Year 12 Further Maths

AS Level Further Maths

• Pure
• Complex Numbers
• Proof
• Matrices
• Roots of Polynomials
• Further Calculus
• Further Vectors

• Statistics
• Mean & Variance
• Poisson Distribution
• Hypothesis Testing
• Chi-Squared Tests
• Least Squares Regression Lines
• PMCC & Spearman’s Rank
AS Level Further Maths
AS Level – Examined In May/June 2023

Pure Paper
• 1 hr 40 min
• 50%
• 80 marks

Statistics (FS1 & FS2) Paper

• 1 hr 40 min
• 50%
• 80 marks

Results in August 2023….

Continue on to a full A-Level in Y13, or finish FM at the end
of Y12.
4
Solve simultaneously:
Pure Chapter 6

Matrices
Matrices – Introduction
A matrix in maths (plural: matrices)
is an ‘array’ of numbers, e.g. ( 1
3
0
3 )
−2
0

On a simple level, it organises values into rows and

columns, and represents these multiple values as a
single structure.

There are many applications, including:

1. Solving linear simultaneous equations.
2. Representing linear transformations (rotations,
reflections and enlargements)

p1
9
A brief history
• Evidence of use of matrices in
Babylon - 4th Century BC
(modern day Iraq)

• Han Dynasty in China - 2nd

Century BC . Nine Chapters on
the Mathematical Art: maths
textbook includes matrix
methods to solve
simultaneous equations

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A brief history
• Carl Gauss, German
mathematician, use of word
‘determinant’ in 1801

• Augustin Cauchy, French

mathematician, – first use of
word ‘determinant’ in 1812 in
the sense that we use it today.

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A brief history

James Sylvester, English mathematician

first used the term ‘matrix’ in 1850

Arthur Cayley published

‘Memoir on the theory of
matrices’ in 1858, covering
definitions and methods and
establishing it as a branch of
Mathematics 12
Applications of Matrices

Geology:
- Seismic surveys
- Population data

Physics
- Electrical circuits
- Quantum Mechanics
- Optics
- Calculating battery power outputs &
resistor conversions of electrical energy
- Solving problems using Kirchoff’s laws of
voltage and current
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Applications of Matrices
Cryptography:
- Coding / Decoding

Economics
- Calculating GDP
- Input-output analysis for producing goods
more efficiently

Robotics and automation

- Matrices are the base elements for robotic
movements.
- Inputs for controlling robots are given
based on calculations from matrices
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Applications of Matrices
Stochastic Matrices & Eigen vector solvers
- Used in the page ranking algorithms for
ranking of web pages in Google searches.
Computer Applications
- Projecting 3D images into a 2D screen &
creating realistic motion.
3D graphics: as matrices can be
used to perform rotations /
enlargements (useful for changing
the camera angle) or project into a
2D ‘viewing’ plane.

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Matrix Fundamentals

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Matrix Fundamentals
Dimensions of Matrices
The dimension of a matrix is its size, in terms of its number of
rows and columns (in that order).
Matrix Dimensions

2 ×3

3 ×1

1 ×3

3×2
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17
Matrix Fundamentals
Adding/Subtracting Matrices
Simply add/subtract the corresponding elements of each matrix.
They must be of the same dimension.

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18
Matrix Fundamentals
Scalar Multiplication
A scalar is a number which can ‘scale’ the elements inside a matrix.

1 ?

2 ?

p4
19
Exercise 6A – page 98
Exercise 6A – page 98
Matrix Multiplication
(2 x 2) x (2 x 2)
1 3 5 1 8 13
2 8 1 4 ¿ 18 34

We start with the first row and first column, and sum the products of each pair.

Now consider the first row and second column.

Then use the second row and first column.

And finally, the second row and second column.

p5
22
You try

a ( 1
0 )(
3 0
2 1
2
5) = ?

b
( 10 −2
−1 4 ) ( 1 0
3 −6 ) = ?

( ) ( )
2
1 2 = 7 10
c
3 4 15 ?22

N1
?

p6
23
Matrix Multiplication
(2 x 2) x (2 x 1)
1 3 8
2 8
5
¿ 18

We start with the first row and first column, and sum the products of each pair.

Then use the second row and first column.

1

p7
24
You try:

a ( 1
3
2
4 )( 3
−1) ( )
=
1
5

b ( 0
1
−1
0 )( ) (
1
4
=
−4
1 )
c
( 2
0
0
2 )( −3
−2 ) (
=
−6
−4 )
d
( −1
0
0
1 )( ) (
2
0
=
−2
0 )

p8
25
Matrix Multiplication
(3 x 4) x (4 x 2)

1 0 3 -2 5 1 -11 16
2
7
8 4 3
-1 0 2
1
0
7
3
¿ 42 61
8 -3 50 -6

We start with the first row and first column, and sum the products of each pair.

Now repeat the process with the first row and second column.

p9
26
You try

a ( 1
3
2
4 )( 2
3
0
2
−1
1) (
=
8
18
4
8
1
1 )

()
N1 1
( 1 2 3 ) 2 =( 14 )
N2
3

p10
27
Matrix Fundamentals
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix multiplications are not always valid: the dimensions have to agree.

Dimensions of Dimension of Dimensions of (if valid)

23 34 24
13 23 Not valid.
62 24 64
13 31 11
75 75 Not valid.
10  10 10  9 10  9
33 33 33

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Matrix Multiplication – p100

p11
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Matrix Multiplication – p100

p11
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Exercise 6B - selection

p11
31
Exercise 6B - selection

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