CHAPTER FOUR
NETWORK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW
Introduction to hydraulic
machine
Pumps
Turbines
network -pump-pipe network
1
What is the practical importance
of this chapter?
Hydropower system
Turbine-generator network
Turbine-penstock network
Design of Pump stations
To deliver water from the source for
different purposes
2
Practical application…hydropower
plant(turbines)
3
Practical application…pumping
water(pump)
4
objective
• To understand the general
characteristics of hydraulic machines
• To differentiate the difference b/n
turbine and pump
• To understand the relationship
between head and flow in a pump
• to determine the power requirements
of pumps
• Apply continuity and energy equations
to pipe systems involving pump
• Matching pumps to pipelines 5
4.1 Introduction to
hydraulic machine
Hydraulic machines (Fluid
machines) are mechanical devices
that either extract energy from a
fluid(e.g. turbines) or add energy
to a fluid(e.g. pump)
• Generally classified into two
categories
Positive displacement machine(static
type)
Turbo machine(dynamic type)
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4.1.1 Positive
displacement machine
These machines force a fluid
into or out of a chamber by
changing the volume of the
chamber.
The pressure developed and
the work done are a result of
essentially static forces rather
than dynamic forces.
Example: tire pump ,heart
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4.1.2 Turbo machine
These machines involve a
collection of blades, buckets ,flow
channels or passages arranged
around an axis of rotation to form
a rotor.
Rotation of the rotor produces
dynamic effects that either add
energy to the fluid or remove
energy from the fluid.
Example: water pump , water turbines
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Pumps
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4.2 Pumps
• Def’n: device that uses external
power source to apply force to a
fluid in order to move it from one
place to another
Practical application:-
1) When the fluid is to be pumped over long distance.
2) When the fluid is to be pumped to higher elevation .
• Must overcome:
• (1) frictional forces from large
quantities of fluid
• (2) difference in static pressure between
two locations
• Must provide any desired velocity
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4.2.1 Components of
Pumps
• Drive mechanism (steam,
electric, gear)
• Pump shaft----C
• Impeller or piston
• Casing----F
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Components of pump
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4.2.2 Types of Pumps
• Positive Displacement
(reciprocating)
• Fixed volume of fluid is displaced
during each cycle regardless of static
head/pressure pumping against
• Uses either a piston, gear, or screw
type (reciprocating, rotary gear,
rotary screw, etc)
• Components :look at the figure below
• Reciprocating pump is now-a days
outdating 13
Positive
Displacement(reciprocating)
Pump
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Positive displacement
(reciprocating) pump
cont…
• Non-positive Displacement: volume
of fluid is dependent on static
head/pressure
• Centrifugal: impeller inside a casing
(called volute). Impeller is a disc with
curved vanes mounted radially (like a
pedal wheel)
• Suction is the Eye through which fluid accelerated
as it travels outward & then enters volute
• Of two types: volute pump, diffuser pump(turbine
pump)
• Components: look at the picture below
• As compared to reciprocating pumps centrifugal
pumps have low initial investment cost, light 16
weight, compact, easy to installation etc.
Centrifugal Pump
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Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
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Pump Characteristic
Curves
• Pump Parameters:
• N = pump speed, rpm
• Q= volumetric flow rate, m3 /s
• Hp = pump head (discharge
pressure), m
• P = power required, watt
• Centrifugal Pump Laws
• VN
• Hp N2
• W N3
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Positive Displacement
Pumps
N1 N2
Hp
Q
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Centrifugal Pumps
• Parallel Pumps
Hp
2 Pumps
1 Pump
Q
22
Centrifugal Pumps
• Series pumps (called staging)
Hp 2 Pumps
1 Pump
Q 23
Turbines
24
How Hydropower Works ?
# Hydropower plants
capture the energy of
falling water to
generate electricity.
# A turbine converts
the kinetic energy of
falling water into
mechanical energy
Outflow during a test at the hydropower plant at
the Hoover Dam, located on the Nevada-Arizona
Turbines
The literature on power
generation gives the following
definitions of turbines
A machine wherein rotary motion
is obtained by centrifugal force
which results from a change in
the direction of high velocity fluid
jet.
Turbines
• A hydraulic turbine uses the potential
and kinetic energy of water and converts
in to usable mechanical energy.
• A fluid energy is available in the natural
or artificial high level water reservoirs
which are created by constructing dams
at appropriate places in the flow path of
the rivers.
• When water from the reservoirs is taken
in to turbines, transfers of energy
takes place in the blade passage of the
unit.
Turbines
• Their application lies in the filed
of electric power generation.
• The mechanical energy made
available at the turbine shaft is
used to run an electric generator
which directly coupled to the
turbine shaft.
• The power is generated by
utilizing potential energy .
Type of Turbines
• Based on basic operating
principles, hydraulic turbines
are categorized in to impulse
and reaction turbines
depending on whether the
pressure head available is fully
or partially converted into
kinetic energy in the nozzle.
Impulse turbine
Impulse turbines, available hydraulic
energy is first converted in to kinetic
energy by means of an efficient nozzle.
The high velocity head(jet) issuing from the nozzle then
strikes a series of suitable shaped buckets fixed around
the wheel
The buckets change the direction of jet
with out changing its pressure.
An impulse turbine operates under
atmospheric pressure.
Important impulse turbines are Pelton
wheel, tugoimpulse wheel, girede
turbine. Pelton wheel is predominantly
used
Impulse turbine
(Pelton)
Reaction Turbines
• When the part of the total available hydraulic
energy is transformed in to kinetic energy
before the water is taken in to runner.
• A substantial part remains in the form of
pressure energy.
• The flow from inlet to outlet of the turbine is
under pressure and blades of a reaction
turbines are closed passages sealed from
atmospheric conditions.
• Important reaction turbine are; Francis,
Kaplan, Thomson and propeller turbines.
• Francis and Kaplan turbines are widely used
at present.
Reaction turbine
(Kaplan)
Reaction turbine
(Francis)
Impulse versus Reaction
turbines
• Impulse turbines • Reaction turbines
• All available energy of
the fluid is converted
• Only the portion of
in to kinetic energy by the fluid energy is
an efficient nozzle transferred into
that forms a free jet. kinetic energy
• The jet is unconfined before the fluid
and exposed to enters to the
atmospheric pressure.
turbine.
• Flow regulation is
possible without loss • Water enter with
an excess pressure
and velocity.
Cont…
• The wheel does • Flow regulation is
not run full and always
air has free accompanied by
access to the loss
buckets. • Water competing
• Casing has no fills the vane
hydraulic passages through
function it only the operation of
serves prevents the turbine.
splashing and to
guide the water
to tail race.
In addition to the concept of
impulse and reaction, Hydraulic
turbines may be future classified
in to various
• I) Direction of water flow
through runner
Cont…
II )specific speed
• refers the speed of geometrically
similar turbine , which will develop unit
power when working under unit head.
• The turbine specific speed is
prescribed by the relation Ns=N√P/H 5/4
• Where p is power in KW
• H is the net available head in m
• N is the speed is rpm
•Specific speed is characteristic index
which service to identify the type the
type of hydraulic model.
Cont…
• For Pelton wheel , Ns=9-17 for a slow runner
=17-25 for normal
runner
=25-30 for fast runner
= for double jet
• Francis turbine Ns= 50-100 for slow runner
=100-150 for normal
= 150-250 for fast
runner
• Kaplan turbine Ns=250-850
Cont…
III Available head
•High head turbine operating under head
above 250m
Pelton wheel is high head turbine and
relatively require small rates of flow.
• Medium head working under head 60-
250 m and require medium flow rate. E.g.
Francis
• Low head turbines which operate up to
30m require very large volumetric rates
of flow. E.g. axial flow turbines propeller
or Kaplan.
Cont…
•IV Position of shaft
Impulse ,turbines have usually
a horizontal shaft and vertical
runner arrangement.
Reaction, turbine may be either
vertical or horizontal shape
type.
Pipe pump network
design
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Cont…
Over view
Delivery and Suction pipe
Static and total head
System characteristic curve
Pump capacity curve(head-
discharge curve)
Net Positive Suction Head(NPSH)
Cavitation
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Delivery and Suction
pipe
Fig.a: suction and delivery pipe 45
cont…
R….reservoir, p… pump, S…sump(source)
SP….. Suction Pipe
PR….. Delivery pipe
The pipeline can be separated into the suction pipe
and the delivery pipe.
Suction pipe: connects the
source(sump)and the inlet of the pump.
Delivery pipe: connected at its lower end
to the outlet of the pump and delivers
the liquid to the required height.
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Cont…
• Pump operation adds energy to water in the
pipeline by boosting the pressure head.
• The suction side of the system from the supply
reservoir to the inlet of the pump is subjected
to negative pressure in energy equation.
Static and total head
• From fig.a
hs :suction head, hd : delivery head
Static head(h)= hs + hd
Total head(H)=h+hf+v2/2g ,
where: hf=all losses(including major and
minor losses in suction and delivery pipe)
v=velocity in the delivery pipe
neglecting that of suction pipe due to
small velocity.
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System characteristic
curve
• (system
The curve head
of the amount curve)
of discharge(Q)
required versus the total head(H) of the
system. i.e. pipe network (in this case)
• Generally can be expressed by:
H=h+kQ2, where h=static head
H=total head
Q=required discharge
K=coefficient which
accounts losses in the
system
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Cont…
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Pump capacity
curve(centrifugal)
• Some times called head capacity curve
• It’s the curve of the discharge
capacity versus head capacity of the
pump
i.e. head-discharge(H-Q) curve
(Look at fig.a)
Point ‘a’ is called operating point
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Net Positive Suction
• Headrequired at the
Def’n: the pressure
suction of a pump to prevent
cavitation.
• So what is cavitation?
• the formation of bubbles due to low
pressure area and the subsequent
collapse upon migration to a high
pressure area
• Cavitation causes noise and
damage
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Net Positive Suction
Head
• Need enough pressure on the
Need enough pressure on the
suction side so that the pump does
not reduce pressure @ the eye to
cause P < Psat
• If P < Psat, water flashes to vapor
causing damage to the pump
• What are possible means of
preventing cavitation?
Priming: the operation in which the suction pipe ,casing of the
pump and the portion of the delivery pipe up to the delivery valve
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is completely filled with the liquid to be pumped before starting
Thank
Questions?
you!
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