Literary Papers
Jacques Derrida’s Marxism: An Althusserian Analysis , 2023
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Balochistan Review , 2018
The aim of this ongoing study is to conduct textual analysis of Leila Aboulela's novel, Minaret (... more The aim of this ongoing study is to conduct textual analysis of Leila Aboulela's novel, Minaret (2005), highlighting the struggle of the Muslim Arab women over adopting a Western yet traditionally religious identity on the bedrock of the Post-colonialist theory of Homi Bhabha. Najwa, the female protagonist of the novel experiences a sense of ambivalence because she finds herself in-between to choose the Western and Islamic life styles. The multiply identities and Najwa's struggle to grasp her developing Muslim identity are explored through her believing in Islam. The research study attempts to trace Najwa's trauma of identity crisis, frustration and loss in which her character develops to be religiously faithful in spite of living amongst non-Muslims and nonpracticing Muslims in the West. The main argument of this research article provides the means of signifying individual struggle through which spiritual journey is successfully reached the level of achievement of a hybrid identity of Muslim and Western secular cultures.
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2018
The aim of this research paper is to trace the origin and development of Art for art's sake movem... more The aim of this research paper is to trace the origin and development of Art for art's sake movement from Marxist perspective. The origin of Art for art's movement can be traced back to the late Romanticists who felt themselves misfit in the post-revolutionary bourgeois world of business, profit and industrialization of the Patriarchal countryside of Europe. Therefore, an insoluble contradiction occurred between the aims of the late Romanticist artists and writers and the conditions of the Post-revolutionary bourgeois capitalist world. However, they became hostile to it, but failed to see any hope of changing it. The employment of Marxist literary hermeneutics in analysing Art for art's sake movement yields the result that the apostles of this movement express their disharmony with the bourgeois capitalist social formation. They refuse to be commodity producer in the bourgeois publishing industry, in which an author is a laborer or commodity producer for those consumers whom he does not see. However, the apostles of this movement failed to introduce new modes of literary production as well as to change the bourgeois social formation. The present research study highlights the purpose, rise and fall of Art for art's sake movement in an innovative Marxist perspective.
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Abstract
Maxim Gorkyis one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as
wel... more Abstract
Maxim Gorkyis one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as
well as in world literature. He presents a panoramic gallery of female characters such
as Nilovna, Sophia, Natasha, Sasha and Ludmilla in his debate-raging novel
“Mother”. These female personages belong to the various social classes of the
Russian social formation but they possess universality in their personalities whom we
have often met every day and everywhere in our daily life. Gorky endows them with
class-consciousness, which enables them to involve in the revolutionary proletariat
movement, considering Socialism the only way of woman’s emancipation and
enfranchisement as well as class-liberation. This paper tends to focus on the reevaluation and investigation into Maxim Gorky's realistic depiction of these women
to delineate their revolutionary roles in the structure of his novel as well as in the
Russian Communist politics and social formation form a Marxist Feminist
perspective in a new and innovative way. How these female figures are developed
from their bourgeois and petty-bourgeois class-milieu to the level of radical Marxist
activists and militants. How they liberate themselves from their cowed, wretched and
oppressed living conditions into which they have been subjugated, tortured and
beaten by men
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Balochistan Review , 2022
This ongoing research article tracesthe origin and development of Althusserianliterary theory and... more This ongoing research article tracesthe origin and development of Althusserianliterary theory and its profound and far-reaching influences on certain theoretical currents of the whole world.Althusserianism is one of the schools of Marxism, which emerged in 1960s with the work of the most eminent French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser [1918-1990] who revolutionised Marxism and Marxist literary theory.His theory gives the new and innovative perspective of analysing literary pieces of art. In Balochistan, Gul Khan Naseer, Abdurrahman Kurd, Nader Qambrani, Atta Shadand many other poets use their art to resist the dominant ideology of the ruling class. Althusserian theory helps us evaluate the relations between their artand ideology against they resist in their poetry.The present study focuses on the questions how the dominant ideology do insert its influences on the works of art and literature and how they do, in turn criticallyresist against it.
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This research paper tends to highlight Vladimir Lenin's views about work and indolence. Therefore... more This research paper tends to highlight Vladimir Lenin's views about work and indolence. Therefore, he admires work, action and revolution, which are characteristics of the proletarians, and condemns lethargy, inertia, indolence, indecision and procrastination, which are peculiar to the surf-owning and land-owning feudal nobility. Vladimir Lenin condemns Ivan Goncharov's most famous character Oblomov frequently in his speeches and writings. Oblomov was representative the surf-owning and land-owning feudal nobility of the nineteenth-century Tsarist Russian social formation. In fact, Oblomov like other literary types have definite historical roots, which are closely related to the way of life of a particular class. In this manner, his class nature or Oblomovism typifies the sloth of the serf-owning and land-owning nobility. These traits of Oblomov have not become outdated but the class they typify has become something of the past. Vladimir Lenin pays full attention to the lasting and broad-scale implications of Oblomov's character, which crosses the limits of the social milieu and historical age, picking up the penetrating insight into the class nature of Oblomov's character. Vladimir Lenin highlights the continuing relevance of Oblomov's character in his own times, criticising Oblomov and Oblomovism and identifies his political rivals and enemies around him with Oblomov.
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This research paper tends to trace the origin and development of the mature proletarian revolutio... more This research paper tends to trace the origin and development of the mature proletarian revolutionary novel. The mature revolutionary proletarian novels will be discussed and highlighted in this study in terms of Marxist hermeneutics This new literary kind did not come into being prior to the imperialist era because the socioeconomic requirements for this literary genre were non-existent and the proletarian movement did not enter into its decisive historical stage of development. This new genre of the novel appeared simultaneously in the works of Robert Tressell, Martin Anderson Nexo, Upton Sinclair and Maxim Gorky in the beginning of the twentieth century. In this era of imperialism, the proletarian novel came into existence, when the socio-historical ethos brought the proletarian movement into being as well as helped to organise and develop it on international level. At the end of this analytical and comparative study of them, the noticeable point is that the proletarian novels of that period share astonishing similarities with one another. Applying Marxist literary hermeneutics to the art of novel writing of the famous proletarian novelists, this research paper will try to introduce new portrait of the personages of the novels of these proletarian novelists in an innovative perspective.
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The aim of this research paper is to explore by comparing and contrasting between the two literar... more The aim of this research paper is to explore by comparing and contrasting between the two literary characters Hamlet and Oblomov how they are in their essence indecisive that are exploited by William Shakespeare and Ivan Goncharov in different historical ages to project different visions of the human situation. Every author is influenced by his age to certain degrees and if the art of characterization of William Shakespeare is set against that of Ivan Goncharov, it is because of the difference of ideological perspectives. William Shakespeare's character Hamlet comes from the Renaissance England and Ivan Goncharov's character Oblomov comes from the nineteenth century Russia. The former is in certain ways different from the latter despite the fact that those traits of the both characters are the same as indecision and procrastination. The comparison and contrast will be highlighted in this paper in terms of Marxist hermeneutics, which is scientific theory and method of analyzing the social and literary types in the context of class milieu. Applying Marxist literary hermeneutics to the art of characterization of both the authors, the present study tries to introduce new portrait and re-evaluation of the personages of the two literary types in an innovative perspective.
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The aim of this research paper is to prove William Shakespeare's most popular literary type Hamle... more The aim of this research paper is to prove William Shakespeare's most popular literary type Hamlet as a superfluous hero, because he resembles strikingly and astonishingly in his character with the superfluous heroes of the nineteenth-century Russian, American and the other European novels. In fact, the term superfluous hero signifies an ineffectual aristocrat, dreamy, useless and incapable intellectual at odd with the given social formation of his age. No doubt, though, Hamlet is prior to the coinage of the term of the superfluous hero, but he shares many common characteristics with the superfluous heroes of world literature. Thus, the study revolves around the question whether Hamlet is the superfluous hero? Therefore, the comparison of Hamlet's character with those of the other superfluous heroes of world literature will be highlighted in this research paper in terms of Marxist hermeneutics, which is scientific theory and method of analysing the social and literary types in the socioeconomic context of class milieu. Applying Marxist literary hermeneutics to the art of characterisation of William Shakespeare and the authors of the nineteenth-century, the present study tries to introduce new portrait and re-evaluation of the personages of Hamlet and the other superfluous types in an innovative perspective.
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Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) is the most prominent figure in contemporary philosophical and litera... more Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) is the most prominent figure in contemporary philosophical and literary debate. He originates a trend-breaking theory of deconstruction. He opines the persistence in west European philosophical tradition of what he labels is logocentric metaphysics of presence. He argues that the different theories of philosophy, from Plato until structuralism are versions of a single or authoritative system. Though we cannot hope to escape this system we can at least identify the conditions of thought it imposes by attending to that which it seek to impress. Derridean deconstruction may present a new perspective to Sophocles’ “Oedipus Rex”, which has always been a research target for world researchers. The researchers studied it from different angles, but the present study tries to reveal different facets of the play on Derridean deconstructive bedrock. Applying Derrida’s deconstruction to the text of the play, the study tries to present it in a new and innovative way. The study will discuss how Western logocentric tradition of the metaphysics of presence and its compelling repercussions ground human thought in stable and pre-determined meaning. In its concluding mode, the study analyses preventive stumbling aporic blocks of fossilized logocentric structure of the minds of characters in the play.
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This study tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of ‘’Waiting for Godot’’ by Samuel... more This study tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of ‘’Waiting for Godot’’ by Samuel Beckett. The different occurrences of conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of the play show existence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. Based on the theoretical concern of the discussions of Post-Structuralist Marxist theorists Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey, the main concern of the discussion concentrates on the theory of decentred or disparate text, expounded by Pierre Macherey in his book, “A Theory of Literary Production” (1978). This paper asks how the significant gaps, silences, absences and non-saids in the text of “Waiting for Godot” reflect the presence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett’s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post- Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.
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This paper tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of „‟Waiting for Godot‟‟ by Samue... more This paper tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of „‟Waiting for Godot‟‟ by Samuel Beckett. The different occurrences of conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of the play show existence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. Based on the theoretical concern of the discussions of Post-Structuralist Marxist theorists Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey, the main concern of the discussion concentrates on the theory of decentred or disparate text, expounded by Pierre Macherey in his book, “A Theory of Literary Production” (1978). This paper asks how the significant gaps, silences, absences and non-saids in the text of “Waiting for Godot” reflect the presence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology.
This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett‟s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.
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ALLS Future, Current & Past Issues
by Madhavi Raman, Advances in Language and Literary Studies [ALLS], Vijaya Vijaya, Nur Dalila Muhamad Nazri, Ahmed al-Quiadhy, Jamila Abdulazeez, Anne Christopher, Melor Md Yunus, Javed Akhter, Hayat Alroudhan, Heba Aziz, Vedyanto Vedyanto, nur muhammad, and Esmail Zare Behtash
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by Benghalem Boualem, Advances in Language and Literary Studies [ALLS], Manesha Pretti, Yuanyi Ma, Bulgantamir Sangidkhorloo, Said Muhammad, mahboobeh davoodifar, Minoo Khamesian, Ahmed ALDUAIS, Yasir Saad Almuukhaizeem, Javed Akhter, Akmar Mohamad, Mohammad Shariq, Manjet Kaur Mehar Singh, and Vahid Norouzi Larsari
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Books
Waiting for Godot: A Post Structuralist Perspective, Dec 21, 2015
This dissertation interprets the text of the play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett in a Post-S... more This dissertation interprets the text of the play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett in a Post-Structuralist perspective to understand its complex relationships with the late modernist bourgeois ideology. In an effort to look for the signification of contradictions within the text of the play and its complex relationships to the late modernist bourgeois ideology, one can actually make a choice to unfold vigorous theoretical energies of the Post– Structuralist Althusserian Marxist theory of decentred text and Derridean Deconstructionism. The research based upon Post-Structuralist Althusserian Marxist and Derridean Deconstructive reading of “Waiting for Godot” is new, innovative and useful interpretation for readers and scholars on the subject in many respects. However, it concludes that the text’s conflict and disparity of its meanings reveals its unspoken portions or the non-saids which the late modernist bourgeois ideology has suppressed in its own way. Therefore, the difference, conflict and contradiction of text’s final meanings are flux, contradictions, silences, absences and unspoken portions of the text, which show its complex relationship to the bourgeois ideology
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Hamlet and Oblomov: A Comparative Study, Aug 26, 2015
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Linguistics
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This research paper tends to focus on comparison and contrast between first and second language l... more This research paper tends to focus on comparison and contrast between first and second language learning. It investigates the different factors that have inhibiting influences on the language learning process of the learners in the two different environments. There are many factors involved in this respect. The age factor is one of the vital factors that influence the progress of learners in the language learning process. The other factor between first and second language learning, which mostly influences the performance of second language learners, is language input in terms of the quantity and quality in both cases of the limitations of the second language learning in classroom. This research study also studies the language input in both cases and limitations of second language learning in classroom. The present research also investigates the individual differences between first and second language learning, covering aptitude of the language learner, motivation of teacher and classmates, language anxiety and language ego. This research paper suggests that motivation of the teacher and other class fellows, aptitude of learner and teacher’s instructions and teaching methodology as well as classroom setting may help the second language learners to overcome their language anxiety and language ego in the classroom.
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Literary Papers
Maxim Gorkyis one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as
well as in world literature. He presents a panoramic gallery of female characters such
as Nilovna, Sophia, Natasha, Sasha and Ludmilla in his debate-raging novel
“Mother”. These female personages belong to the various social classes of the
Russian social formation but they possess universality in their personalities whom we
have often met every day and everywhere in our daily life. Gorky endows them with
class-consciousness, which enables them to involve in the revolutionary proletariat
movement, considering Socialism the only way of woman’s emancipation and
enfranchisement as well as class-liberation. This paper tends to focus on the reevaluation and investigation into Maxim Gorky's realistic depiction of these women
to delineate their revolutionary roles in the structure of his novel as well as in the
Russian Communist politics and social formation form a Marxist Feminist
perspective in a new and innovative way. How these female figures are developed
from their bourgeois and petty-bourgeois class-milieu to the level of radical Marxist
activists and militants. How they liberate themselves from their cowed, wretched and
oppressed living conditions into which they have been subjugated, tortured and
beaten by men
This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett‟s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.
ALLS Future, Current & Past Issues
Books
Linguistics
Maxim Gorkyis one of the great portraitists of typification of women in Russian as
well as in world literature. He presents a panoramic gallery of female characters such
as Nilovna, Sophia, Natasha, Sasha and Ludmilla in his debate-raging novel
“Mother”. These female personages belong to the various social classes of the
Russian social formation but they possess universality in their personalities whom we
have often met every day and everywhere in our daily life. Gorky endows them with
class-consciousness, which enables them to involve in the revolutionary proletariat
movement, considering Socialism the only way of woman’s emancipation and
enfranchisement as well as class-liberation. This paper tends to focus on the reevaluation and investigation into Maxim Gorky's realistic depiction of these women
to delineate their revolutionary roles in the structure of his novel as well as in the
Russian Communist politics and social formation form a Marxist Feminist
perspective in a new and innovative way. How these female figures are developed
from their bourgeois and petty-bourgeois class-milieu to the level of radical Marxist
activists and militants. How they liberate themselves from their cowed, wretched and
oppressed living conditions into which they have been subjugated, tortured and
beaten by men
This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett‟s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.