MADAN BHANDARI MEMORIAL ACADEMY NEPAL
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Bachelor in Civil Engineering
HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING
Chapter 8 : Electro-mechanical Installation
Vijan Bhandari
Assistant Professor
Electromechanical Components
• Equipment that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy or
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Motor
Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy
Generator
Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
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Generators Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
• Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• They operate based on electromagnetic induction.
Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, voltage is
induced which is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
Flux : Number of magnetic field passing through closed surface.
• Generators play a vital role in modern energy systems.
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Generators Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
• Mechanical energy from a shaft connected to turbine rotates the
generator’s rotor.
• The rotor’s magnetic field interacts with the stator windings.
• This induces an electric current, generating electricity.
• The efficiency of the generator depends on the strength of the
magnetic field and the speed of rotation.
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Generators Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
Components of Generators
• Rotor:
The rotating component that creates a magnetic field.
• Stator:
The stationary component where electricity is generated.
• Prime Mover:
The energy source (e.g., diesel engine, turbine shaft) driving the
rotor.
• Commutator or Slip Rings:
Components facilitating current flow in DC and AC generators,
respectively.
• Voltage Regulator:
• Ensures consistent output voltage.
• Slip Rings
Slip rings are electrical connections used to transfer power to and
from the rotor of an AC generator. They are typically designed to
conduct the flow of current from a stationary device to a rotating
one.
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Synchronous Generator
• Output frequency synchronized to the rotational speed of the rotor.
• The generated voltage frequency is directly proportional to the rotor’s
speed and the number of poles in the machine regulated by
excitation system (generating magnetic field by electric current).
• Voltage and Phase angle are controlled before connected to the grid.
• Can also run isolated from the grid and are not grid dependent.
• Costly but efficient and safe to operate.
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Asynchronous Generator
• An asynchronous generator, also known as an induction generator, is
a machine that generates electrical power when the rotor spins faster
than the synchronous speed of the magnetic field in the stator.
• Unlike synchronous generators, asynchronous generators do not
require external excitation for the magnetic field and draw excitation
power from an electrical grid.
• They cannot generate power when disconnected from grid because
they are not capable of providing their own excitation current.
• They are used in small applications as a cheap solution when required
quantity of electricity supply is not very high.
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Governor
• The operation by which speed of turbine is kept constant under all
working condition.
• Governing means regulating the speed of turbine under all changing
load condition.
• It regulates the rate of flow of water in turbine which is required to
operate at constant speed despite the fluctuation of load.
• It ensures that the turbine operates at a consistent and safe speed,
regardless of load variations or other external factors.
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Working of Governor
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Pumps
• Hydro mechanical equipment that increases the flow velocity and
pressure.
• Pumping liquid from lower level to higher level increases the potential
energy of liquid.
• Types of Pump
Centrifugal Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
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Centrifugal Pumps
• It raises water or liquid from a lower level to a higher level by the action of rotational force called centrifugal force.
Components
• Impeller:
A rotating component with curved blades.
Converts rotational energy into kinetic energy for the fluid.
• Casing:
A housing that encloses the impeller.
Designed to direct the fluid flow efficiently and prevent leaks.
• Suction and Discharge Ports:
Suction Port: Where the fluid enters the pump.
Discharge Port: Where the fluid exits the pump at a higher pressure.
• Pump Shaft:
Connects the impeller to the power source, such as an electric motor or an engine.
• Seal or Packing:
Prevents fluid leakage along the shaft.
• Bearings:
Support the pump shaft and minimize friction during operation.
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Centrifugal Pumps Working
•Fluid Entry (Suction):
The pump creates a low-pressure zone at the suction port.
Fluid is drawn into the center of the impeller, known as the eye.
•Energy Conversion:
The impeller, spinning at high speed, imparts kinetic energy to the fluid.
The centrifugal force pushes the fluid outward through the impeller's blades.
•Pressure Increase:
As the fluid moves outward, its velocity is converted to pressure energy due to the design of the casing (usually a volute
or diffuser).
•Fluid Exit (Discharge):
The fluid exits the pump at the discharge port with increased pressure and flow velocity.
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• Advantage • Limitation
Its discharging capacity is very Priming Required: Cannot handle
much greater than that of air; the pump must be primed
reciprocating pumps which can before starting.
handle small quantity of liquid Viscosity Sensitivity: Performance
only. drops with highly viscous fluids.
There is trouble of clogging of Cavitation Risk: Low suction
valves in reciprocating pumps pressure can cause vapor bubbles,
while pumping muddy, viscous leading to reduced efficiency and
liquid compared to centrifugal damage.
pumps.
The maintenance cost for
centrifugal pumps is also low than
reciprocating ones.
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Reciprocating Pumps
• A reciprocating pump is a positive
displacement pump that uses a piston to
move fluids through a system.
• It works by creating a vacuum to draw
liquid into a chamber and then forcing it
out through a discharge valve.
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Reciprocating Pumps Components
•Piston/Plunger:
•Moves back and forth to displace the fluid.
•Cylinder:
•Houses the piston and acts as the chamber for suction and
compression.
•Suction Valve:
•Allows fluid to enter the chamber during the suction stroke.
•Discharge Valve:
•Allows fluid to exit the chamber during the discharge stroke.
•Drive Mechanism:
•Converts rotational motion into reciprocating motion, usually using a
crankshaft or camshaft.
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Reciprocating Pumps Working
• Suction Stroke:
The piston or plunger moves away from the chamber, creating a
vacuum.
This vacuum opens the suction valve, allowing the fluid to flow into
the cylinder.
• Discharge Stroke:
The piston or plunger moves back into the chamber, compressing
the fluid.
The pressure forces the suction valve to close and opens the
discharge valve.
The fluid is pushed out through the discharge valve into the system.
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