PUMPS

BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Basic Hydraulic Systems

Regardless of its function and design, every hydraulic system has a minimum number
of basic components in addition to a means through which the fluid is transmitted. A
basic
system consists of (as in fig.2.1):
 1. Pump

 2. Reservoir,

 3. Directional valve

 4. Check valve

 5. Pressure relieve valve

 6. Selector valve

 7. Actuator

 8. Filter.
 Pumps
 The function of a pump is to convert mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy. It is the heart of any
hydraulic system because it generates the force
necessary to move the load.
 Mechanical energy is delivered to the pump using a

prime mover such as an electric motor.

 The hydraulic pump takes hydraulic fluid (mostly

some oil) from the storage tank and delivers it to the

rest of the hydraulic circuit.
 Basics of pumps
 pumps convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy; motors,
on the other hand, transform hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy.

 Pump is a machine or mechanical equipment which is required to

lift liquid from low level to high level or to flow liquid from low
pressure area to high pressure area or as a booster in a piping
network system. Principally, pump converts mechanical energy of
motor into fluid flow energy.

 Pumps typically consist of three main parts: a housing, an impeller,

and a motor. The housing is the pump's mainframe, which
supports the impeller and contains the pumped fluid. The impeller
is a rotating set of blades that helps move the fluid through the
pump.
 Types of pumps
 There are three basic types of pumps:
 1)positive-displacement, 2)centrifugal and 3)axial-flow pumps.
 In centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes
by ninety degrees as it flows over an impeller,
 while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.

 The pump delivers the flow by converting energy of a prime

mover (an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic
energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being
pumped.
 The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the
pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser.

 In centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes

by ninety degrees as it flows over an impeller, while in axial flow
pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.
 PUM PS
POSITIVE D ISPLAC EM ENT PUM PS C ENTRIFUG A L PUM PS

RECIPROCA TING PUM PS ROTA RY PUM PS

PISTON PUM PS GEAR PUM PS

PLUNGER PUM PS LOBE PUM PS

DIAPHRAGM PUM PS SCREW PUM PS

CAM PUM PS

VANE PUM PS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
 ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a
fluid by means of the transfer of rotational energy from one or
more driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly
rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal
force along its circumference

 The difference between inlet pressure and the lowest pressure

level inside the pump is called NPSH: Net Positive Suction Head.
NPSH is therefore an expression of the pressure loss that takes
place inside the first part of the pump [Link] the
impeller's vane tips

 . Some of the most common units of pump capacity are: Gallons

per minute (gpm) Liters/minute (L/min) Cubic meters per hour
(m3/h
 Parts of pumps
 Pumps typically consist of three main parts: a housing, an
impeller, and a motor. The housing is the pump's mainframe,
which supports the impeller and contains the pumped fluid. The
impeller is a rotating set of blades that helps move the fluid
through the pump.

 An impeller is a rotating component equipped with vanes or

blades used in turbo machinery (e. g. centrifugal pumps). Flow
deflection at the impeller vanes allows mechanical power
(energy at the vanes) to be converted into pump power output

 Impellers are designed based upon Bernoulli's principle and the

relationships between area, pressure and velocity. Flow through
the impeller vanes is radial. The impeller creates a negative
pressure at the impeller eye (centre of the impeller) and this
negative pressure draws liquid into the impeller.
 Centrifugal pump

 The Main parts of Centrifugal Pump are:

 Impeller. It is a wheel or rotor which
is provided with a series of backward
curved blades or vanes. ...
 Casing. ...

 Delivery Pipe. ...

 Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and

Strainer.
WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
 Convert the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy by centrifugal force
on the liquid
 Constitute the most common type of
pumping machinery
 Used to move liquids through a piping
system
 Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing,
casing cover and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and
shaft
 Classified into three categories ;
Radial Flow, Mixed Flow, Axial Flow
 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

 Simplest piece of equipment

in any process plant
 Energy changes occur by
virtue of impeller and volute
 Liquid is fed into the pump at
the center of a rotating
impeller and thrown outward
by centrifugal force
 The conversion of kinetic
energy into pressure energy
supplies the pressure
Liquid flow path inside a
difference between the
centrifugal pump
suction side and delivery side
of the pump
 Types of centrifugal pumps
 Single-stage, Two-stage, or Multi-stage. Types of centrifugal
pumps

 A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of one impeller

rotating on a shaft within a pump casing which is designed to
produce fluid flow when driven by a motor. It is one of the
simplest designs of pumps available and many variations in
design exist to satisfy the duty requirements of applications.

 Positive displacement pumps draw fluid into a cavity, or

displace the fluid, and then force the fluid out of the cavity
through suction.
 Centrifugal, or aerodynamic, pumps have a spinning impeller
that draws the fluid into the pump and forces it out of the outlet
point at an increased velocity
 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL
PUMPS
Advantages

 Simple in construction and cheap

 Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
 No metal to metal fits
 No valves involved in pump operation
 Maintenance costs are lower
 DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Disadvantages

 Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

 Cannot be operated at high heads
 Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of
conditions
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
 Positive Displacement Pumps
 Positive displacement pumps, in contrast, have very little slips, are self-priming
and pump against very high pressures, but their volumetric capacity is low.
Positive displacement pumps have a very close clearance between rotating and
stationary parts and hence are self-priming.
 Positive displacement pumps eject a fixed amount of fluid into the hydraulic
system per revolution of the pump shaft. Such pumps are capable of overcoming
the pressure resulting from mechanical loads on the system as well as the
resistance of flow due to friction
 This equipment must always be protected by relief valves to prevent damage to
the pump or system
 The positive displacement hydraulic pump basically performs two functions:
 First, it creates a partial vacuum at the pump inlet port. This vacuum enables
atmospheric pressure to force the fluid from the reservoir into the pump
 Second, the mechanical action of the pump traps this fluid within the pumping
cavities,transports it through the pump and forces it into the hydraulic system
 Positive displacement pumps
 Positive displacement pumps draw fluid
into a cavity, or displace the fluid, and
then force the fluid out of the cavity
through suction

. Centrifugal, or aerodynamic, pumps have

a spinning impeller that draws the fluid
into the pump and forces it out of the
outlet point at an increased velocity.
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Based on two stroke principles:
√ High pressure, high efficiency
√ Self-priming
X Small quantity, vibration, physical dimension,
uneven flow

 Used mainly for handling slurries in plant processes

and pipeline applications
P O S ITIV E D IS P L A C E M E N T P U M P S

 Two valves and one stuffing box

R E C IP R O C A TIN G P U M P S
 A rotating mechanism for the
P IS TO N P U M P S reciprocating piston
PLUNG ER PUMPS
 Uses suction to raise liquid into
the chamber.
D IA P H R A G M P U M P S
P O S ITIV E D IS P L A C E M E N T P U M P S
 Two ball check valves on each side
R E C IP R O C A TIN G P U M P S
Low pressure on the upward part,
high pressure on the downward part
P IS TO N P U M P S

PLUNG ER PUMPS

D IA P H R A G M P U M P S
P O S ITIV E D IS P LA CE M E NT P UM P S

RE CIP R O CA TING P U M P S  Rod is moved to push

and pull the diaphragm.
P IS TO N P UM P S
 Can be used to make
P LUNG E R P UM P S
artificial hearts.
DIA P HR A G M P U M P S
 ROTARY PUMPS
 Positive displacement type

High pressure, high efficiency

Liquids must be free of solids

Handle viscous fluids

 Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and

cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, dyes,
ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils
R O TA R Y P U M P S

GEAR PUMPS
 Gears create voids as they come out
LO BE PUMPS of mesh and liquid flows into the
SCREW PUMPS cavities
CAM PUMPS  As the gears come back into mesh,
VANE PUMPS the volume is reduced and the liquid
is forced out of the discharge port
R O TA R Y P U M P S
 As the teeth come out of mesh,
liquid flows into the pump and is
GEAR PUMPS
carried between the teeth and the
LO BE PUMPS casing to the discharge side of the
pump
SCREW PUMPS
 The teeth come back into mesh and
CAM PUMPS the liquid is forced out the discharge
VANE PUMPS port
R O TA R Y P U M P S

GEAR PUMPS

LO BE PUMPS  Fluid is carried between the rotor

SCREW PUMPS teeth and the pumping chamber
CAM PUMPS  The rotor surfaces create
VANE PUMPS continuous sealing
 Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe,
and multi-lobe configurations
R O TA R Y P U M P S

GEAR PUMPS

LO BE PUMPS
 Screw pumps carry fluid in the
spaces between the screw threads.
SCREW PUMPS
 The fluid is displaced axially as the
CAM PUMPS
screws mesh.
VANE PUMPS
R O TA R Y P U M P S

GEAR PUMPS

LO BE PUMPS

SCREW PUMPS
 Piston slide arm moves
CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
around inside a slot in the
casing.
 An eccentric cam rotates the

circular plunger (shown in

gray) around the edge of the
casing, fluid is swirled around
the edge to the outlet port.
 It is not in use now and is

mainly of historical curiosity.

R O TA R Y P U M P S

GEAR PUMPS

LO BE PUMPS  The vanes are in slots in the rotor.

SCREW PUMPS  Rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes
CAM PUMPS
the vanes out to touch the casing,
VANE PUMPS
where they trap and propel fluid.
 PUMP SELECTION
The amount of fluid

The properties of the fluid

Type of power supply

Cost and mechanical efficiency of the pump

 CAPACITY PRESSURE

LOW HIGH HIGHER SMALL OR MODERATE

MODERATE OR HIGH

GEAR LOBE CENTRIFUGAL

RECIPROCATING
or
RIGID SCREW
ROTARY
PLUNGER
or
ROTARY
PISTON
Thanks