THE
SKELET
system
AL
Your skeleton is
made of more than
___ bones
200
The body has ___
types of bone
two
true or false
Bones are filled with
a spongy tissue
True
Babies are born with
___ bones
300
The smallest bone in
the body is in your
___
ear
The longest bone in
the body is in your
___
thigh
One bone isn’t
connected to any
other bones
hyoid bone
The biggest joint in
your body is your ___
knee
Bones are strong,
but ___ are stronger
teeth
Skeletal
System
• The main part • There are 206 • The • The skeleton • Vertebrae
of your bones in an human skele also protects surround and
skeletal adult human -tal system the soft body protect the
system skeleton. consists of parts. The spinal cord
consists of bones, cartil fused bones and bones of
your bones, age, of the the rib cage
hard ligaments cranium help protect
structures and tendons surround the the heart
that create and accounts brain to make and lungs of
your body’s for about 20 it less the thorax.
framework — percent of vulnerable
Major Function of the Skeletal
SUPPORT System
Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing
weight and is the major supporting tissue of the
body.
PROTECTION Bone is hard and protects the organs it
sorrounds.
Contraction of skeletal muscles pulls the
MOVEMENT
tendons, which moves the bones.
Some minerals in the blood (Ca, P) are stored
STORAGE in bone. Adipose tissue is also stroed within
bone cavities.
BLOOD CELL Many bones contain cavities filled with red
PRODUCTIO bone marrow, which produces blood cells and
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
COLLAGE
N
PROTEOGLYCA
TENDONS
NS
LIGAMENT
S
HYDROXAPAT
ITE
JOINTS
CARTILAG
TENDO
NS
Tendons are bands of tissue that connect
the ends of a muscle to your bone.
LIGAMENT
S
Bands of strong connective tissue called
ligaments hold bones together.
JOINTS
A joint is where two or more bones in the body come
together. There are three different joint types. The
types of joints are:
Immovable joints: Immovable joints don’t let
the bones move at all, like the joints between your
skull bones.
Partly movable joints: These joints allow limited
movement. The joints in your rib cage are partly
movable joints.
Movable joints: Movable joints allow a wide
range of motion. Your elbow, shoulder, and knee
are movable joints.
CARTILAG
• E connective
Cartilage is a strong, flexible
tissue that protects your joints and bones.
• Reducing friction: • Absorbing shock: • Supporting
Cartilage lubricates Cartilage cushions structures in your
your joints. It helps your bones and body: Cartilage
your bones slide past joints when you helps your joints
each other without move and use them. keep their shape
rubbing together. It absorbs force while moving.
and reduces how
much stress an • It also connects
impact puts on your other tissue together
CLASSIFICATION
HYALINE CARTILAGE ELASTIC CARTILAGE
OF
FIBROCARTILAGE
CARTILAGE
• It is the most common
type of cartilage in
• Most flexible • Fibrocartilage is what
cartilage. It supports its name sounds like:
your body. It lines parts of your body tough cartilage
your joints and caps that need to bend and made of thick
the ends of your move to function. fibers.
bones. • Elastic cartilage can • It’s the strongest and
bounce back to its least flexible of the
• Sometimes referred to original shape, even three types.
as articular after a strong force.
cartilage. • It’s tough enough to
• Your ear is made of hold parts of your
• Hyaline cartilage is elastic cartilage. body in place and
slippery and smooth absorb impacts.
which helps your
bones move smoothly
CLASSIFICATION OF
BONES
IRREGULAR
LONG BONES SHORT BONES FLAT BONES
BONES
• Bones that are • Short bones are • Flat bones are thin, • Bones that are not
longer than they roughly cube flattened, and in any of the above
are wide are called shaped with usually curved. three categories are
long bones. vertical and classified as
• Most of the bones of
horizontal irregular bones.
the cranium are
• Long bones include dimensions
flat bones. • The vertebrae and
bones of the thigh, approximately
some of the bones
leg, arm, and equal.
in the skull are
forearm.
• Short bones include irregular bones.
the bones of the
NAMED BONES IN THE
ADULT HUMAN
SKELETON
AXIAL
SKELETON
8
SKULL
AXIAL
SKELETON
FACE
14
AUDITORY OSSICLES
SKELETON
6
AXIAL
AXIAL
SKELETON
1
HYOID
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SKELETON
26
AXIAL
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• The 33 vertebrae make up five distinct spine segments. Starting at the neck and
going down toward your buttocks (rear end), these segments include:
CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR SACRUM COCCYX
• The top part of • The chest or • Five vertebrae • This triangle- • Four fused
the spine has thoracic part of (L1 to L5) make shaped bone vertebrae
seven vertebrae the spine has 12 up the lower part connects to the make up this
(C1 to C7). vertebrae (T1 to of the spine. Your hips. small piece of
T12). lumbar spine bone found at
• These neck supports the • The five sacral the bottom of
vertebrae allow • Your ribs attach upper parts of vertebrae (S1 to the spine.
you to turn, tilt to the thoracic the spine. It S5) fuse as a
and nod your spine. connects to the baby develops in • Pelvic floor
head. pelvis and bears the uterus, which muscles and
• This section of most of your means they ligaments attach
• The cervical the spine bends body’s weight, don’t move. to the coccyx.
spine makes an out slightly to as well as the
inward C-shape make a stress of lifting • The sacrum and
called a lordotic backward C- and carrying hip bones form
curve. shape called items. The a ring called the
the kyphotic lumbar spine pelvic girdle.
curve. bends inward to
create a C-
shaped
lordotic curve.
THORACIC CAGE
SKELETON
25
AXIAL
RIBS
• Each rib is a curved, • Ribs can be classified as TRUE ribs
flattened bone that
contributes to the wall of
and FALSE ribs
the thorax. • Ribs 1–7 are • Ribs 8–12 are
classified as true called false
• The ribs articulate
ribs (vertebroste ribs (vertebrocho
posteriorly with the T1–
T12 thoracic rnal ribs). The ndral ribs).
vertebrae, and most costal cartilage
attach anteriorly via their from each of these The last two false
costal cartilages to the ribs attaches ribs (11–12) are also
sternum. directly to the called floating
sternum. ribs (vertebral
• There are 12 pairs of ribs).
ribs.
• The ribs are numbered 1–
12 in accordance with the
PERPENDICULAR
SKELETON
4
PECTORAL GIRDLE
PERPENDICULAR
SKELETON UPPER LIMB
60
54
HAND
PERPENDICULAR
SKELETON
2
PELVIC GIRDLE
PERPENDICULAR
SKELETON
60
LOWER LIMB
52
FOOT
BONE There are two types of bone tissue: compact and
spongy.
The names imply that the two types differ in density, or how
tightly the tissue is packed together.
• SPONGY BONE • COMPACT • There are three
BONE types of cells that
contribute to bone
COMPACT homeostasis.
BONE
• Osteoblasts are
bone-forming
cell.
• Osteoclasts resorb
or break down
bone.
SPONGY BONE
• Osteocytes are
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
OF BONE ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR FEATURES OF BONES
TERM DESCRIPTION
MAJOR FEATURES
BODY, SHAFT Main portion
HEAD Enlarged (often rounded) end
NECK Constricted area between head and body
CONDYLE Smooth, rounded articular surface
FACET Small, flattened articular surface
CREST Prominent ridge
PROCESS Prominent projection
TUBERCLE OR
TUBEROSITY Knob or enlargement
TROCHANTER Large tuberosity found only on proximal femur
EPICONDYLE Enlargement near or above a condyle
ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR
FEATURES OF BONES
TERM DESCRIPTION
OPENINGS OR DEPRESSION
FORAMEN Hole
CANAL, MEATUS Tunnel
FISSURE Cleft
SINUS Cavity
FOSSA Depression
• PERIOSTEUM
• The periosteum is a
tough membrane
that covers and
protects the outside
of the bone.
3 MAIN • COMPACT BONE
• Below the periosteum,
compact bone is
LAYERS white, hard, and
smooth. It provides
COMPACT
BONE
structural support and
OF protection.
BONE
• SPONGY BONE
• The core, inner layer
of the bone is softer
than compact bone. It
has small holes SPONGY BONE
called pores to store
Divisions of the
• Skeleton
The adult human skeleton usually consists of
206 named bones. These bones can be
grouped in two divisions: axial skeleton
and appendicular skeleton.
• The 80 bones of the axial skeleton form
the vertical axis of the body.
• They include the bones of the head,
vertebral column, ribs and breastbone or
sternum.
• The appendicular skeleton consists of 126
bones and includes the free appendages
and their attachments to the axial skeleton.
• The free appendages are the upper and
lower extremities, or limbs, and their
attachments which are called girdles.
SKULL 1 4
2 5
6
3 1
2
3
4
5
6
• Your skull provides structure to your 7
head and face while also protecting 8
your brain.
9
• The bones in your skull can be divided
into the cranial bones, which form
your cranium, and facial bones, which
make up your face.
VERTEBRAL
• Your spine, or backbone, is
COLUMN
your body's central
support structure.
• It connects different parts of
your musculoskeletal system.
Your spine helps you sit,
stand, walk, twist and
bend.
• A healthy spine has three
natural curves that make
an S-shape.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• The 33 vertebrae make up five distinct spine segments. Starting at the neck and
going down toward your buttocks (rear end), these segments include:
CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR SACRUM COCCYX
• The top part of • The chest or • Five vertebrae • This triangle- • Four fused
the spine has thoracic part of (L1 to L5) make shaped bone vertebrae
seven vertebrae the spine has 12 up the lower part connects to the make up this
(C1 to C7). vertebrae (T1 to of the spine. Your hips. small piece of
T12). lumbar spine bone found at
• These neck supports the • The five sacral the bottom of
vertebrae allow • Your ribs attach upper parts of vertebrae (S1 to the spine.
you to turn, tilt to the thoracic the spine. It S5) fuse as a
and nod your spine. connects to the baby develops in • Pelvic floor
head. pelvis and bears the uterus, which muscles and
• This section of most of your means they ligaments attach
• The cervical the spine bends body’s weight, don’t move. to the coccyx.
spine makes an out slightly to as well as the
inward C-shape make a stress of lifting • The sacrum and
called a lordotic backward C- and carrying hip bones form
curve. shape called items. The a ring called the
the kyphotic lumbar spine pelvic girdle.
curve. bends inward to
create a C-
shaped
lordotic curve.
THORACIC CAGE
• The thoracic cage (rib cage)
forms the thorax (chest)
portion of the body.
• It consists of the 12 pairs of
ribs with their costal cartilages
and the sternum.
• The ribs are anchored
posteriorly to the 12 thoracic
vertebrae (T1–T12).
• The thoracic cage protects
the heart and lungs.
STERNUM
• The sternum is the elongated bony structure that
anchors the anterior thoracic cage. It consists of
three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid
MANUBRI process.
XIPHPOID
UM
BODY PROCESS
• This is the wider, • The elongated, central portion • The inferior tip of the
superior portion of of the sternum is the body. The sternum is the xiphoid
manubrium and body join
the sternum. The top process.
together at the sternal angle,
of the manubrium so called because the junction
has a shallow, U- • This small structure is
between these two components
shaped border cartilaginous early in
is not flat, but forms a slight
called the jugular bend. life, but gradually
(suprasternal) becomes ossified
• The second rib attaches to the starting during middle
notch. sternum at the sternal angle. age.
Since the first rib is hidden
• This can be easily felt behind the clavicle, the second
at the anterior base rib is the highest rib that can be
of the neck, between identified by palpation.
the medial ends of
the clavicles.
• Sternal angle and second rib
• The first ribs also are important landmarks for the
identification and counting of
attach to the
the lower ribs.
manubrium.
• Ribs 3–7 attach to the sternal
RIBS
• Each rib is a curved, • Ribs can be classified as TRUE ribs
flattened bone that
contributes to the wall of
and FALSE ribs
the thorax. • Ribs 1–7 are • Ribs 8–12 are
classified as true called false
• The ribs articulate
ribs (vertebroste ribs (vertebrocho
posteriorly with the T1–
T12 thoracic rnal ribs). The ndral ribs).
vertebrae, and most costal cartilage
attach anteriorly via their from each of these The last two false
costal cartilages to the ribs attaches ribs (11–12) are also
sternum. directly to the called floating
sternum. ribs (vertebral
• There are 12 pairs of ribs).
ribs.
• The ribs are numbered 1–
12 in accordance with the
