GRAPHS OF
FUNCTIONS
THE
VERTICAL
LINE TEST
Consider a relation defined by a set of points
(x,y) in a rectangular coordinate system. The
graph defines y as a function of x if no vertical
line intersects the graph in more than one
point.
The vertical line test also implies that if any
vertical line drawn through the graph of a
relation intersects the relation in more than
one point, then the relation does not define y
as a function of x.
ACTIVITY 1 – IDENTIFY WHETHER EACH GRAPH BELOW IS A FUNCTION OR NOT.
NOT A FUNCTION NOT A FUNCTION
A B
D NOT A FUNCTION
C A FUNCTION
1. Graph of
Linear Function
4. Graph of
Functio Square Root
Function
2. Graph of
n types
Squaring
Function and
their 5. Graph of
Reciprocal
Function
3. Graph of
Cubic Function
graphs
GRAPHS OF A LINEAR
Linear function can be described by its equation, either in the form y =
mx + b or Ax + By = C. FUNCTION
Graphing linear functions can be done in any
of the four methods:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Using two Using 𝑥 − and 𝑦 Using the slope Using a slope and
points − intercepts and 𝑦 − intercept a point
STRATEGY
METHOD 1 METHOD 4
METHOD 2 METHOD 3 N°3
1. USING TWO
Illustrative example:
POINTS
Graph the linear function 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 using two of its
Step 1
points.
two valu es of 𝑥 then compu te fo r 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ). Let us co nsider
Determine two po ints on the graph. Yo u may assign
-4 and 3 as the values o f 𝑥 .
Wh en 𝑥 = −4 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 Given
𝑓(−4) = −4 + 4
𝑥
Substitu te -4 to
𝑓(−4) = 0 Result
Wh en 𝑥 = 3 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4
This gives an o rdered pair (-4, 0).
𝑓(3) = 3 + 4 Substitute 3 to 𝑥
Given
𝑓(3) = 7 Result
This gives an o rdered pair (3, 7).
This implies that the graph will pass through th e
pointsStep 2
Domain: -4 and
Plot
(-4, 0) th e(3,
and ordered
7). pairs (-4, 0) and (3, 7). Then ,
3
draw a line that passes th ro ugh these two points.
Range: 0 and 7
ACTIVITY 1 FOR GRAPHING LINEAR FUNCTION USING TWO POINTS
1 (0, 1)
2 (1, 2)
3 (2, 3)
4 (3, 4)
3 (0, 3)
4 (1, 4)
5 (2, 5)
6 (3, 6)
0 (0, 0)
2 (1, 2)
4 (2, 4)
6 (3, 6)
B. USING 𝒙 − AND 𝒚 −
INTERCEPTS
Graph the function 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 2 𝑥 − 6 using the 𝑥 - and 𝑦 -
Illustrative example:
intercepts.
Step
1
Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts. Recall that in finding the 𝑥-intercept, you need to let 𝑓( 𝑥) = 0.
Meanwhile, in finding the 𝑦-intercept, you need to let 𝑥 = 0. That is,
For 𝑥-intercept: 𝑓( 𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 6 Given
0 = 2𝑥 − 6 Let 𝑓( 𝑥) = 0
0 + 6 = 2𝑥 − 6 + 6 Add both sides by 6
6 = 2𝑥 Simplify
( 1 /2 ) (6) = (2𝑥) ( 1/ 2 ) Multiply both sides by ( 1 /2 )
3=𝑥 Simplify
𝑥=3 Symmetric Property of Equality
Thus, the 𝑥-intercept is (3, 0). This means that one of the points of the graph is (3, 0).
For 𝑦-intercept: 𝑓( 𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 6 Given
NOTE:
𝑓(0) = 2(0) − 6 Let 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = −6 Simplify X – intercept
Thus, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, -6). Hence, another point of the graph is (0, -6).
(a,0)
Step 2
Plot the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts. Then, draw
a line that passes through the
intercepts.
𝑥-intercept is (3,
0)
𝑦-intercept is (0, -
6)
ACTIVITY 2
Graph the following equation using x and y intercepts.
1. 6x – 5y = 30 2. X + 2y = 4
X – intercept is (5, 0) X – intercept is (4, 0)
Y – intercept is (0, -6) Y – intercept is (0, 2)
C. USING SLOPE AND 𝒚 −
the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
Illustrative example:
INTERCEPT
Graph
Step 2
Step 1
• Identify th e slope 𝑚 an d the 𝑦 - inte rce pt 𝑏 . In the
function , slope 𝑚 is 2 an d 𝑦 - interc ept 𝑏 is 1.
Step 3
Step 2
• Plot fi rst th e 𝑦 - in te rce pt 𝑏 .
S tep 3
slope 𝑚 = 𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑒 / 𝑟𝑢𝑛 and the valu e of th e slope m
• Find th e othe r point u sing th e slope . Re me mber that
2 an d ru n = 1. U sin g the 𝑦 - inte rce pt as the starting
which is 2 can be writte n as 2/ 1 wh ich me an s rise =
point, we move 2 un its upward since rise = 2, an d 1
unit to th e right sin ce run = 1. The n, make a line
that passe s through the two poin ts.
ACTIVITY 3
Graph the following equation using slope and y intercepts.
1. y =
2. y = -2x + 3
y-
b = -2 intercept
b=3
m=¾ m = -2
rise = 3 run
rise = -2
run = 4 rise run = 1
rise
run
y-
intercept
D. USING SLOPE AND
ONE POINT
Graph the linear function𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 − 3 using a slope and a point.
Illustrative example:
Step 1
Step 2
value for 𝑥 in th e give n fun ction, le t’s say 𝑥 = −1.
• Find a point from th e fu nc tion . You may assign any
Then, compute for 𝑓 (−1).
• Fin d anoth er poin t using the slope. The slope of the
𝑓( 𝑥 ) = −2 𝑥 − 3
fun ction is - 2 which can also be written as −2/ 1 ,
𝑓(−1) = −2(−1) − 3
Give n
th us, rise = - 2 and run = 1. From the point (-1, -1), we
𝑓(−1) = 2 − 3
Su bstitute - 1 to x
move 2 un its down ward since rise = -2 and one unit to
𝑓(−1) = −1
Simplify
th e right sin ce run = 1. Then, make a line that passes
Simplify
th rou gh the two points.
Thus, the line passes through the point (−1, −1).
Step 1 Step 2
Activity: How Do I Look?
Directions: For numbers 1 - 4, sketch the graph of a given linear function
using the indicated method.
2. Graph of
Squaring Function
•A squaring function graph is
commonly referred to as a
parabola, which is a U-shaped
curve. The squaring function f(x)
= . The diagram is shown at Figure
2.
3.Graph of
Cubic
Function
•In contrast to the squaring function,the
graph of the cubic function has both
Positive and negative sides. f(x) =
•The graph of a cubic function looks
like Figure 3.
4.Graph of Square
Root Function
•A graph of the function f(x),where x
results in x. f(x) =
•The squaring function graph is shown
in Figure 4.
5. Graph of
Reciprocal Function
•Let f(x) be a function f(x) = 1x is
known as a reciprocal function. The
reciprocal graph is shown in Figure 5.
How important is
graphing in real
life situations?
THANK YOU!
