ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
PLUTONISM AND VOLCANISM
Learning Competency:
Describe what happens after magma is
formed
S11ES/12ES-Ic-16
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Explain how and why magma rises up,
2. Identify, understand, and explain magmatic
differentiation mechanisms operating beneath the
surface of the earth.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:
- a process that occur beneath the earth.
- results in reshaping the Earth’s landform.
HOW IS MAGMA FORMED?
Magma is formed under certain circumstances in
special locations deep in the crust or in the upper
mantle.
Magma forms from partial melting.
Partial melting happens because the
minerals that compose them melt at
different temperature.
In melting, pressure is also considered.
There are two main mechanisms through which
rocks melt:
1. Decomposition melting- takes place within the earth
when a body of rock is held at approximately at the same
temperature but the pressure is reduced.
2. Flux melting-appens if a rock is close to its melting point
and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the
melting temperature is reduced and partial melting happens.
At very high temperature :
Most magmas are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for
the atoms to bond together.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MAGMA IS
FORMED?
Cuarto (2016) described that magma escaped
in two forms: intrusion and extrusion.
An intrusion is magma that moves up into a
volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this
causes the volcano to grow on the inside.
What is meant by the intrusion of magma is
the inclusion of the rock layers forming the
earth's crust (magma does not get out).
PLUTONISM
❖ Plutonism refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities
taking place below the Earth's surface.
❖ In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth's crust but fails to
make it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth
to ideal conditions for metallogenesis and that is a kind of Plutonism.
❖ This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when the
presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds that
are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed.
❖ The solidification and crystallization of magma takes place
mainly inside the Earth’s interior.
When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust, the
magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites, which is another major
category of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous rock
formations that are created when the process of crystallization and
solidification of magma takes places below the Earth's surface and
particularly in the crust.
An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land
formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the
formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and
there are cracks in the earth's crust. Magma that came out to the
surface of the earth is called the eruption. Magma that came to the
surface of the earth is called lava.
Magma can move up because of a high pressure exerted by magma
and gases. In the lithosphere, magma occupies a bag which is
called magma chamber. The depth of the magma chamber causes
the differences in the strength of volcanic eruptions. In general, the
deeper the magma chamber, the stronger the explosion.
VOLCANISM
A phenomenon in which the materials
are erupted from the Earth’s interior
onto the surface through the creation
volcanoes and hot springs.
Volcano-is a vent or series of vents on
the crust.
Crater- the mount of the vent
Caldera- the large, almost circular
depression formed either
by
the collapse or explosion of
volcano.
ACTIVE VOLCANOES in the PHILIPPINES
NAME LOCATION NUMBER OF KNOWN
ERUPTIONS
MAYON ALBAY 44
TAAL BATANGAS 33
KANLAON NEGROS ORIENTAL 24
BULUSAN SORSOGON 12
RAGANG COTABATO 9
SMITH BABUYAN ISLANDS 8
HIBOK-HIBOK CAMIGUIN ISLAND 6
DIDICAS BABUYAN ISLAND GROUP 5
BABUYAN CLARO BABUYAN ISLAND 1
CAMIGUIN de BABUYANES BABUYAN ISLAND GROUP 1
CAGUA CAGAYAN 1
BANAHAW LAGUNA/QUEZON 1
CALAYO BUKIDNON 1
PINATUBO ZAMBALES 1
MAGMA
forms in three particular environment:
subduction zones, divergent zones,
and hot spots or mantle plumes.
lies in the asthenosphere, a layer
characterized by a weak, soft, and
plastic rock.
Magma production:
Increased temperature due to friction
Addition of water to the atmosphere
Pressure relief melting
Magma generated at the subduction
zones is andesitic
Magma generated at the divergent
zones is basaltic.
Hot spots/mantle plumes – third
environment in which magma forms
but not related to boundaries
INTRUSIVE VOLCANITY
If magma does not reach the surface
EXTRUSIVE VOLCANITY
If magmatic bodies are expelled onto
the surface
States of matter ejected when a volcano erupts :
[Link]
Volcanic eruption emits a variety of gases
Gases sometimes react with the lava on the
walls of rocks to form brightly colored
sublimates.
[Link] (LAVA)
Lava refers to magma that flows out of
the Earth’s surface.
Temperature may be from 500 degrees
Celcius to 1400 degrees Celcius.
[Link]
Solid particles thrown out in volcanic
eruption are known as Pyroclastics:
Volcanic blocks
Cinders or lapilli
Volcanic ash
Volcanic dust
LAHAR
Ash clouds that may cause rains that
bring about mudflow.
NUEE ARDENTE
A mixture of hot gases and fine ash
which is denser than air and therefore
flows down the slope of volcanoes.
