testament Studies, Biblical Intertextuality, Christian narrative in the Context of Greco-Roman Literature and Rhetoric, and Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity
Paper presented at the annual SBL conference (November in Denver, 2018). This paper argues that, contrary to certain scholarly opinions, Paul did not misuse or "prooftext" Isaiah 52:5 in Romans 2:24 but recognized the Isaianic context, a... more
Paper presented at the annual SBL conference (November in Denver, 2018). This paper argues that, contrary to certain scholarly opinions, Paul did not misuse or "prooftext" Isaiah 52:5 in Romans 2:24 but recognized the Isaianic context, a context that even his auditors in Rome would be likely to recognize. From this Isaianic quote, one could read backward to Romans 1, especially the thesis of the letter (1:16-17), and discover the prominence of this portion of Deutero-Isaiah for Paul's gospel message.
Research Interests:
This is part of a paper presented at the SBL Scripture and Paul seminar, Nov. 2018. This study probes the audience’s competency with Scripture in Romans. It finds that at least some congregation members in Rome had a good grasp of... more
This is part of a paper presented at the SBL Scripture and Paul seminar, Nov. 2018. This study probes the audience’s competency with Scripture in Romans. It finds that at least some congregation members in Rome had a good grasp of Scripture, and this congregation's longevity assisted in their knowledge. Moreover, the gospel Paul proclaims in this letter assumes more than one type of audience is in view. This study also reflects on explanations for Paul's quotes of Scripture that frequently do not follow a verbatim reading of the sources he cites.
Research Interests:
This study was presented as a Sabbatical Luncheon presentation at APU (March, 2018). It examines the thesis of Romans to consider interpretative options for 1:16-17 through the lens of the sociorhetorical analytic of (Rhetoric of... more
This study was presented as a Sabbatical Luncheon presentation at APU (March, 2018). It examines the thesis of Romans to consider interpretative options for 1:16-17 through the lens of the sociorhetorical analytic of (Rhetoric of Religious Antiquity).. At issue is the phrase, " the righteousness of God, " and whether the term " righteousness, " frequently translated from the Greek as " justice " in classical literature, is the proper rendition for Romans also.
Research Interests:
Presented at the SBL Nov, 2016. This paper argues for a diversity of Corinthian misperceptions related to the nature of resurrection.
Research Interests:
This paper (powerpoint) was presented at the annual SBL conference (Nov. 2015). Part 1 provides scholars and students with a basic teaching on socio-rhetorical interpretation originating from the Rhetoric of Religious Antiquity commentary... more
This paper (powerpoint) was presented at the annual SBL conference (Nov. 2015). Part 1 provides scholars and students with a basic teaching on socio-rhetorical interpretation originating from the Rhetoric of Religious Antiquity commentary series (SBL Press; eds., Vernon K. Robbins, Duane Watson, David Gowler). Part 2 demonstrates the approach on 2 Corinthians 10-13 (esp. ch. 10).
Research Interests:
Presented at the annual Society of Biblical Literature conference (San Diego, 2014). Frequently overlooked by scholars is the importance of Jeremiah's uncle's inheritance for informing his new covenant discourses, a covenant Paul adopts... more
Presented at the annual Society of Biblical Literature conference (San Diego, 2014). Frequently overlooked by scholars is the importance of Jeremiah's uncle's inheritance for informing his new covenant discourses, a covenant Paul adopts and echoes sporadically in 2 Corinthians 1-7. An ancient contract, bullae, and an earthenware vessel for storage seem to inform the apostle's words, as this study shows.
Research Interests:
This is both a book review and an interview with Pauline biblical scholar Matthew V. Novenson, on his book entitled Paul, Then and Now (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022). Patheos version of the book review:... more
This is both a book review and an interview with Pauline biblical scholar Matthew V. Novenson, on his book entitled Paul, Then and Now (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022). Patheos version of the book review: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/07/paul-then-and-now/
Interview pt. 1 (and follow link to pt. 2): https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/07/paul-then-and-now-the-interview-part-i/
Interview pt. 1 (and follow link to pt. 2): https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/07/paul-then-and-now-the-interview-part-i/
Research Interests:
This is an interview with Dr. Jonathan A. Linebaugh, professor from the University of Cambridge, on his recent book, The Word of the Cross: Reading Paul (Eerdmans, 2002). The main subjects we discuss are the word of the cross, the... more
This is an interview with Dr. Jonathan A. Linebaugh, professor from the University of Cambridge, on his recent book, The Word of the Cross: Reading Paul (Eerdmans, 2002). The main subjects we discuss are the word of the cross, the righteousness of God being revealed, faith in Christ/faithfulness of Christ, and union with Christ.
For Patheos version, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/02/the-word-of-the-cross-reading-paul-with-jonathan-linebaugh/
For Patheos version, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/02/the-word-of-the-cross-reading-paul-with-jonathan-linebaugh/
Research Interests:
This is a recent discussion with Oropeza and Hafemann on Hafemann's monograph, Paul: Servant of the New Covenant: Pauline Polarities in Eschatological Perspective (WUNT 435; Mohr-Siebeck, 2019). The patheos link is:... more
This is a recent discussion with Oropeza and Hafemann on Hafemann's monograph, Paul: Servant of the New Covenant: Pauline Polarities in Eschatological Perspective (WUNT 435; Mohr-Siebeck, 2019). The patheos link is: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/06/paul-and-the-new-covenant-an-interview-with-scott-hafemann/
Research Interests:
This paper covers a very recent interview I had with Stephen Westerholm on his new book, Romans: Texts, Readers, and the History of Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022). For the Patheos version, see... more
This paper covers a very recent interview I had with Stephen Westerholm on his new book, Romans: Texts, Readers, and the History of Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022). For the Patheos version, see https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/11/romans-texts-readers-and-the-history-of-interpretation-an-interview-with-stephen-westerholm/
Research Interests:
This written interview covers Craig Keener's recent commentary from Eerdmans, entitled Galatians: A Commentary (2019), which is a more extensive study than his earlier commentary on Galatians from Cambridge. Focus centers on goals and... more
This written interview covers Craig Keener's recent commentary from Eerdmans, entitled Galatians: A Commentary (2019), which is a more extensive study than his earlier commentary on Galatians from Cambridge. Focus centers on goals and distinctive aspects of the commentary, the New Perspective and "works of the law," the "faith of/in Christ" debate, and the work of the Spirit. The complete interview is online at: Patheos/ Columinists/ General Christian/ In Christ
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2020/08/whats-the-latest-on-galatians-an-interview-with-craig-keener-on-his-recent-work-galatians-a-commentary/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2020/08/whats-the-latest-on-galatians-an-interview-with-craig-keener-on-his-recent-work-galatians-a-commentary/
Research Interests:
Interview with Overthinking Christian link
Research Interests:
This interview with Nicholas Noyola covers the topic of Perspectives on Paul. I address the New Perspective, Post-New Perspective on Paul
Research Interests:
This article covers the recent book by Daniel M. I. Cole from Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/553 entitled, Isaiah's Servant in Paul. I interview the author regarding the origins of his work, the main thesis, and... more
This article covers the recent book by Daniel M. I. Cole from Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2/553 entitled, Isaiah's Servant in Paul. I interview the author regarding the origins of his work, the main thesis, and some of his main conclusions. For patheos version, see https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/12/isaiahs-servant-in-paul-the-hermeneutics-and-ethics-of-pauls-use-of-isaiah-49-54/
Research Interests:
Discussion on the book, Exploring Intertextuality
Research Interests:
I recently interviewing biblical scholar and friend, Craig Keener, on his new extensive commentary, 1 Peter: A Commentary (Baker, 2021). Issues covered include the authorship, household codes/institutes, the term "Christian" in this... more
I recently interviewing biblical scholar and friend, Craig Keener, on his new extensive commentary, 1 Peter: A Commentary (Baker, 2021). Issues covered include the authorship, household codes/institutes, the term "Christian" in this letter, the nature of suffering and marginalization, and more. For the Patheos version, you can visit: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/07/marginalized-christians-in-a-hostile-society-craig-keener-on-1-peter/
Research Interests:
This piece addresses the Gospels as ancient biography and social memory; it involves a discussion with Craig S. Keener, who has written recently, Christobiography. The full interview also includes Keener on miracles and is available for... more
This piece addresses the Gospels as ancient biography and social memory; it involves a discussion with Craig S. Keener, who has written recently, Christobiography. The full interview also includes Keener on miracles and is available for free online via Patheos/ Columnists/ General Christian/ In Christ. The complete link is insider the document.
Research Interests:
This interview focuses on the new work by Craig S. Keener entitled, Miracles Today: The Supernatural Work of God in the Modern World (Baker Academic, 2021). For the patheos blog version with pictures, see:... more
This interview focuses on the new work by Craig S. Keener entitled, Miracles Today: The Supernatural Work of God in the Modern World (Baker Academic, 2021). For the patheos blog version with pictures, see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/02/do-miracles-still-happen-seven-questions-and-answers-on-miracles/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/02/do-miracles-still-happen-seven-questions-and-answers-on-miracles/
Research Interests:
Dr. Robert A. Mullins shares some of his insights on his recent book from Fortress Press, Atlas of the Biblical World. He also shares on what first motivated him to become an archaeologist. For pictured version, see Patheos/In Christ:... more
Dr. Robert A. Mullins shares some of his insights on his recent book from Fortress Press, Atlas of the Biblical World. He also shares on what first motivated him to become an archaeologist. For pictured version, see Patheos/In Christ: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/10/does-the-bible-have-a-gps-professor-robert-mullins-shares-his-insights-from-atlas-of-the-biblical-world/
Research Interests:
As I work on my commentary on Romans, I would like to share with my scholarly colleagues what I consider the best Romans commentaries. For the edited and formatted version of this, see my patheos post below:... more
As I work on my commentary on Romans, I would like to share with my scholarly colleagues what I consider the best Romans commentaries. For the edited and formatted version of this, see my patheos post below:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/06/top-12-commentaries-on-romans/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/06/top-12-commentaries-on-romans/
Research Interests:
This is my selection of the best recent commentaries on 1 Corinthians (since the turn of the millennium). For the Patheos version, follow the link below: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/12/top-10-commentaries-on-1-corinthians/
Research Interests:
Here are my picks for the best commentaries on Second Corinthians since the turn of the millennium. A reformatted version is posted on my Patheos "In Christ" website:... more
Here are my picks for the best commentaries on Second Corinthians since the turn of the millennium. A reformatted version is posted on my Patheos "In Christ" website: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/01/top-10-commentaries-on-2-corinthians/)
Research Interests:
This is an introduction on the subject of covenant in Scripture.
Research Interests:
Did Paul forbid women from speaking in church? This article examines the undisputed letter of 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and the disputed letter of 1 Timothy 2:9-15 without resorting to making the former an interpolation and dismissing the... more
Did Paul forbid women from speaking in church? This article examines the undisputed letter of 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 and the disputed letter of 1 Timothy 2:9-15 without resorting to making the former an interpolation and dismissing the latter as pseudonym and therefore unworthy of engagement. This study combines two Patheos articles. For the Patheos versions, click on the following links: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/07/should-women-keep-silent-at-church-rereading-1-corinthian-1434-35/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/08/reading-1-timothy-29-15-are-women-forbidden-to-teach-at-church/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/08/reading-1-timothy-29-15-are-women-forbidden-to-teach-at-church/
Research Interests:
This paper is a compact study on Phoebe, Paul's colleague from Romans 16:1-2 that presents her as a minster (rather than deacon) and benefactor (rather than patron), among other things. From my patheos blog "In Christ" (General... more
This paper is a compact study on Phoebe, Paul's colleague from Romans 16:1-2 that presents her as a minster (rather than deacon) and benefactor (rather than patron), among other things. From my patheos blog "In Christ" (General Christian): https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/09/phoebe-a-woman-leader-in-the-bible/
Research Interests:
This study supports Pricilla as a teacher among Paul's Colleagues. Focus is on Romans 16:3-5 and Acts 18. For the Patheos version, see https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/10/priscilla-a-woman-teacher-in-the-bible/
Research Interests:
This study focuses on the issue of fornication in 1 Thessalonians 4:1-8, primarily regarding the identity of the "vessel," and not defrauding one's brother. The full article can be read on Patheos onine.... more
This study focuses on the issue of fornication in 1 Thessalonians 4:1-8, primarily regarding the identity of the "vessel," and not defrauding one's brother. The full article can be read on Patheos onine.
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2020/10/fornication-in-1-thessalonians-41-8-single-christians-and-boundaries-part-2/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2020/10/fornication-in-1-thessalonians-41-8-single-christians-and-boundaries-part-2/
Research Interests:
Here are my memoirs of my Doktorvater, James D. G. Dunn, who has just passed away (June 26, 2020).
Research Interests:
E. P. Sanders, perhaps the greatest New Testament scholar has just passed away as of Nov. 21, 2022. This is my tribute to him that discusses his perspective on Paul. For the Patheos version, see:... more
E. P. Sanders, perhaps the greatest New Testament scholar has just passed away as of Nov. 21, 2022. This is my tribute to him that discusses his perspective on Paul. For the Patheos version, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/12/a-tribute-to-e-p-sanders/
Research Interests:
A long-standing debate regarding Roman 9 continues among informed laity, church denominations, theologians, and scholars on whether Paul teaches divine determinism in this passage. Does the passage teach double predestination and... more
A long-standing debate regarding Roman 9 continues among informed laity, church denominations, theologians, and scholars on whether Paul teaches divine determinism in this passage. Does the passage teach double predestination and unconditional election of individuals? This article combines three patheos studies. For the visual version of part 1:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/07/divine-determinism-and-human-freedom-the-romans-9-debate/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/07/divine-determinism-and-human-freedom-the-romans-9-debate/
Research Interests: Patristics, Augustine of Hippo, Apostle Paul and the Pauline Letters, Pauline Theology, Patristic Exegesis, and 10 morePatristic Studies, Predestination, Determinism, Freewill and Determinism, Pauline studies, Epistle to the Romans, Saint Augustine, St. Augustine, Romans 9-11, and Biblical Motif of Divine Election
This study covers the subject of archangels from Scripture, the Book of Watchers, the Parables of Enoch, and other Second Temple Literature. The identity of seven archangels is pursued. For the patheos blog version see:... more
This study covers the subject of archangels from Scripture, the Book of Watchers, the Parables of Enoch, and other Second Temple Literature. The identity of seven archangels is pursued. For the patheos blog version see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/09/what-everyone-ought-to-know-about-archangels/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2023/09/what-everyone-ought-to-know-about-archangels/
Research Interests:
This is just a beginner's guide to the Apocalypse of Weeks. For the Patheos "In Christ" version, see: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2024/01/the-apocalypse-of-weeks-in-1-enoch-a-neglected-prophecy/
Research Interests:
This study focuses on the covenant God made with Noah, along with interpretation from early Jewish sources, Noahide commands, and covenant motifs. For the Patheos article version, see:... more
This study focuses on the covenant God made with Noah, along with interpretation from early Jewish sources, Noahide commands, and covenant motifs. For the Patheos article version, see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/03/gods-first-covenant-with-humans-not-adam-but-noah/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/03/gods-first-covenant-with-humans-not-adam-but-noah/
Research Interests:
This paper is a study on the controversial title question that draws on the biblical examples of Judas, Ananias, and Peter. For the Patheos version, visit
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/05/can-a-christian-be-demon-possessed/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/05/can-a-christian-be-demon-possessed/
Research Interests:
This short article examines the notion of "walking" in Paul's letters, along with his command to "walk in the Spirit." For the Patheos version, see:... more
This short article examines the notion of "walking" in Paul's letters, along with his command to "walk in the Spirit." For the Patheos version, see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/05/if-scripture-commands-us-to-walk-in-the-spirit-how-do-we-do-this/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/05/if-scripture-commands-us-to-walk-in-the-spirit-how-do-we-do-this/
Research Interests:
In this study, we explore Cyprian of Carthage's treatise on the plague that devastated his city in the mid-third century: Treatise VII: Concerning the Mortality (c. 253). Both the description of the plague and attitude Christians were to... more
In this study, we explore Cyprian of Carthage's treatise on the plague that devastated his city in the mid-third century: Treatise VII: Concerning the Mortality (c. 253). Both the description of the plague and attitude Christians were to have regarding it are worth repeating. This paper provides 10 prominent points from the Treatise.
Research Interests:
Relevant for these days of COVID-19, this article looks at the horrendous descriptions of two ancient plagues, one from Thucydides' Peloponnesian War, and the other from Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. One without Christians, and the... more
Relevant for these days of COVID-19, this article looks at the horrendous descriptions of two ancient plagues, one from Thucydides' Peloponnesian War, and the other from Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. One without Christians, and the other with Christians. The differences are noteworthy.
Research Interests:
This article is written in a popular style and reflects on the current shortage of toilet paper due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It discusses what Scripture might have to say about hoarding this product. It was posted... more
This article is written in a popular style and reflects on the current shortage of toilet paper due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It discusses what Scripture might have to say about hoarding this product. It was posted originally on my blog "In Christ" from Patheos.
Research Interests:
Patheos article (column "In Christ") from my sexual ethics series
Research Interests:
This article is primarily directed at American ministers who habitually proclaim a message of unconditional love and fail to see a glaring blind spot in doing so. I wrote this article for Patheos. The title for the blog is “When is it... more
This article is primarily directed at American ministers who habitually proclaim a message of unconditional love and fail to see a glaring blind spot in doing so. I wrote this article for Patheos. The title for the blog is “When is it Time to Push Back on Unconditional Love? A Lesson from the Riots in Minnesota”
Research Interests:
This brief study compares Roman faith (Fides) with Christian faith. It was originally posted as a two-part study on my Patheos/In Christ blog. For the popular version with pictures, here are the links:... more
This brief study compares Roman faith (Fides) with Christian faith. It was originally posted as a two-part study on my Patheos/In Christ blog. For the popular version with pictures, here are the links:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/01/dont-stop-believing-faith-for-the-new-year/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/01/in-christ-we-trust-roman-fides-and-christian-faith/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/01/dont-stop-believing-faith-for-the-new-year/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2022/01/in-christ-we-trust-roman-fides-and-christian-faith/
Research Interests:
In 2 Corinthians 4:4 the apostle Paul says: The "god of this age" has blinded the minds of unbelievers from seeing the light of the gospel so that they could understand and follow Jesus. In the Greek, there is no distinction between an... more
In 2 Corinthians 4:4 the apostle Paul says: The "god of this age" has blinded the minds of unbelievers from seeing the light of the gospel so that they could understand and follow Jesus. In the Greek, there is no distinction between an upper case "God" or lower case "god." Theos can mean either of these depending on syntax and context. There are several competing views regarding the identity of this being.
For the patheos version, see
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/11/who-is-the-god-of-this-age-five-views-of-2-corinthians-44/
For the patheos version, see
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/11/who-is-the-god-of-this-age-five-views-of-2-corinthians-44/
Research Interests:
We have probably heard or read at one time or another that the resurrected Christ is currently in heaven praying to God the Father on our behalf. After all, it says in Romans 8:34: "Who is the one who will condemn? Christ is the one who... more
We have probably heard or read at one time or another that the resurrected Christ is currently in heaven praying to God the Father on our behalf. After all, it says in Romans 8:34: "Who is the one who will condemn? Christ is the one who died-yes, rather was raised-who is also at the right hand of God, who also intercedes for us" (my translation). But does this refer to prayer?
For formatted and edited version with images, and for citation purposes,
B. J. Oropeza, "Is Jesus Praying for Us in Heaven? No, but Something Better is Going On" (Patheos/General Christian/In Christ): https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/05/is-jesus-praying-for-us-in-heaven/
For formatted and edited version with images, and for citation purposes,
B. J. Oropeza, "Is Jesus Praying for Us in Heaven? No, but Something Better is Going On" (Patheos/General Christian/In Christ): https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/05/is-jesus-praying-for-us-in-heaven/
Research Interests:
This study discusses the subject of guardian angels in Jewish and Christian literature, and in the New Testament. For Patheos version, see:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/02/do-guardian-angels-exist/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/02/do-guardian-angels-exist/
Research Interests:
A study on the term "Amen." Patheos article:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/03/is-it-wrong-to-say-amen/
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/inchrist/2021/03/is-it-wrong-to-say-amen/
Research Interests:
These are what I consider the most important biblical passages from the Scriptures (from the Jewish Scriptures: Hebrew, LXX, Targums used) that encourage not be fearful. Most are from the Psalms.
Research Interests:
This study discusses "signs" of the end times, stirred up by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. "Plagues" were to be one of the prophetic signs, according the Gospels.
Research Interests:
This paper provides abstracts of the content of each essay contribution in the publication, New Studies in Textual Interplay, by Craig A. Evans, B. J. Oropeza, and Paul T. Sloan (2020).
Research Interests:
About the book: This five-views work brings together an all-star lineup of Pauline scholars to offer a constructive, interdenominational, up-to-date conversation on key issues of Pauline theology.
Research Interests:
Covers both influential and new Intertextual methods. Co-edited by Steve Moyise. Available in book form and kindle.
Research Interests:
Table of Contents
Research Interests:
Abstract, Table of Contents, Links to the book
Research Interests:
This book advances the interpretation of 1 Corinthians by exploring the ways the apostle Paul quoted or "echoed" Jewish scriptures more indirectly in his letter. Identification of allusions are brought to the fore, as are questions of the... more
This book advances the interpretation of 1 Corinthians by exploring the ways the apostle Paul quoted or "echoed" Jewish scriptures more indirectly in his letter. Identification of allusions are brought to the fore, as are questions of the texture of Paul's theology and his understanding of scripture. Important topics in 1 Corinthians addressed here include Paul's use of the Law, monotheism, Christology, wisdom and mystery language, punishment of the incestuous man, baptism for the dead, eschatology, and resurrection. Editors: Linda L. Belleville and B. J. Oropeza
Research Interests:
Abstract, Table of Contents, Links to the book
Research Interests:
Contains all three volumes: in the Footsteps of Judas and Other Defectors (vol. 1); Jews, Gentiles, and the Opponents of Paul (vol. 2); Churches under Siege of Persecution and Assimilation (vol 3). Table of Contents
Research Interests: New Testament, Synoptic Gospels, Johannine Literature, Catholic Epistles, The Letter to the Hebrews, and 13 moreApostle Paul and the Pauline Letters, Luke-Acts, Pauline Theology, Book of Revelation, Apostasy, Petrine Literature, General Epistles, Johannine Theology, Epistle of Jude, Letter of James, Acts of the Apostles, Perseverance, and 1 Peter
Festschrift for James Dunn that includes forewords by N. T. Wright, Richard Hays, and contributions by a number of other scholars, all former students of Dunn. Co-edited by C. K. Robertson and Douglas C. Mohrmann.
Research Interests:
Table of Contents
Research Interests:
The book is a scholarly study of superheroes and their mythology. This compilation includes chapters on Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Captain America and superhero teams, the Fantastic Four and heroes of Jack Kirby, Spider-Man, the... more
The book is a scholarly study of superheroes and their mythology. This compilation includes chapters on Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Captain America and superhero teams, the Fantastic Four and heroes of Jack Kirby, Spider-Man, the Hulk, the Silver Surfer, the X-Men, Postmodern heroes of Alan Moore, Frank Miller, Kurt Busiek, etc., Pulp heroes, Superheroes in film, Neo of the Matrix, and more. Foreword was written by the late Stan Lee.
Research Interests:
This monograph is an entirely different work than the three-volume Apostasy in the New Testament Communities set. The latter is comprehensive of the entire New Testament. Paul and Apostasy covers a history of interpretation on... more
This monograph is an entirely different work than the three-volume Apostasy in the New Testament Communities set. The latter is comprehensive of the entire New Testament. Paul and Apostasy covers a history of interpretation on Perseverance and Apostasy (from the first century to end of the 20th) and the exegesis focuses on 1 Corinthians, primarily 10:1-13. See contents below.
Research Interests:
Available at an affordable price through this link: https://www.amazon.com/Corinthians-New-Covenant-Commentary-Book-ebook/dp/B0787RP792/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1544164453&sr=1-1&keywords=1+corinthians+oropeza Kindle version is only... more
Available at an affordable price through this link:
https://www.amazon.com/Corinthians-New-Covenant-Commentary-Book-ebook/dp/B0787RP792/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1544164453&sr=1-1&keywords=1+corinthians+oropeza
Kindle version is only $9.99.
1 Corinthians: New Covenant Commentary by B. J. Oropeza, engages with numerous recent scholars, primary sources, and is readable for scholars, students, and ministers alike. This pdf provides an excerpt from the commentary and an interview.
https://www.amazon.com/Corinthians-New-Covenant-Commentary-Book-ebook/dp/B0787RP792/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1544164453&sr=1-1&keywords=1+corinthians+oropeza
Kindle version is only $9.99.
1 Corinthians: New Covenant Commentary by B. J. Oropeza, engages with numerous recent scholars, primary sources, and is readable for scholars, students, and ministers alike. This pdf provides an excerpt from the commentary and an interview.
Research Interests:
A comprehensive commentary on 2 Corinthians. Uses the sociorhetorical layers of inner texture, intertexture, social and cultural texture, ideological and sacred textures. Also includes visual exegesis sections (rhetography), a complete... more
A comprehensive commentary on 2 Corinthians. Uses the sociorhetorical layers of inner texture, intertexture, social and cultural texture, ideological and sacred textures. Also includes visual exegesis sections (rhetography), a complete translation, critical notes, and engagement with recent scholarly works. One of the first volumes of the Rhetoric of Religious Antiquity commentary series (SBL Press).
Research Interests:
Table of Contents
Research Interests:
The first of three volumes that focus on perseverance and apostasy, salvation and judgement, and community identity . The first volume covers the Gospels, Acts, and Johannine letters. The first volume also covers the meaning of... more
The first of three volumes that focus on perseverance and apostasy, salvation and judgement, and community identity . The first volume covers the Gospels, Acts, and Johannine letters. The first volume also covers the meaning of apostasy..
Research Interests:
The second volume of Apostasy in the New Testament Communities covers both the undisputed and disputed Pauline letters on perseverance and apostasy, justification and judgment, community identity, and the opponents of Paul.
Research Interests:
This third and final volume on apostasy in the New Testament communities covers perseverance and apostasy, salvation and judgment, and community identity in the General Epistles and Revelation. The third volume also provides a conclusion... more
This third and final volume on apostasy in the New Testament communities covers perseverance and apostasy, salvation and judgment, and community identity in the General Epistles and Revelation. The third volume also provides a conclusion for all three volumes. Together the three volumes provide the most comprehensive modern study on apostasy in the New Testament.
Research Interests:
An examination of Charismatic and revival phenomena and experiences that is both sympathetic and critical. The study addresses the Toronto Blessing, and also some earlier revival movements.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This work lists exegetical and interpretative work I have done on numerous New Testament passages by connecting those passages with the places where you could find them in my books and articles. If you want my interpretation on a passage,... more
This work lists exegetical and interpretative work I have done on numerous New Testament passages by connecting those passages with the places where you could find them in my books and articles. If you want my interpretation on a passage, this is the first place to look.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In this study the death and final destiny of Judas Iscariot are examined in the four Gospels, Acts, the earliest Christian writings, and the Gospel of Judas. These sources generally portray Judas' end in negative light that has... more
In this study the death and final destiny of Judas Iscariot are examined in the four Gospels, Acts, the earliest Christian writings, and the Gospel of Judas. These sources generally portray Judas' end in negative light that has implications on the way the auditors may have interpreted Judas' final destination. This observation runs contrary to the recent trend in scholarship that tends to exonerate Judas for his act of surrendering Jesus to the authorities. Judas was considered by the emerging Christians as a representative apostate from their communities, and as such, his final destination functions as a warning to the early auditors.
Research Interests:
Page 1. 1 Zdd i u Page 2. Page 3. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe Herausgegeben von Martin Hengel und Otfried Hofius 115 THi±g One D6CU-YDQ-6PPW Page 4. Page 5. BJ Oropeza Paul ...
The Pauline writings contain a number oi’ ’vice lists’. These lists specify vices that would tcnd to disrupt the Christian community: rivalry, sexual immorality, idolatry, drunkenness, envy, and greed are among the most conspicuous (Gal... more
The Pauline writings contain a number oi’ ’vice lists’. These lists specify vices that would tcnd to disrupt the Christian community: rivalry, sexual immorality, idolatry, drunkenness, envy, and greed are among the most conspicuous (Gal 5:19-21; Rom 1:29-31; 13:13; 2Cor 12:20-21; cf. Col 3:5, 8; Eph 4:25-32; 5:3-5; 1 Tim 1:3-1 1; 4: I-3; 6:4-5; 2 Tim 2:22-25; 3:1-9).’ He includes more ’vice lists’ in 1 Corinthians than any of his other letters (1 Cor 3:3f; 5:9-Il; 6:9-10; 10:6-10; 13:4-7). Why do they seem to have such a significant function in this letter?’ Do the viccs retlect the actual situation and practiccs of the congregation’s members? Does Paul select the vices randomly? On what basis would he consider such vices to be wrong or unethical? In