Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Passi City
PASSI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Program
Tel. No. 311-5997

SELF LEARNING MODULE FOR

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS

Grade Levels: Grade 11

Core Subject: Earth Science
Semester: First Semester
QUARTER 2- Week 2

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Describe what happens after magma is formed (S11/12ES-Ic-16)

Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart and shearing (S11/12ES-Ic-19)

Learning Objectives:
1. identify the composition of magma;
2. discuss how magma is formed
3. explain what happens after magma is formed.
4. identify the factors involved in the process of metamorphism;
5. differentiate the types of metamorphism; and
6. explain the effects of pressure and temperature on the composition and texture of the
rocks undergoing metamorphism.

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 Plutonism and Volcanism

We know that the Earth transmits seismic waves that the bulk of the
planet is solid for thousands of kilometers down to the core-mantle boundary.
The evidence of volcanic eruptions, however, tells us that there must be liquid
regions where magma originate.
Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of
magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some
natural satellites. The poem below will give you an idea on the composition
and properties of magma.

PRE-ACTIVITY: Identify the terms related to the given geologic processes by

arranging the jumbled letters that follow each statement. Write your answer
on the space provided.

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 KEEP IN MIND!

An endogenic process is a geological process that was formed,

originated, and located below the surface of the earth. It involves geologic
activities such as tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities
and magmatism.

How is magma formed?

Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location
deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Magma forms from partial melting
of mantle rocks.
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 Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that
compose them melt at different temperature. Partial melting takes place
because rocks are not pure materials. As temperature rises, some minerals
melt and others remain solid. If the same conditions are maintained at any
given temperature, the same mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained.
To visualize the partial melt, think of how chocolate chip cookies would look
if you heated it to the point at which chocolate chips melted while the main
part of the cookie stayed solid. The chips represent the partial melt or
magma.
To understand melting, pressure is also considered. Pressure
increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock.
Geologist found out that as they melted rocks under various pressures,
higher pressure led to higher melting points.
The two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are
decompression melting and flux melting.
Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a body
of rock is held at approximately the same temperature but the pressure is
reduced. This happens because the rock is being moved toward the
surface, either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part
of a mantle convection cell. If a rock that is hot enough to be close to its
melting point is moved toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the
rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this point, partial
melting starts to take place.
Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting point and
some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the melting temperature
is reduced and partial melting starts.
As the magma moves toward the surface, and especially when it
moves from the mantle into the lower crust, it interacts with the surrounding
rock. This typically leads to partial melting of the surrounding rock because
most such magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of crustal rock.
At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magma are
entirely liquid because there is too much energy for the atoms to bond
together. As the temperature drops, usually because the magma is slowly
moving upward, things start to change. Silicon and oxygen combine to form
silica tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the tetrahedra start to link
together to make chains (polymerize). These silica chains have the
important effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny), and
magma viscosity has significant implications for volcanic eruptions. As the
magma continues to cool, crystals start to form.
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What happens after magma is formed?
Magma escaped in two forms: intrusion and extrusion. An
intrusion is magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting. Like a
balloon, this causes the volcano grows on the inside. What is meant by the
intrusion of magma is the inclusion of the rock layers forming the earth's
crust (magma does not get out).

Plutonism
Plutonism refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities
taking place below the Earth's surface. In cases where magma infiltrates the
Earth's crust but fails to make it to the surface, the process of magma
differentiation gives birth to ideal conditions for metallogenesis and that is a
kind of Plutonism. This is the exact process that gives birth to magma, when
the presence of various oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and chlorine compounds
that are necessary for the creation of magma is guaranteed. The
solidification and crystallization of magma takes place mainly inside the
Earth's interior.
When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust,
the magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites, which is another major
category of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous rock formations
that are created when the process of crystallization and solidification of
magma takes places below the Earth's surface and particularly in the crust.
An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes
land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the
formation of volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong enough and there
are cracks in the earth's crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the
earth is called the eruption. Magma that came to the surface of the earth is
called lava.
Magma can move up because of a high pressure exerted by
magma and gases. In the lithosphere magma occupies a bag which is
called magma chamber. The depth of the magma chamber causes the
differences in the strength of volcanic eruptions. In general, the deeper the
magma chamber, the stronger the explosion.

Volcanism

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 Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena that
occur on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes
and hot springs. It refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with
the flow and transportation of igneous material from the planet's interior
towards the natural terrestrial surface. This motion takes place inside cracks
that are known among geologists as natural pipes that infiltrate the upper
mantle. In many cases, the mantle allows massive quantities of liquids and
gases to reach the upper layers of the planet and in various cases, even the
natural terrestrial surface.
Volcanoes are created and formed when energy generated by
inductive currents flowing from the Earth's core towards the surface hits the
upper layers in the form of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock
formations. The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important role in
the creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards the surface.
This also explains why massive amounts of water vapor concentration in
magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are emitted into the
atmosphere during volcanic eruptions.
Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of
crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth to rock formations
known as volcanites. These are one of the major categories of igneous rock
formations. Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored trakibasaltic
lava with large phenocrystal and pyroclastic.

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 LESSON 2.2
METAMORPHISM

PRE-ACTIVITY:
Metamorphism Map
Directions. Complete the concept map about metamorphism by supplying
the missing words and phrases which can be chosen from the box below.

(Tell something about

metamorphism)
___________________________
_________

“Meta” means ___ Two Classifications Where are metamorphic

“Morphe” means_____ of Metamorphic rocks formed?
rocks are…

Non-foliates

It projects It projects
________ ________

Key Terms
form volcano non-Foliated magma heat
lineation/foliation fine grain pressure slate
schist hornfels marble quartzite
gneiss

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 KEEP IN MIND!
The process of metamorphism takes place tens of kilometers below the
surface where temperatures and pressures are high enough to transform rock
without melting it. The increase in temperature and pressure and change of
the chemical environment can change the mineral composition and crystalline
textures of the rock while remaining solid all the while. The metamorphic rocks
under these change conditions depends on the original rock chemistry, the
exact pressures and temperature to which rocks are subjected and the
amount of water available for chemical reaction.

Factors Involved in the Process of Metamorphism

1. Temperature.
It plays a crucial role in the process of metamorphism. The heat affects
the rock’s chemical composition, mineralogy and texture. For instance,
during burial metamorphism, at a depth of about 8 to 15 kilometers from
the surface of the crust metamorphic reactions begin. The rocks adjust
to the new temperature causing its atoms and ions to recrystallize and
form new arrangements thereby creating new mineral assemblages.
During recrystallization, new crystals grow larger than the crystals in the
original rock.
For example, (see figure below) when sedimentary rock (mud rock)
- shale become buried deeper and deeper, the clay minerals in the rock
will begin to recrystallize and form new minerals, such as micas in slate
– a metamorphic rock from shale. With additional burial, at greater depth,
where temperature is higher, mineral micas begin to transform into a
new mineral garnet in schist – another metamorphic rock with higher
grade. The rate at which temperature increases with depth in the Earth’s
crust is known as geothermal gradient which varies on plate tectonic
settings like the thickness of the crust or whether the area is in the
subduction zone between oceanic and continental or under the
converging two continental crusts.
Subduction zones, for instance, are characterized by low
temperature metamorphism and the area at which collision takes place
between two converging crustal plates is characterized by high
temperature metamorphism. In a nutshell, the higher the temperature,

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 the higher the metamorphism grade until such time when temperature is
high.

2. Pressure.
Like temperature, it changes the composition, mineralogy, and texture
of rocks. Pressure is different in various tectonic setting, similar to
temperature. For instance, metamorphism in the subduction zone is
characterized by high-pressure metamorphism. In contrast, collision
zone between two continental crust is marked by moderate pressure
metamorphism.

There are two types of pressures known also as stresses that

exert force to rocks causing changes.

1. The confining pressure or vertical stress, is the pressure or stress exerted

on rock by the weight of overlying material such as in burial
metamorphism. This type of pressure is the same in all directions and
makes the rocks to fracture or deformed.
2. The directed or differential pressure imposed by a force in a particular
direction. Differential pressure is dominant at convergent boundaries
where plates move towards each other and collide thus exerting force and
cause rocks to deform. Pressure causes rocks to form folds in a particular
direction as directed by the pressure, thus directed pressure guides the
shape and orientation of the new crystals formed as minerals recrystallize
under the influence of both heat and pressure. This results in a textural
change such that the minerals are elongated in the direction perpendicular
to the directed stress and this contributes to the formation of foliation.
Foliation is a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes produced by
deformation under directed pressures. In the figure below, the effect of
compression due to pressure, aligned the minerals as they recrystallize
during metamorphism. The diagram in the left represents the minerals in
shale, a sedimentary rock with beddings in the direction shown. The
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diagram in the middle represents minerals in slate, a low-grade
metamorphic rock from original rock shale, with the mica crystals
orientated perpendicular to the direction of the pressure. The minerals in
a higher grade metamorphic rock schist, with very evident foliation, is
represented by the diagram in the far right which shows larger bandings
of minerals caused by even greater pressure.

The circulating mineral-laden fluids through rock bodies known as

Hydrothermal fluids also play a role in the process of metamorphism.
The dissolve minerals in the fluids react with rocks that the fluids
penetrate causing changes in chemical and mineral compositions and
sometimes completely replacing one mineral with another without
changing the rocks textures. This type of metamorphism is known as
metasomatism in which the alteration process is caused by fluids
passing through the rock and catalyze chemical reactions.
For example, when the heat of the intrusive igneous body heats up
the groundwater containing dissolved minerals, convection of water
forms flowing through the surrounding rocks and penetrating through
them. Reactions occur among chemicals in the rocks and in the water
resulting into significant change in the mineralogy of the rock. Example
for this is the alteration of feldspars to clays, and deposition of quartz,
calcite, and other minerals in fractures or cracks and other open spaces
forming veins such as represented by the figure below.

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 Metamorphism caused by hydrothermal fluids also occurs in mid-
ocean ridges where hot lava, coming out of the fissures, react with
mineral-rich ocean water and cause serpentines to form through
oxidation and hydration chemical reaction of peridotites- an olivine rich
rocks at the base of the oceanic crust, this is known as Serpentinization
process.

Types of Metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks are categorized on the basis of theory geologic
origins. Foliated metamorphic rocks such as Gneiss and Schist were
formed through Regional Metamorphism in which both high temperature
and high pressure are imposed to large parts of the crust. Most regional
metamorphism occurs within the continental crust. Although rocks can be
metamorphosed at depth in most areas, deep below the mountains
produced by collision of two continental crust is the area of greatest
regional metamorphism. In general, the confining and directing pressures
exerted by some tectonic forces unto to the rock formations cause new
alignment of minerals (foliation) during recrystallization.
Another type of metamorphism is the Contact Metamorphism
which is prominent in areas where surrounding rocks are exposed to heat
coming from magma intrusion within the layers of the rocks. Marble,
quartzite and other granoblastic rocks with large visible crystals of minerals
maybe formed through contact metamorphism. For example, when quartz-
rich sedimentary rock come in contact with enough heat from the presence
of ingenious intrusions to trigger recrystallization, all sedimentary
structures are destroyed and quartz grains in the sandstone recrystallize
to form an interlocking mosaic of crystals giving it a granoblastic texture.
The resulting rock is white or pale grey in color known as metaquartzite.
The size of the crystals is larger near to the contact with the igneous
intrusion and smaller when further away from the contact where
temperatures are not as high. The same things happen with limestone, the
parent rock of marble. The heat coming from igneous intrusion destroys
the calcite minerals including the fossils found in the limestone and form a
marble with an interlocking mosaic of crystals. A limestone made of pure
calcite minerals would transform into pure white marble.
Other types of metamorphism include Shock Metamorphism
which takes place when the heat and shock waves from meteor or
asteroid impact transform rocks immediately around the impact site,
examples of this is the transformation of mineral graphite into ultra-high-
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 pressure polymorphs diamond and conversion of quartz minerals into
coesite under high shock pressures. Burial Metamorphism occurs at
lower temperature and pressure which transform sedimentary rocks that
had undergone diagenesis into low grade metamorphic rocks through
relatively low temperature and pressure. Partial alteration of the
mineralogy and texture may occur while other sedimentary structures are
usually preserved.
In subduction zones, between two converging plates, High-
pressure metamorphism occurs. Metamorphic rocks created through
these processes are rarely found on the Earth surface as they were
formed in such a great depth. Some metamorphic rocks formed through
these types of metamorphism contains bits of microscopic diamonds, an
indication that the rock was formed with great pressure. An example of
rock made through this type of metamorphism is the eglcosite which has
transformed with pressure greater than 28 kbar at a depth of
approximately above 80 km.

What have I Learned

Directions: Complete the sentence below by writing the correct word/phrase.

1. Metamorphism is the alteration of rock’s _____________,

_____________ and _____________.
2. Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to significant
changes in _____________ and _____________.
3. Confining pressure is _____________, whereas directed pressure is
_____________.
4. In the presence directed pressure, recrystallization may align minerals
_____________ to the force/stress applied on the rocks.
5. _____________ metamorphism takes place where both high and
temperatures are imposed over large parts of the crust and usually takes
place in _____________ plate boundaries.
6. _____________ is the localized transformation or rocks near to igneous
intrusions mainly as a result of high temperatures.
7. Other types of metamorphism are _____________, _____________, and
_____________.
8. _____________ is created by alignment of minerals under directed
pressure.
9. Granoblastic rocks are _____________ rocks composed mainly of
crystals that grow in large size and distinct shapes.
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10. Metasomatism occurs when the change in rock’s composition is due to
interactions with _____________.

Note: Just answer 1 performance task and the Assessment as required

outputs to be submitted. Activities can be answered in your notebook
only.
Those who are in quarantine or under community lockdown, you may opt
to pass the pictures of your outputs and send through your class group
chat on messenger.
Please follow the schedule for submission of answer sheets/outputs
every week. Queries/clarifications about the lesson will be entertained
only on weekdays (Mon-Fri), from 8:00 – 11:30 and 1: 00 – 4:00 in the
afternoon.

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PERFORMANCE TASK:

OPTION 1:
Directions: Complete the concept map below.

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OPTION 2:

A. Directions: Identify the geologic area and the respective type

metamorphism that occur in the encircled portion in the illustration below.
Write your answers in the table.

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OPTION 3:
Directions: Fill in the table below with the correct information
about metamorphism.

OPTION 4:Go to your backyard, home, or school garden or in any place near
and safe for you to collect some metamorphic rocks and bring them home.
(make sure to clean them first and don’t forget to wash your hands) Make a
table similar to the one below and make a log of the information about the
rocks that you collected.

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 POST TEST
Assess what you have learned!
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the letter of the best answer from among
the given choices.

1. How does decompression melting occur?

A. It occurs when the temperature decreases directly proportional to pressure.
B. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.
C. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure decreases.
D. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure increases.
2. How is magma formed?
A. Magma is formed through movement of rocks and minerals.
B. Magma is formed under the earth’s mantle through solar radiation.
C. Magma is formed through heating and cooling of materials on the earth’s surface
D. Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in the
crust or in the upper mantle.
3. What happens after magma is formed?
1. Magma escapes by intrusion.
2. Magma escapes by extrusion.
3. Magma escapes to the bodies of water.
4. Magma escapes through a magma chamber.
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
4. Which geologic process takes place inside cracks and infiltrates the upper mantle
allowing liquids and gases to reach the surface of the earth?
A. Hydration B. Plutonism
C. Tectonic D. Volcanism
5. Magma varies widely in composition. Which among the following is the most
abundant element composition in magma?
A. Aluminum B. Oxygen
C. Silicon D. Sodium
6. What is the tendency of a magma with high silica content?
A. It tends to be hotter. B. It tends to be less viscous.
C. It tends to be more viscous. D. It tends to be less explosive.
7. Which of the following statements describe volcanism?
1. A geological phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth
2. The motion takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the upper mantle
3. The process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails to make it to the surface
4. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material towards
the surface
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4
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 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
8. What is the effect of the magma’s viscosity on volcanic eruption?
A. It becomes less explosive.
B. It becomes more explosive.
C. It has less magma emission.
D. It has more magma emission.
9. Which of the following statements do not describe plutonism?
1. A geological phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth
2. A motion that takes place inside cracks that infiltrate the upper mantle
3. A process where magma infiltrates the crust but fails to make it to the surface
4. A process correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous material towards
the surface
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
10. Which igneous rock formation is produced when the process of crystallization
takes place on the Earth’s surface?
A. Andesite B. Granite
C. Plutonites D. Volcanites
11.When does metallogenesis occur?
A. If magma reach Earth’s surface.
B. If magma differentiation occurs.
C. If magma infiltrates but fail to make it to the Earth’s surface.
D. If magma infiltrates but fail to make it to the Earth’s surface and magma
differentiation occurs.
12. What happened during flux melting?
A. Rock’s melting point is reduced by adding some oxygen or carbon dioxide.
B. Rock’s melting point is increased by adding some water or carbon dioxide.
C. Rock’s melting point is reduced by adding some water or carbon dioxide.
D. Rock’s melting point is increased by adding some oxygen or carbon dioxide.
13. What temperature and pressure conditions allow magma to form?
A. low pressure and high temperature
B. low pressure and low temperature
C. high pressure and low temperature
D. high pressure and high temperature
14. Why does partial melting of rocks on mantle occur?
A. Because rocks are pure materials.
B. Because rocks are made of metals.
C. Because rocks are made up of silicates.
D. Because rocks composition has different melting points.
15. Which of the following factors affect the melting of rocks?
A. temperature and pressure
B. pressure and minerals components of a rock
C. temperature and minerals components of a rock
D. temperature, pressure and minerals components of a rock
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16. Which of the following statements about metamorphism of a shale is false?
a. With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
b. With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases
c. With increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form micas
d. With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets smaller
17. Which of the following has the correct set of major agents of metamorphism?
a. Temperature and pressure
b. Pressure and tectonic forces
c. Temperature and mineral fluids
d. Hydrothermal fluids and pressure
18. Which of the following correctly describes the major role of pressure in producing
metamorphic rocks?
a. Pressure leads to foliation in the rock
b. Pressure decreases the size of mineral crystals
c. Pressure leads to mineralogical changes in the rock.
d. Pressure facilitates change in mineral composition of the rock.
19. What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mud rock experiences high-grade
metamorphism?
a. Gneiss b. Phyllite
c. Schist d. Slate

20. Granite is an igneous rock that are formed through slow solidification of magma;
accordingly, it does not change very much at lower metamorphic grades. Why is
this so?
a. Granite minerals are still stable at lower temperatures.
b. Granite, like any other igneous rocks is geologically impossible to become a
parent rock of metamorphic rock.
c. Granite remains largely unchanged at lower metamorphic grades because its
surrounding environment is constantly stable.
d. All of the above
21. What process contributes to metamorphism of oceanic crust at a spreading ridge?
a. Dissolved minerals in the water confined within the rocks react with the heat and
triggers chemical reaction.
b. Heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the ocean heats up the rock and
forms recrystallization of the original mineral content of the rock.
c. Minerals present in the ocean water percolates through the rocks and deposits
the minerals within the rocks while replacing other minerals.
d. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust creates horizontal
movements and deform the rocks within leading to formations of foliations and
cracks.
22. While walking, Daniel picked up a rock that have been washed up on the beach.
Noticing that it has wavy bands of light and dark colored minerals, he claimed that
the rock is a metamorphic rock. Which of the following inferences about its formation
is the most correct?
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 a. Pressure was the main agent in rock’s formation which aligned the minerals into
new orientation.
b. The rock was formed through high-pressure made by the impact of large body
into the Earth’s surface.
c. The minerals in the rocks were altered through recrystallization changing their
size into large crystals.
d. The bands in the rock was formed through deposition of minerals from the hot
fluids that surround it during formation process.
23. Which of the following is the source of increase of temperature and pressure in
regional metamorphism?
a. Impact metamorphism
b. Local intrusive heat source
c. Increased rate of radioactive decay
d. Increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
24. Which of the following metamorphic rocks can NOT form from a shale?
a. hornfels b. marble
c. schist d. slate
25.On a local field trip, a group of students noticed that they are walking across a path
made of rocks that starts from a shale into a slate and into a phyllite. What can you
infer to the direction taken by the students in relation the grades of metamorphic
rocks?
a. It follows a decreasing metamorphic grade.
b. It indicates an increasing metamorphic grade.
c. It indicates an increasing degree of contact metamorphism.
d. It shows an in decreasing degree to regional metamorphism.

References:

www.google.com

Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 3: Endogenic Processes: Plutonism and Volcanism First
Edition, 2020

Earth Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 4: Metamorphism First Edition, 2020

Earth and Life Science – Senior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Changes in Mineral Components and Texture of Rocks (Metamorphism)
First Edition, 2020

Earth Science- Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 - Module 9: Earth’s Interior and Its Mechanisms First Edition,
2020

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