SKELETAL SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
Christine Bas
Sweet Audrey Gwen Samson
 Introduction
The skeletal system is our body’s central framework. It
consists of bones and connective tissue, including
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s also called the
musculoskeletal system.
 What does the skeletal system do?

01 02
Allows movement Produces blood cells

03 04
Stores minerals
Protects and supports organs
Divisions of the
Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
 It includes the bones that form the
skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral
column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton
It includes all the bones that form the
upper and lower limbs, and the
shoulder and pelvic girdles.
 Bones of the Head
01
−
Skull (Cranium)
The human cranium consists of the flat bones of the
cranium and includes the facial bones. The cranium
protects the brain that is contained in the cranial
vault. The cranium is formed from eight bones
connected by sutures.

02 Ossicles
− The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) consist
of three bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that are
the smallest in the body. These are located in the
middle ear and serve to transmit sounds from the
air to the fluid-filled labyrinth.
 Bones of the Head

03 Hyoid Bone

− A U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It

serves as a point of attachment for muscles and
ligaments in the neck.

04 Rib Cage

− It functions as protection for the vital organs of the

chest, such as the heart and lungs.
− The rounded ends are attached at joints to the
thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and the flattened ends
come together at the sternum anteriorly.
 Bones of the Head

05 Vertebral Column

− It is made up 26 bones. The first 24 are all

vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx
(tailbone).
− The sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several
fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of
the body while sitting. They also serve as
attachment points for various ligaments.
 Appendicular Skeleton

01
−
Pectoral Girdle
The bones of the pectoral girdle consist of two bones (scapula and clavicle) and anchor
the upper limb to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton.
02 The Upper Limb

− The upper limb contains 30 bones

in three regions: the arm (shoulder
to elbow), the forearm (ulna and
radius), and the wrist and hand.
03 Pelvic Girdle

− Is formed by a single bone, the hip or coxal bone, and serves as the attachment point for each
lower limb
− Each hip bone is joined to the axial skeleton by its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral
column. The right and left hip bones attach to each other anteriorly.
04 The Lower Limb
− The bones of the lower limbs are thicker
and stronger than the bones of the upper
limbs because of the need to support the
entire weight of the body and the
resulting forces.
Parts of Skeletal
System
 There are 206 bones in an adult human skeleton. Each bone has three main layers:

Periosteum
 The periosteum is a tough membrane that
covers and protects the outside of the bone.

Compact bone
Below the periosteum, compact bone is
white, hard, and smooth. It provides
structural support and protection.

Spongy bone
The core, inner layer of the bone is softer
than compact bone. It has small holes called
pores to store marrow.
 The other components of your skeletal system include:

Cartilage
− a flexible connective tissue that differs from
bone in several ways; it is avascular and its
microarchitecture is less organized than bone.
− The main cell types in cartilage are
chondrocytes, the ground substance is
chondroitin sulfate, and the fibrous sheath is
called perichondrium.
 The other components of your skeletal system include:

Joints
− A joint is where two or more bones in the body come together. There are three different joint types.

Types of Joints

01 Fibrous joints

02 Cartilaginous joints

03 Synovial joints
 The other components of your skeletal system include:

Ligaments
− are short bands of tough, flexible
tissue, made up of lots of
individual fibers, which connect
the bones of the body together. 
− can be found connecting most of
the bones in the body. The
function of a ligament is to
provide a passive limit to amount
of movement between your
bones. 
 The other components of your skeletal system include:

Tendons
− are situated between bone and muscles
and are bright white in color, their fibro-
elastic composition gives them the
strength require to transmit large
mechanical forces.
− they let us move our limbs. They also help
prevent muscle injury by absorbing some
of the impact your muscles take when you
run, jump or do other movements.
Bone Structure
Classification
01 −
Long Bones
cylindrical in shape,
being longer than it is
wide
− include most bones in
arms and legs

02
−
Short Bones
cube-like in shape, being
approximately equal in length,
width, and thickness.
− Include carpals and tarsals
03 Flat Bones
− thin and broad bones
− serve as points of attachment
for muscles and often protect
internal organs.

04 Irregular Bones
− does not have any easily
characterized shape and
therefore does not fit any other
classification
05 Sesamoid Bones

− round, flat bone found within

tendon.
− protect tendons by helping
them overcome excessive
forces but also allow tendons
and their attached muscles to
be more effective.
 BONE
CLASSIFICATION FEATURES FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES
Cylinder-like shape, longer Movement, support Femur, tibia, fibula,
Long than it is wide metatarsals, humerus, ulna,
radius, metacarpals,
phalanges

Cube-like shape, Provide stability, support, Carpals, tarsals

Short approximately equal in length, while allowing for some
width, and thickness motion

Points of attachment for Sternum, ribs, scapulae,

Flat Thin and curved muscles; protectors of cranial bones
internal organs

Protect internal organs, Vertebrae, facial bones

Irregular Complex shape movement, support

Small and round; embedded Protect tendons from Patellae

Sesamoid in tendons excessive forces, allow
effective muscle action
Bone Remodeling
Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is
a lifelong process where mature bone
tissue is removed from the skeleton (a
process called bone resorption) and new
bone tissue is formed (a process
called ossification or new bone
formation). These processes also control
the reshaping or replacement of bone
following injuries like fractures but
also micro-damage, which occurs during
normal activity.
Types of Bone Cells
Osteogenic
− Osteoprogenitor cells, also known as
osteogenic cells, are stem cells located in the
bone that play a prodigal role in bone repair
and growth.
− These cells are the precursors to the more
specialized bone cells (osteocytes and
osteoblasts) and reside in the bone marrow.
Osteoblasts
− Osteoblasts are cells that form bone tissue.
− These cells are present on the bone surface in
the form of a closely packed layer, from which
processes extend from the osteoblast body
through the developing bone.
− It can synthesize and secrete bone matrix and
participate in the mineralization of bone to
regulate the balance of calcium and phosphate
ions in developing bone.
Osteocytes
− An osteocyte, an oblate shaped
type of bone cell with dendritic
processes, is the most commonly
found cell in mature bone tissue,
and can live as long as the
organism itself.
− Osteocytes play a role in bone
resorption and bone formation and
are the principal cells for
maintaining the metabolism of
mature bone.
Osteoclasts
− Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells with a myeloid lineage, which have the function of
clearing away mineralized and calcified constituents of the bone matrix which are aged or
damaged. 
 Conditions that
Affect the Skeletal
System
01 Fracture
A fracture can also be referred to as a broken bone.
Fractures typically occur due to an injury or trauma,
such as a car accident or a fall. There are many
different types of fractures, but they’re generally
categorized by the nature and location of the break.

02 Arthritis
An inflammation of the joints. This can cause pain
and a limited range of movement. Several things can
cause arthritis, including the breakdown of cartilage
that’s found in joints, autoimmune conditions, or
infection
03 Cancer

Cancer can develop in the tissues of the bone or in

the cells produced by bones. Cancer that forms in
the primary bone tissue is actually quite rare.
Cancers of the blood cells produced by bone, such
as myeloma or lymphoma, are more common.

04 Spinal Curvatures
A spinal curvature is when the spine doesn’t curve
in its usual shape. Typically, the spine follows
gentle forward and backward curves.
 References
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/nemcc-ap/chapter/bone-classification/#m46282-fs-id117
0296

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system#diagram

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21048-skeletal-system

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-2-bone-classification/

https://www.getbodysmart.com/skeleton-organization/skeletal-system-overview
Thank You!