Chapter 1

Introduction to Emerging Technologies

1
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 After completing this section, the students will be able to:

 Develop knowledge about the era of industrial evolutions

 Identify the technological advances in industrial revolution

stages

 Identifies and understand the programmable devices

 Understand concepts relating to human-computer interaction.

 Develop general knowledge about emerging technologies

2
 EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES
 Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a
new technology that are currently developing, or that are
expected to be available within the next five to ten years, and
is usually reserved for technologies that are creating or are
expected to create significant social or economic effects.

 Technological evolution is a theory of radical

transformation of society through technological
development.
 It can have slightly different meanings when used in different
areas, such as media, business, science, or education.
3
 EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES
 Technology
 Originally from techno (art, craft) + logy (subject of study or
interest).
 From Greek tekhnologia "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or
technique,"
 The meaning "science of the mechanical and industrial arts" is first
recorded in 1859.
 The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially
in industry.
 Evolution
 Evolution means the process of developing by gradual changes.
 This noun is from Latin evolutio, "an unrolling or opening," combined
from the prefix e-, "out," plus volvere, "to roll."
4
 INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR)

 The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and

innovation that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

 An Industrial Revolution occurs when a society shifts from using tools

to make products to use new sources of energy, such as coal, to power

machines in factories.

 The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of

goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories.

 The revolution started in England, with a series of innovations to

make labor more efficient and productive.

5
 CONT…
 The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as
the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between
1820 and 1870. Industries such as textile manufacturing,
mining, glass making, and agriculture all had undergone
changes.
 The following industrial revolutions fundamentally
changed and transfer the world around us into modern
society.
 The steam engine,
 The age of science and mass production,
 The rise of digital technology
6

 CONT…
 The four types of industries are:
 The primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g.
mining, farming, and fishing.
 The secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g.
making cars and steel.
 Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and
nursing.
 The quaternary industry involves research and
development industries e.g. IT.
 The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution
7
 Transportation: Steam Engine, Railroad, Diesel Engine,
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR 1.0)
 The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the late

1770s before spreading to the rest of Europe and have four

generation.

 The first Industrial Revolution (IR) is described as a transition

to new manufacturing processes.

 The transitions in the first IR included going from hand

production methods to machines, the increasing use of steam

power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the

8
factory system.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR 2.0)
 The Second IR, also known as the Technological Revolution,

began somewhere in the 1870s.

 The advancements in IR 2.0 included the development of

methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and

widespread adoption of pre-existing technological systems such

as telegraph and railroad networks.

 Moreover, new technological systems were introduced, such as

electrical power and telephones.

9
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR 3.0)
 IR 3.0 introduced the transition from mechanical and analog

electronic technology to digital electronics in late 1950s.

 The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and

widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived

technologies such as the computer, handphones and the Internet.

 Certain practices that were enabled during IR 3.0 is still being

practiced until this current day. E.g.: digital computers and digital

record.

10
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (IR 4.0)
 IR 4.0 come with advancements in various technologies such as
robotics, Internet of Things, additive manufacturing and autonomous
vehicles. The technologies are called cyber-physical systems.
 A cyber-physical system is a mechanism that is controlled or
monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the
Internet and its users. One example that is being widely practiced in
industries today is the usage of Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) machines. These machines are operated by giving it
instructions using a computer.
 Another major breakthrough is the adoption of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), where we can see it being implemented into our
smartphones. Also it is one of the main elements that give life to
Autonomous
11
Vehicles and Automated Robots.
 SUMMARY
 First industrial revolution
 Mechanization through water and steam power
 Second industrial revolution
 Mass production and assembly lines using electricity
 Third industrial revolution
 Adoption of computers and automation
 Fourth industrial revolution
 Smart and autonomous systems fueled by data and
machine learning.
12
 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ET
 There are many technologies which collaborate to produce new
innovative technologies.
 For emerging technologies there are three main parts which
make a huge contribution
 Data, Big data
 Enabling devices and networks (Programable
devices)
 Human computer interaction.

13
 ROLE OF DATA FOR EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
 Data is regarded as the new oil and strategic asset. We are living
in the age of big data, and drives or even determines the future of
science, technology, the economy, and possibly everything in our
world today and tomorrow.
 Data have not only triggered tremendous hype and buzz but more
importantly, presents enormous challenges that in turn bring
incredible innovation and economic opportunities.
 This reshaping and paradigm-shifting are driven not just by data
itself but all other aspects that could be created, transformed, and/or
adjusted by understanding, exploring, and utilizing data.
 This involves not only core disciplines such as computing,
informatics, and statistics, but also the broad-based fields of
business,
14 social science, and health/medical science.
 ROLE OF PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES FOR ET
 In digital electronic systems, there are four basic kinds of
devices:
 Memory
It is a devices to store information like contents of a
spreadsheet or database.
 Microprocessors
It execute instructions to perform a variety of tasks such as
running a word processing program or video game.
 Network
 It is a collection of computers, servers, network devices,
peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to
allow the sharing of data. E.g.: Internet
 Logic devices
 It provide specific functions, including device-to-device
15
interfacing, data communication, signal processing, data
 CONT …
 Digital electronics is the backbone of modern information technologies.
programmability is a key factor in the design of digital systems.
 Two different classes of digital devices emerged to provide
programmability.
 The first class consisted of fixed hardware design with
reprogrammable software. Examples of such devices include
microcontrollers and microprocessors.
 The second class of digital devices featured reconfigurable hardware
to achieve flexible logic circuit design. Examples of such devices
include field programmable logic devices (FPLDs), complex
programmable logic devices (SPLDs), and complex programmable logic
devices (CPLDs).
16
 CONT …
 A microcontroller chip features a fixed digital logic circuit that cannot be

modified.

 However, programmability is achieved by changing the software/firmware

that runs on the microcontroller chip.

 PLD (programmable logic device) consists of multiple logic cells whose

interconnections can be configured using an HDL (hardware description

language).

 Therefore, the performance and speed of PLDs are generally superior to

that of microcontrollers and microprocessors. PLDs also provide circuit

designers with a greater degree of freedom and flexibility.

17
CONT…
Why is a computer referred to as a programmable
device?
 Because what makes a computer a computer is that it follows a
set of instructions. Many electronic devices are computers that
perform only one operation, but they are still following
instructions that reside permanently in the unit.
 Example of Programmable devices we use everyday in our life’s
 Stove,
 Phone
 Washing machine
 Tv remote etc.
18
CONT…
 A full range of network-related equipment referred to as
Service Enabling Devices (SEDs), which can include:
 Traditional channel service unit (CSU) and data service unit
(DSU)
 Modems
 Routers
 Switches
 Conferencing equipment
 Network appliances (NIDs and SIDs)
 Hosting equipment and servers
19
 ROLE OF HUMAN TO MACHINE INTERACTION TO ET
 HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people
interact with computers.
 Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the
communication and interaction between a human and a
machine via a user interface.
 It also study to what extent computers are or are not
developed for successful interaction with human beings.
 HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and
the ways they work together.

20
 CONT…
 How do users interact with computers?

 The user interacts directly with hardware for the human

input and output such as displays, e.g. through a graphical

user interface.

 The user interacts with the computer over this software

interface using the given input and output (I/O) hardware.

21
 CONT…
 How important is human-computer interaction?

 The goal of HCI is to improve the interaction between users

and computers by making computers more user-friendly and

receptive to the user's needs.

 The main advantages of HCI are simplicity, ease of

deployment & operations and cost savings for smaller set-ups.

 They also reduce solution design time and integration

complexity.
22
 LIST OF SOME CURRENTLY AVAILABLE EMERGED
TECHNOLOGIES
 Artificial Intelligence
 The theory and development of computer systems able to
perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such
as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making,
and translation between languages.
 Augmented Reality
 A technology that superimposes a computer-generated
image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a
composite view.
 Virtual Reality

23The
 computer-generated simulation of a 3D image or
 CONT …
 Blockchain
 A system in which a record of transactions (digital ledger)
made in bitcoin or another cryptocurrency are maintained
across several computers that are linked in a peer-to-peer
network.
 Cloud Computing
 The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on
the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than
a local server or a personal computer.
 DevOps (Development and Operations)
 It is an enterprise software development phrase used to
24
mean a type of agile relationship between development and
 CONT …
 Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
 Intelligent apps are applications that use historical and real-time data
from user interactions and other sources to make predictions and
suggestions, delivering personalized and adaptive user experiences.
 Big Data
 Extremely large data sets that may be analyzed computationally to
reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human
behavior and interactions.
 Robotic Processor Automation (RPA)
 Robotic process automation (RPA) is the use of software with artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high-
volume, repeatable tasks that previously required humans to perform.
25
 CONT …
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 It is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical
and digital machines provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

 Angular and React

 Angular is a complete JavaScript framework while React is
a JavaScript Library for building user interfaces.
 5G Networks
 5G is the fifth generation wireless technology for digital
cellular networks.
26
 NB: Emerging technologies are affecting our lives and

the future of our businesses, therefore; we have to

adapt to these tools.

27
?