Integrated Socio-Ecological History of Residential Patterning, Agricultural Practices, and Water Management at the “Classical” Burmese (Bama) Capital of Bagan, Myanmar (11th to 14th Century CE): Report on the 2018 IRAW@Bagan Field Season, 2018
Integrated Socio-Ecological History of Residential Patterning, Agricultural Practices, and Water ... more Integrated Socio-Ecological History of Residential Patterning, Agricultural Practices, and Water Management at the “Classical” Burmese (Bama) Capital of Bagan, Myanmar (11th to 14th Century CE): Report on the 2018 IRAW@Bagan Field Season. Edited by Gyles Iannone, Pyiet Phyo Kyaw, and Scott Macrae.
Trent University Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 20
ISSN 0825-589X
Peterborough Ontario
https://irawbagan.wordpress.com/
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Residue Analysis
Los estudios de residuos absorbidos han sido utilizado en la investigación de la subsistencia durante décadas. Sólo más recientemente se han utilizado los métodos químicos empleados en estos estudios para explorar el consumo de brebajes rituales tales como los que incluyen cacao, acebo de Yaupon, y alcohol. En este trabajo se utiliza la espectrometría de masas para identificar los residuos de Datura en contextos prehistóricos del oeste de México y el sureste de Estados Unidos. Datura es un género de plantas florecientes que contiene alcaloides alucinógenos. Su uso en ambas regiones es documentado históricamente y continúa en el presente. Para este estudio se analizaron muestras de 55 vasijas de cerámica y 18 vasijas de concha utilizando tanto el método tradicional de rebaba como el método de muestreo en baño de sonicación con agua. Residuos de Datura fueron encontrados en 13 vasijas de cerámica y 14 vasijas de concha utilizando los dos sistemas de muestreo. Estos resultados demuestran que es posible identificar los residuos de Datura en vasijas de cerámica y concha y que el uso de Datura se remonta a la prehistoria en ambas regiones. La forma y decoración de las vasijas de cerámica con restos de Datura muestran correlaciones con motivos y temas específicos. Históricamente, se utilizaron vasijas de concha en el Sureste para el consumo de otra bebida ritual, llamada la Bebida Negra. La presencia de Datura muestra que las vasijas se utilizaron también para otras bebidas.
Mesoamerican peoples had a long history of cacao use spanning more than thirty-four centuries, as confirmed by the previous identification of cacao residues on archaeological pottery from Paso de la Amada on the Pacific Coast and the Olmec site El Manatí on the Gulf Coast. Until now, comparable evidence from San Lorenzo, the premier Olmec capital, was lacking. The present study of theobromine residues confirms the continuous presence and use of cacao products at San Lorenzo between 1800 and 1000 BCE and documents assorted vessel forms used in its preparation and consumption. One elite context reveals cacao use as part of a mortuary ritual for sacrificial victims, an event that occurred during the height of San Lorenzo’s power.""
Ancient Maya
Extensive archaeological surveys are critical for understanding past human-landscape interaction, but they are frequently impeded by access difficulties, rugged terrain, or obscurant vegetation. These challenges can make extensive surveys prohibitively costly and time-consuming. Consequently, many archaeologists are interested in predictive techniques—i.e., methods that can estimate the potential for a given region to contain archaeological remains. Predictive techniques can reduce the costs of extensive surveys by allowing archaeologists to focus on the regions with the greatest archaeological potential. A few years ago, our research team developed a new technique called the Locally-Adaptive Model of Archaeological Potential (LAMAP) and used it to enhance our understanding of the relationship between the Classic Maya centre of Minanha, its surrounding landscape, and nearby Maya centres (Carleton et al. 2012). However, when we introduced the method its efficacy had yet to be comprehensively tested. Recently, we tested its efficacy using a combination of ground-truth survey and remote sensing of Classic Maya sites in west-central Belize. The test involved identifying previously unrecorded archaeological resources and comparing their locations to the LAMAP prediction and to a random model that acted as a null hypothesis. Our results indicate that the model performs very well. The high-potential areas of the study region contained three times more archaeological sites than low potential areas, a statistically significant result compared to our null model. Our findings indicate that the LAMAP is a useful new archaeological prediction tool and, as a corollary, that the hypothesis of human land-use behaviour underpinning it might accurately reflect the behaviour of the Classic Maya.
Keywords
Classic Maya; GIS; Predictive modeling; LiDAR; Survey; Human-landscape interaction
Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology on April 16 in San Francisco, California.
Archaeological remains of ceramic musical instruments occur among pre-Columbian cultures across Mesoamerica. Sound artifacts recovered from the Maya subarea, for example, have provided an indication of the high order of musical sophistication for the ancient Maya. A brief review of the literature on the subject reveals artifacts unearthed from at least 40 sites. Investigation in 1986 and 1987 at Pacbitun, Belize, recovered a range of well-preserved ceramic musical instruments from Late Classic period elite and royal burials. Recent excavations in 2010 recovered an additional 12 artifacts. These will be described and discussed, as well as insights into their archaeological context, and a comparison will be made to similar artifacts found elsewhere in the Maya subarea.
Vestigios arqueológicos de instrumentos musicales de cerámica fueron hallados en las culturas precolombinas de toda Mesoamérica. Artefactos sonoros de la subárea maya por ejemplo revelaron el alto grado de sofisticación que la música debe haber tenido entre los antiguos maya. Una revisión breve de la literatura pertinente mostró que dichos artefactos han sido excavados en al menos 40 sitios. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en Pacbitun, Belice, en 1986 y 1987 descubrieron un buen número de distintos instrumentos musicales de cerámica bien preservados en entierros reales y de élite del período Clásico Tardío. Más recientemente, se encontró otra docena de artefactos sonoros más durante las excavaciones realizadas en 2010 en el lugar. En el artículo todos ellos son descritos y discutidos; además, se proporcionan datos sobre su contexto arqueológico y se comparan con artefactos similares descubiertos en otros sitios de la subárea maya.
Cheong, Kong F., Roger Blench, Paul F. Healy, and Terry G. Powis
2014 Ancient Maya Musical Encore: Analysis of Ceramic Musical Instruments from Pacbitun, Belize and the Maya Subarea. In Flower World: Music Archaeology of the Americas, Vol.3., edited by Matthias Stockli and Mark Howell, pp. 123-140. Ekho Verlag, Berlin.
2012 A Description of the Ceramic Musical Instruments Excavated from the North Group of Pacbitun, Belize. In Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project: Report on the 2011 Field Season, edited by Terry G. Powis, pp. 15-29. Report Submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.
Paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Memphis, Tennessee.
2012 A Report of the Burials and Human Skeletal Remains from the North Group, Eastern Court, Pacbitun, Belize. In Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project: Report on the 2011 Field Season, edited by Terry G. Powis, pp. 76-86. Report Submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.
Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in San Francisco, California.
Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Sacramento, California.
West Mexico
El resultado de un tratamiento meramente somero de los instrumentos musicales y figurillas sonoras en los estudios sobre las culturas antiguas del occidente de México es que nuestros conocimientos de su manufactura, sus características acústicas, su uso y su función social han quedado bastante limitados. Para ampliar y profundizar nuestra comprensión de estos instrumentos el estudio presenta seis sonajas de una colección particular de Tala, Jalisco, más una que pertenece a las colecciones de Los Guachimontones, Teuchitlán, Jalisco. Las siete sonajas que hasta la fecha no han sido documentadas, son en su mayoría del tipo calabaza; no obstante, hay ejemplares zoomorfos y antropomorfos entre ellas también. Para resaltar su contexto cultural se
las relaciona con una base de datos sobre unos 1600 objetos cerámicos del occidente de México. La discusión enfoca la calabaza como la sonaja arquetípica.
ISBN 978-3-944415-35-2
Los estudios de residuos absorbidos han sido utilizado en la investigación de la subsistencia durante décadas. Sólo más recientemente se han utilizado los métodos químicos empleados en estos estudios para explorar el consumo de brebajes rituales tales como los que incluyen cacao, acebo de Yaupon, y alcohol. En este trabajo se utiliza la espectrometría de masas para identificar los residuos de Datura en contextos prehistóricos del oeste de México y el sureste de Estados Unidos. Datura es un género de plantas florecientes que contiene alcaloides alucinógenos. Su uso en ambas regiones es documentado históricamente y continúa en el presente. Para este estudio se analizaron muestras de 55 vasijas de cerámica y 18 vasijas de concha utilizando tanto el método tradicional de rebaba como el método de muestreo en baño de sonicación con agua. Residuos de Datura fueron encontrados en 13 vasijas de cerámica y 14 vasijas de concha utilizando los dos sistemas de muestreo. Estos resultados demuestran que es posible identificar los residuos de Datura en vasijas de cerámica y concha y que el uso de Datura se remonta a la prehistoria en ambas regiones. La forma y decoración de las vasijas de cerámica con restos de Datura muestran correlaciones con motivos y temas específicos. Históricamente, se utilizaron vasijas de concha en el Sureste para el consumo de otra bebida ritual, llamada la Bebida Negra. La presencia de Datura muestra que las vasijas se utilizaron también para otras bebidas.
Mesoamerican peoples had a long history of cacao use spanning more than thirty-four centuries, as confirmed by the previous identification of cacao residues on archaeological pottery from Paso de la Amada on the Pacific Coast and the Olmec site El Manatí on the Gulf Coast. Until now, comparable evidence from San Lorenzo, the premier Olmec capital, was lacking. The present study of theobromine residues confirms the continuous presence and use of cacao products at San Lorenzo between 1800 and 1000 BCE and documents assorted vessel forms used in its preparation and consumption. One elite context reveals cacao use as part of a mortuary ritual for sacrificial victims, an event that occurred during the height of San Lorenzo’s power.""
Extensive archaeological surveys are critical for understanding past human-landscape interaction, but they are frequently impeded by access difficulties, rugged terrain, or obscurant vegetation. These challenges can make extensive surveys prohibitively costly and time-consuming. Consequently, many archaeologists are interested in predictive techniques—i.e., methods that can estimate the potential for a given region to contain archaeological remains. Predictive techniques can reduce the costs of extensive surveys by allowing archaeologists to focus on the regions with the greatest archaeological potential. A few years ago, our research team developed a new technique called the Locally-Adaptive Model of Archaeological Potential (LAMAP) and used it to enhance our understanding of the relationship between the Classic Maya centre of Minanha, its surrounding landscape, and nearby Maya centres (Carleton et al. 2012). However, when we introduced the method its efficacy had yet to be comprehensively tested. Recently, we tested its efficacy using a combination of ground-truth survey and remote sensing of Classic Maya sites in west-central Belize. The test involved identifying previously unrecorded archaeological resources and comparing their locations to the LAMAP prediction and to a random model that acted as a null hypothesis. Our results indicate that the model performs very well. The high-potential areas of the study region contained three times more archaeological sites than low potential areas, a statistically significant result compared to our null model. Our findings indicate that the LAMAP is a useful new archaeological prediction tool and, as a corollary, that the hypothesis of human land-use behaviour underpinning it might accurately reflect the behaviour of the Classic Maya.
Keywords
Classic Maya; GIS; Predictive modeling; LiDAR; Survey; Human-landscape interaction
Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology on April 16 in San Francisco, California.
Archaeological remains of ceramic musical instruments occur among pre-Columbian cultures across Mesoamerica. Sound artifacts recovered from the Maya subarea, for example, have provided an indication of the high order of musical sophistication for the ancient Maya. A brief review of the literature on the subject reveals artifacts unearthed from at least 40 sites. Investigation in 1986 and 1987 at Pacbitun, Belize, recovered a range of well-preserved ceramic musical instruments from Late Classic period elite and royal burials. Recent excavations in 2010 recovered an additional 12 artifacts. These will be described and discussed, as well as insights into their archaeological context, and a comparison will be made to similar artifacts found elsewhere in the Maya subarea.
Vestigios arqueológicos de instrumentos musicales de cerámica fueron hallados en las culturas precolombinas de toda Mesoamérica. Artefactos sonoros de la subárea maya por ejemplo revelaron el alto grado de sofisticación que la música debe haber tenido entre los antiguos maya. Una revisión breve de la literatura pertinente mostró que dichos artefactos han sido excavados en al menos 40 sitios. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en Pacbitun, Belice, en 1986 y 1987 descubrieron un buen número de distintos instrumentos musicales de cerámica bien preservados en entierros reales y de élite del período Clásico Tardío. Más recientemente, se encontró otra docena de artefactos sonoros más durante las excavaciones realizadas en 2010 en el lugar. En el artículo todos ellos son descritos y discutidos; además, se proporcionan datos sobre su contexto arqueológico y se comparan con artefactos similares descubiertos en otros sitios de la subárea maya.
Cheong, Kong F., Roger Blench, Paul F. Healy, and Terry G. Powis
2014 Ancient Maya Musical Encore: Analysis of Ceramic Musical Instruments from Pacbitun, Belize and the Maya Subarea. In Flower World: Music Archaeology of the Americas, Vol.3., edited by Matthias Stockli and Mark Howell, pp. 123-140. Ekho Verlag, Berlin.
2012 A Description of the Ceramic Musical Instruments Excavated from the North Group of Pacbitun, Belize. In Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project: Report on the 2011 Field Season, edited by Terry G. Powis, pp. 15-29. Report Submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.
Paper presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Memphis, Tennessee.
2012 A Report of the Burials and Human Skeletal Remains from the North Group, Eastern Court, Pacbitun, Belize. In Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project: Report on the 2011 Field Season, edited by Terry G. Powis, pp. 76-86. Report Submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.
Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in San Francisco, California.
Paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Sacramento, California.
El resultado de un tratamiento meramente somero de los instrumentos musicales y figurillas sonoras en los estudios sobre las culturas antiguas del occidente de México es que nuestros conocimientos de su manufactura, sus características acústicas, su uso y su función social han quedado bastante limitados. Para ampliar y profundizar nuestra comprensión de estos instrumentos el estudio presenta seis sonajas de una colección particular de Tala, Jalisco, más una que pertenece a las colecciones de Los Guachimontones, Teuchitlán, Jalisco. Las siete sonajas que hasta la fecha no han sido documentadas, son en su mayoría del tipo calabaza; no obstante, hay ejemplares zoomorfos y antropomorfos entre ellas también. Para resaltar su contexto cultural se
las relaciona con una base de datos sobre unos 1600 objetos cerámicos del occidente de México. La discusión enfoca la calabaza como la sonaja arquetípica.
ISBN 978-3-944415-35-2
Shaft Tombs and Figures in West Mexican Society: A Reassessment. Edited by Christopher Beekman and Robert B. Pickering, 2016
ISBN# 978-0-9819799-9-1
This chapter is part of an anthology published to accompany the Gilcrease Museum exhibit "West Mexico: Ritual and Identity" June 26-November 6, 2016, Tulsa Oklahoma. https://gilcrease.org/exhibitions/westmexico/
Este articulo presenta la figurina O10396 es las coleccciones del Museo Nacional de Dinamarca y luego explora un analisis iconografico, su origen y datacion. La bien preservada figurina representia una mujer en parto, un tema comun en el arte de Oeste de Mexico. La tipologia iconografica muestra que O10396 pertenece al estilo de Nayarit en particular Lagunillas tipo D. Este estilo tiene una intima relacion con la practica mortuoria de las tumbas de tiro lo cual nos permite proponer el sur de Nayarit como su origen geografico. La applicacion de colores de Resistencia y pruebas C14 da 300 a.C.-300 d.C. como su period de fabricacion."
Paper Presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the Georgia Academy of Science at Columbus State University, Georgia, on March 27-28, 2010.
Paper Presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference 66th Annual Meeting in Mobile, Alabama.
Paper Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Georgia Academy of Science at Spelman College, Georgia, on March 22-23, 2009.
For just over 100 years steamboats ruled the waterways of the southeastern U.S., providing necessary transportation of both people and goods. One of the last steamboats to navigate the waters of the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint River System was the Barbara Hunt (1929-1940). Her short life and lonely death at the confluence of these three rivers mirrors the rise and fall of the steamboat as a viable means of transportation through the changing technology of the twentieth century. Through ethnohistorical research and archaeological investigations by Brockington and Associates, the story of this once proud ship is now being retold.
The Barbara Hunt:
The Barbara Hunt was built in Osage City, Missouri in 1929. She was about 100 tons and measured 100 feet by 22 feet with a depth of hold of 4 feet. The Barbara Hunt was powered by a 137 horsepower engine. She was operated with a crew of five. She was a stern paddlewheeled towboat and her first home port was Saint Louis, Missouri. While in St. Louis from 1929 to 1938 she was owned by Bilhorn, Bower and Peters. In 1938 the Columbus Towing Company purchased the Barbara Hunt and brought her to serve in the Chattahoochee, Flint and Apalachicola River systems. Once in the southeast she carried out the same tasks as she had back in Missouri which was transportation of goods such as cotton, fertilizer and passengers. The Barbara Hunt served as a packet. A packet is the term given to a regular passenger route between a set series of destinations. The only known officers that served aboard the Barbara Hunt were Art Groves and George Antrainer. While in Missouri she was captained by Art Groves (1936-1938), and piloted by George Antrainer (1938). The records are unclear as to who her officers and crew were when she arrived in Columbus. Sometime around 1940 she was used by a gravel company located south of the town of Chattahoochee, Florida as a tug boat. It is unclear from the background research if the Barbara Hunt was sold to the gravel company, or just leased to them. On June 12, 1940, the Barbara Hunt sank along the Apalachicola River south of the Victory bridge close to Chattahoochee, Florida. She had been abandoned some time before this and allowed to sink unceremoniously into the river.
The Rise and Fall of River Traffic Along the Apalachicola River:
Long before well maintained roads, rivers served as the best economical way to transport goods and people throughout the interior of the southeast. The Chattahoochee, Flint and Apalachicola Rivers all served as major arteries that pumped the economic heart of the southeast. During the early 1800s the Apalachicola River began to rise in importance as steamships became the perfect instrument for navigating the sometimes shallow rivers due to their flat hulls which gave steamboats a shallow draft. Cotton was king for the Apalachicola River. Steamboats would transport massive amounts of cotton and other raw materials down to the mouth of the Apalachicola where it was offloaded, then goods were loaded that had been brought in via the Gulf of Mexico on ships. These goods were then transported back up the river to waiting consumers. When the railroads reached various major production areas in the 1850s the river transportation system started to see a decline. It was slow at first, but continued to worsen. After the Civil War and the decline in the importance of cotton in the south, the river transportation system suffered. But a final blow came in the early 1900s when the once happenstance roads of the southeast started to undergo a major improvement. During this steady decline in river travel, the United States Army Corps of Engineers continued working to keep the rivers a viable means of transportation and commerce. The Corps of Engineers dredged the rivers and later began a series of locks and dams to regulate the drastically fluctuating water levels in the river due to rainfall and drought. Once overland transportation vastly improved, the Apalachicola River along with many other rivers ceased to be a viable means of transportation.
Paper Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the Georgia Academy of Science and the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Florida Academy of Sciences at Jacksonville University, Florida, on March 14-15, 2008.
ပုဂံမမို့သည် ေုရင်တောင်၏ အတရှ့ဘက်ဧရာဝေီမမစ်၏ အတနာက်ဘက် လွင်မပင်ေွင်ေည်ရှိပါသည်။ အဆိုပါ လွင်မပင်သည် အတရှ့နှင့် အတရှ့တမမာက်ဘက် အမမင့်ပိုင်းမှတန၍ အတနာက်ဘက် နှင့် တမမာက်ဘက်မမစ်ရှိရာဘက်သို့ေ တမေးတမေးနိမ့်ဆင်း သွားသည်။ တရအရင်းအမမစ် စီမံေန့်ေွဲမှုသည် တရှးတေေ် နှင့် မျက်တမှာက် မမို့မပအတမေေျ တနထိုင်မှုများ အေွက် မရှိမမေစ်လိုအပ်မှုမေစ်သည်။ မမန်မာနိုင်ငံအလယ်ပိုင်း ပူမပင်းတမောက်တသွ့သည့် အရပ်ေွင်ေ ည်ရှိမေင်းတြကာင့် မိုးတေါင်တရရှားေေ်ပီး ေစ်ေါေစ်ရံေွင်လည်း မိုးကကီးမှုတြကာင့်ရုေ်ေရက် တရကကီးမေင်းများမှ အလွယ်ေကူ တရရရှိေေ်သည်။ ၂၀၁၇ နှင့် ၂၀၁၈ေုနှစ်များေွင် IRAW@Bagan သုတေသန စီမံကိန်းသည် ၁၁ရာစု မှ ၁၄ရာစု ပုဂံတေေ်၏ တရအသုံးေျမှုများ ကိုစူးစမ်းတလ့လာေဲ့ပါသည်။ အဆိုပါတလ့လာမှုေွင် ေုရင်သက်စိုး တောင်တပါ်ေွင် ေည်ရှိသည့် နေ်တရကန် နှင့် ပုဂံလွင်မပင် ေစ်တလျာက်ရှိ တရအသုံးေျမှုနှင့် သက်ဆိုင်သည့် တေျာင်း၊ တမမာင်း နှင့် တရသိုတလှာင်ရာကန်များပါဝင်ပါသည်။ လူမျ ိုးနှင့် ယဉ်တကျးမှုတလ့လာမှု၊ ကွင်းဆင်းတထာက်လှမ်းမှု နှင့် ေူးတော်တရးလုပ်ငန်း ရလဒ်များသည် တရအရင်းအမမစ်အသုံးေျမှု နှင့် ပုဂံတေေ် လူမှုစီးပွား၊ ရိုးရာဓတလ့ နှင့် ရာသီဥေုတမပာင်းလဲမှုေို့ အမပန်အလှန်ဆက်နွယ်တနမှုကို တော်ထုေ်နိုင်ေဲ့ပါသည်။ ထက်ပါ တရှးတေေ် တရအရင်းအမမစ် အသုံးေျမှုဆိုင်ရာ တလ့လာမှုမှေဆင့် ပုဂံတေေ် လူတနထိုင်မှုပုံစံ နှင့် ၎င်းေို့၏ လူမှုဘဝ စိန်တေါ်မှုများသည် တရအရင်းအမမစ်များအတပါ်မှီေည်၍ မည်သို့ စီမံေဲ့ြကသည်ကို သိရှိရပါသည်။
https://irawbagan.wordpress.com/
Trent University Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 20
ISSN 0825-589X
Peterborough Ontario
https://irawbagan.wordpress.com/
Paper Presented at the Society for Applied Anthropology 74th Annual Meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on March 18-22, 2014.
IRAW@Bagan စီမံကိန္◌းသည္ ၁၁ရာစ0မွ ၁၄ရာစ0အ4တင္◌း စ789ငန: ္◌းကားခ့ေဲ ◌သာ ◌ျမ@Aာတိ0႔၏ ပ0ဂံႏ◌ိ◌0ငGံေ◌တာ◌္4တင္ ဘက္ေ◌ပါင္◌းစံ◌0ေ◌ပါင္◌းစည္◌းထားေ◌သာ လLမႈေ ◌ဂဟ သမင0ိ ္◌းေ◌ၾကာင္◌း◌ျဖစ္ေ◌သာ လLေ◌နထ0ိငႈA ပံ◌စ0 ံ၊ စ0ိကး8် ေိ ◌ဳ ရး ေဓလစ့ ႐0ိကA်ား ◌ႏ◌ွင္◌ ့ ေ◌ရအရင◌္ းအျမစသV ံ◌0◌းခ်မႈမ်ားအား ◌ျပ@Wည္ေ◌ဖာ◌္ထ0တXန ္ အဓိကရY7Xယ8ါသည္။ အဆိ0ပါ ေ◌ရရွည္ သ0ေ◌တသန စီမံကိန္◌း ေ◌လ့လာေ◌ရးအား ဗဟ0ိအခ်ကV ခ်ာ◌ျဖစ္ေ◌သာ ပ0ဂံၿမိေဳ႕ဟာင္◌း၏ ေအရွေ႕တာငက` ္ ၁၁ကီလ0ိမီတာေ ◌ဝး4ကာေ◌သာ တ0ရင္ ◌ႏ◌ွင◌္ ့ သကbိcးေ◌တာင္ ဧရိယာမွ စတငWcပ္ေ◌ဆာငပeဲ ့ ါသည္။ေ ၎တာငgန္◌းဧရိယာသည္ ပ0ဂံရာဇဝ9ငgင္ ေအနာ◌္ရထာမင္◌းႀကီး ၁၀၄၄-၁၀၇၇ AD) အဓိဠာန္◌ျပဳ၍ လႊတW ိcက္ေ◌သာ ဗ0ဒၶျမYတbယ္ေ◌တာ◌ ္ တင္ေ◌ဆာငqည္◌ ့ ဆင္◌ျဖဴေ◌တာ◌္ကိန္◌းဝပXာ ငါးေ◌နရာ4တင္ တစecအပါအဝင္◌ျဖစqည္◌ ့ ထငာX းs ေအရးပါသည◌္ ့ ေ◌နရာလဲ ◌ျဖစ8ါသည္။ မ်ားြစာေ◌သာ ၁၃ရာစ0 ပ0ဂံေ◌ခတ္
သာသနကိ ေအဆာကVအံ◌0 မ်ားလည္◌း တ0ရင္ေ◌တာင္ေ◌ၾကာ တစ္ေ◌လ်ာက္ တည္ေ◌ဆာက:ား ၾကသည္။ အဆိ0ပါေ◌တာငgန္◌း4တင္ လေကgလာ စLးစမ္◌းရွာေ◌ြဖမႈ သ7Wည္◌း သမ0ိင္◌းတ@vိcးအရ သာသနကိ ေအဆာကVအံ◌0မ်ား ကဲ့သ0ိ႔ေအရးပါေ◌သာ သကbိcးေ◌တာင္၏ ေအရွ႕ဖကV ြစန္◌း4တင္ တ7Xိေs◌သာ ေ◌က်က္ေ◌ရက@ာV း
အထLး◌ျပဳေ◌လ့လာ◌ျခင္◌း◌ျဖစqည္။ ေ◌ဒသခံ wxာသLwxာသားမ်ားက ေ၎က်ာက္ေ◌ရက@Vား နတ္ေ◌ရက@yc ေ◌ခၚဆိ0မႈအရ ေ၎ေရလွာင{@|ကီးသည္ ကနဦး ေ◌ရစ0ေ◌ဆာင္◌း သိ0ေ◌လွာင~ပီးေ◌နာက္ ပ0ဂံ4လင္◌ျပင္ တစ္ေ◌လ်ာကXိ s ေ◌ေရလွာင@{ ာ်A း တLးေ◌◌ျမာင္◌းမ်ားႏ◌ွင◌္ ့ ဆကqယ္၍ ေ◌xျပ@Wည ္ ◌ျဖန္ေ႔ေဝပးယံ◌0သာ မကဘ ဲ 4ထင္◌းထ0ထားေ◌သာ ႐0ပWံ◌0◌း႐0ပ္◌ႂ4ကမ်ားသ7Wည္◌း ကန္ေ◌ရအား ဒ0မဂၤလ သန္႔ရွင္◌းစငက ယAႈေသဘာေ◌ဆာင္၍ ◌ျဖန္ေ႔ဝျခင္◌း◌ျဖင္◌ ့ ပ0ဂံၿမိ႕ဳအနးီ တဝ0ိက္ ၎ကန္ေ◌ရရာရွိရာ ေ◌နရာေ◌ဒသမ်ား သာယာစ78င ္ ြဖံ႔ၿဖိးေဳ ◌အာင ္ ◌ျပဳလ0ပမbီ ံထားသ7yc မွတ ရပါသည္။ ဂႏ◌ဝၲ ငc8 ဂံ ေ◌ခတV 4တင္◌း ထငာX းs ခ့ေဲ ◌သာ နတ္ေ◌ရကန္◌ႏ◌ွင္◌ ့
ပတqတက္◌ႏြ◌ယ္ေ◌ေနသာ စီးြပားေ◌ရး၊ ◌ႏ◌ိ◌0ငGံေ◌ရး၊ ဘာသာေ◌ရး
စသည္◌ေ့ သဘာတရားေ◌ရးရာ အဆင◌္ ဆ့ င္◌အ့ ား နားလည္ေ◌စရန္
ေ◌ရအရင္◌းအျမစVသံ◌0◌းခ်သိပၸံပညာ၊ ေ◌ရွးေ◌ဟာင္◌းသ0ေ◌တသန တLးေ◌ဖာ◌္မႈ ◌ႏ◌ွင္◌အ့ တL ႐0ပWံ◌◌0 း႐0ပ◌္ ေႂ 4ကလ့လာမႈ ◌ႏ◌ွင္◌ ့ ေ◌က်ာကbာ စိစစ္ေ◌4တ႕ရွိခ်ကA်ားအား အသံ◌0◌း◌ျပဳ ေ◌လ့လာ တင္◌ျပ4သားပါမည္။
"West Mexico: Ritual and Identity”, organized by Gilcrease Museum, will feature a spectacular selection of ceramic figures and vessels from the Gilcrease collection, augmented by items from public and private collections.
In the 1940s and ’50s, Thomas Gilcrease amassed a collection of more than 500
ceramic figures and vessels from West Mexico, including two significant human
figures, each more than 30 inches in height, and among the finest figures
from the region.
This exhibit will examine and interpret the art and artifacts of the shaft
tomb culture that flourished in West Mexico 300 BC-500 AD, bringing together
the most current research from the field, scientific laboratories and objects
to re-create life, death and ritual.
With large scale murals of these settlements complementing the objects on
display, the exhibition will examine the various forms of sculpted vessels,
paying particular attention to the human forms, which tell a rich story of a
culture predating the more widely known Aztecs, but equally as fascinating
and arguably more influential.
Keywords: Myanmar, Bagan, Water, Ritual, Ideology