Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.

5 1

Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5

1. Read off the coefficients of x, y, z and w. The coefficients of x are the entries in the first
column of standard matrix A, coefficients of y are the entries in the second column of
standard matrix A, etc.
1 1  1 1  2 3
(a) A    (b) A    (c) A   
 2 2  1 1  1 5 
 1 1 1  2 1 0 
   
(d) A   1 1 1 (e) A   4 1 3 
 2 1 1  7 1 1 
   
 1 1 1 3  0 0 0 0
   
 1 3 7 1  0 0 0 0
(f) A  (g) A   O
 9 5 6 12  0 0 0 0
   
 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2. We use the standard basis e1 , e2 , e3 , , en in each case because we need to find the
standard matrix.
 x   x  y  1 
(a) We are given T        . Applying this linear transformation to e1    and
 y   x  2y 0
0
e 2    gives
1
  1    1  0   1
T  e1   T        
  0    1  2  0    1
  0    0  1   1 
T  e2   T        
 1    0  2 1   2 
What is the standard matrix A equal to in this case?
1 1 

By Proposition (5.29) we have A  T  e1  
T  e2  which is A   .
1 2 
  x    3x  2 y 
(b) The given transformation is T        . Applying this linear transformation to
 y   5y  x 
1  0
e1    and e 2    gives
0 1
 1    3 1  2  0    3 
T  e1   T        
  0    5  0   1   1 
  0    3  0   2 1   2 
T  e2   T        
 1    5 1  0   5 
 3 2 

By Proposition (5.29) we have A  T  e1  
T  e2  which is A   .
 1 5 
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 2

 x 
  x yz
(c) We are given the transformation T   y      . The standard basis in
3
is
 z   x  y  z 
 
1  0  0
     
e1   0  , e2   1  and e3   0  . Applying the given linear transformation to these vectors
0  0 1
     
gives
1
     1
T  e1   T   0     
  0    1
 
0
     1 
T  e2   T   1     
0  1
 
0
     1 
T  e3   T   0     
1  1
 
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
1 1 1
 
A  T  e1  T  e2  T  e3  gives A  
1 1 1 


 x  0
   
(d) We are given T   y     0  . The standard basis in 3 is
 z  0
   
1  0  0
     
e1   0  , e2   1  and e3   0 
0  0 1
     
Applying the given linear transformation to these vectors gives
1 0
   
T  e1   T   0     0 
0 0
   
0 0
   
T  e2   T   1     0 
0 0
   
0 0
   
T  e3   T   0     0 
1 0
   
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 3

0 0 0
  
A  T  e1  T  e2  T  e3  gives A   0 0 0   O

0 0 0
 
  x    3x  5 y  6 z 
   
(e) We are given the linear transformation T   y     2 x  7 y  5 z  . Applying the given
 z   
   0 
linear transformation to the standard basis for 3
which are e1 , e2 , e3 :
  1    3 1  5  0   6  0    3 
     
T  e1   T   0     2 1  7  0   5  0     2 
0    0
   0   
  0    3  0   5 1  6  0    5 
     
T  e 2   T   1     2  0   7 1  5  0     7 
0    0
   0   
  0    3  0   5  0   6 1   6 
     
T  e3   T   0     2  0   7  0   5 1    5 
1    0
   0   
What is the standard matrix A equal to?
By Proposition (5.29) we write these as the first, second and last columns of matrix A:
 3 5 6 
 
A  T  e1  T  e2  T  e3  gives A   2 7 5 
 
 0 0 0
 

a b
 
3. Since T : 2
 3
so matrix A must be of size 3 by 2. Let A   c d  . We have
f g 

a b  a  1 
 1     1     
T       c d      c    2   a  1, c  2, f  3
0  f g 0  f  3
     
a b  b   4
0  0    
T       c d      d    5   b  4, d  5, g  6
 1    f g  1   g   6 
     
1 4
 
Hence A   2 5  .
3 6
 

 
4. We have the basis B  1, 1  x, 1  x  . Applying the linear transformation to these
2

basis vectors and expressing the answers in terms of the C  1, x axes:
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 4

T 1  1  0  0 1  0  x 

T 1  x   1  x   1  11  0  x 

  
T 1  x   1  x 
2 2
  2 1  x   2  2x  2 1  2  x 
 0 1 2 
The matrix A is given by A    . Next we write 2 x  3x  1 in terms of
2

 0 0 2 

B  1, 1  x, 1  x  :
2

2 x 2  3x  1  2 1  x   7 1  x   6 1
2

Hence we have
 6
 0 1 2     3 
   7    
0 0 2 2  4
 
Using these results we have
T  2 x 2  3x  1  3  4 x

5. (i) We are given the bases B  1, x, x 2 , x3 and C  1, x, x 2  for the transformation
T  p   p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B  1, x, x 2 , x3 we have
T 1  1  0
T  x   x  1

T  x 2    x 2   2 x

T  x3    x3   3x 2
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C  1, x, x 2  :
T 1  0  a 1  b  x   c  x 2  gives a  0 b  0 and c  0
T  x   1  d 1  e  x   f  x 2  gives d  1, e  0 and f  0
T  x 2   2 x  g 1  h  x   i  x 2  gives g  0, h  2 and i  0
T  x3   3x 2  j 1  k  x   l  x 2  gives j  0, k  0 and l  3
What is our matrix A equal to?


A  T 1  C T  x  
C
T  x 2  
 C
T  x 3  
 C 
a d g j   0 1 0 0
   
 b e h k    0 0 2 0
c l   0 0 0 3 
 f i
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 5

Using this matrix A to find T  p  where p  1  3x  7 x2  2 x3 we have coefficients of the

basis B  1, x, x 2 , x3 and are 1, 3,  7 and  2 respectively therefore
 1 
 
3
 p B  
 7 
 
 2 
 1 
0 1 0 0   3 
  3  
T  p   C  A p B   0 0 2 0      14 
 0 0 0 3   7   6 
   
 2 
The entries 3, 14 and 6 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
C  1, x, x 2  which means that we have
T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   3 1  14  x   6  x 2   3  14 x  6 x 2
Thus T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   3  14 x  6 x 2 . You may check this by differentiating the given

function, that is  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   3  14 x  6 x 2 .
(ii) We are given the bases B  1, x, x 2 , x3 and C   x 2 , x, 1 for the transformation
T  p   p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B  1, x, x 2 , x3 which is identical to part (i) so we have the same answers:

T 1  1  0 , T  x   x  1 , T  x 2    x 2   2 x and T  x3    x3   3x 2
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C   x 2 , x, 1 :
T 1  0  a  x 2   b  x   c 1 gives a  0 b  0 and c  0
T  x   1  d  x 2   e  x   f 1 gives d  0, e  0 and f  1
T  x 2   2 x  g  x 2   h  x   i 1 gives g  0, h  2 and i  0
T  x3   3x 2  j  x 2   k  x   l 1 gives j  3, k  0 and l  0
What is our matrix A equal to?


A  T 1  C T  x  
C
T  x 2  
 C
T  x 3  
 C 
a d g j   0 0 0 3
   
 b e h k    0 0 2 0
c f i l   0 1 0 0 

 1 
 
3
As part (i) we have p B    .
 7 
 
 2 
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 6

 1 
 0 0 0 3     6 
  3  
T  p   C  A p B   0 0 2 0      14 
 
 0 1 0 0   7   3 
   
 2 
The entries 6 , 14 and 3 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
C   x 2 , x, 1 which means that we have
T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   6  x 2   14  x   3 1  6 x 2  14 x  3
Thus T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   6 x 2  14 x  3 .
(iii) We are given the bases B   x3 , x 2 , x, 1 and C  1, x, x 2  for the transformation
T  p   p . Applying the given linear transformation to the vectors in basis
B   x3 , x 2 , x, 1 we have

T  x3    x3   3x 2 , T  x 2    x 2   2 x , T  x   x  1 and T 1  1  0
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis C  1, x, x 2  :
T  x3   3x 2  a 1  b  x   c  x 2  gives a  0 b  0 and c  3
T  x 2   2 x  d 1  e  x   f  x 2  gives d  0, e  2 and f  0
T  x   1  g 1  h  x   i  x 2  gives g  1, h  0 and i  0
T 1  0  j 1  k  x   l  x 2  gives j  0, k  0 and l  0
What is our matrix A equal to?


A  T  x3  
C
T  x 2  
 C T  x   C T 1 
C 
a d g j  0 0 1 0
   
 b e h k   0 2 0 0
c f i l  3 0 0 0 
  
Using this matrix A to find T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3  we have coefficients of the basis
 2 
 
7
B   x3 , x 2 , x, 1 are 2,  7, 3 and  1 respectively therefore p B  .
 3
 
 1 
 2 
0 0 1 0   3 
  7  
T  p   C  A p B   0 2 0 0      14 
 3 0 0 0   3   6 
   
 1 
The entries 3, 14 and 6 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
C  1, x, x 2  which means that we have
T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   3 1  14  x   6  x 2   3  14 x  6 x 2
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 7

Thus T  1  3x  7 x 2  2 x3   3  14 x  6 x 2 .
Note that in each case we have a different matrix. This means that even changing the order of
the basis vectors gives a different matrix.

 x   x  y
6. We are given T        and we need to find the transformation matrix A with
 y   x  y 
 1   0 
respect to the basis B   v1    , v 2     :
  2  1  
 1   1  2   3 
T  v1   T        
  2   1  2   1
  0    0  1   1
T  v2   T        
  1    0   1   1 
 1   0 
We need to write these in terms of the basis vectors B   v1    , v 2     :
  2  1  
 3 1   0 
T  v1      a v1  b v 2  a    b   (*)
 1  2   1 
 1 1   0
T  v 2      c v1  d v 2  c    d   (**)
 1  2  1 
Solving (*) yields
a 3
 gives a  3 and b  7
2a  b  1
Solving (**) yields
c  1
 gives c  1 and d  3
2c  d  1 


The transformation matrix A is given by A  T  v1  B 
T  v 2  B therefore
 a c   3 1 
A  
 b d   7 3 
  3  
By using this matrix we need to find T     . How?
 1 
 3   1   0 
We need to write the vector   with respect to the basis B   v1    , v 2     :
 1   2  1  
 3  1   0
   k1    k2  
 1  2  1 
This gives k1  3 and k2  7 . Thus
   3     3 1  3   2 
T            
   1    B  7 3  7   0 
We have
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 8

  3    1   0   2 
T      2 v1  0 v 2  2    0     
 1   2   1   4 
  3    3  1  2 
Working out this directly we have T         .
  1    3  1   4 

1  0
7. First we apply the matrix A to the standard basis vectors e1    and e 2    :
0 1 
 cos  45   sin  45    1   cos  45   1 1
v1  Ae1         
 sin  45  cos  45    0   sin  45   2  1
 cos  45   sin  45    0    sin  45   1  1
v 2  Ae2         
 sin  45  cos  45    1   cos  45   2  1
 1  1 1  1   2
Our new basis is B   v1    , v2     . We need to write   in terms of this
 2  1 2  1  1 
B new basis. How?
a b a b
2  
 2 1  1 1  1 2 2 2
 a  b   
1  2  1 2  1 a b ab
1  
2 2 2
Transposing these equations gives
2 2  a b 1
2  ab (2)
3 2
3 2  2a  a
2
3 2 3 3 2 1
Substituting a   into (1) gives b  2 2   .
2 2 2 2
 2 1  3
Hence the coordinates of   under the new basis B is   . This is illustrated below:
1  2  1 
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 9

New axis in the New axis in the

direction of v 2 direction of v1
e2

v2 v1

e1

 x 
 x   
8. We are given the linear transformation T        y  . What do we need to find first?
  y    x  3y 
 
1  1
The transformation of the basis vectors T  v1  and T  v 2  where v1    , v 2    :
 2  1
 1   1 
1    
T  v1   T       2    2 
  2   1  3  2    7 
   
 1   1 
  1     
T  v 2   T       1    1 
 1  1  3 1   4 
   
What else do we need to find?
We need to write each of these above vectors T  v1  and T  v 2  as the coordinates of the
 1 1  0 
      
basis C  w1   0  , w 2   2  , w 3   1   :
 1 0  1 
      
 1  1  1  0
       
T  v1    2   a w1  b w 2  c w 3  a  0   b  2   c  1  †
 7 1  0 1
       
 1  1 1  0
       
T  v 2    1   d w1  e w 2  f w 3  d  0   e  2   f 1  ††
 4 1  0 1
       
How can we find the matrix A?
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 10


By Proposition (5.31) we have A  T  v1  C 
T  v 2  C which in this case is
a d  a d 
     
A   b e  because T  v1   C   b  and T  v 2   C   e 
c f  c f
     
How can we determine a, b, c, , f ?
We need to solve the 2 pairs of simultaneous equations (†) and (††) in the above. Consider
the first pair (†):
 1   1  1  0  a   b   0  a  b 
               
 2   a  0   b  2   c  1    0    2b    c    2b  c 
 7 1  0 1  a  0   c  a  c 
               
We have
a  b  1
 7 10 14
2b  c  2  gives a  , b   and c 
3 3 3
a  c  7 
Similarly we can find the solution of the other simultaneous equation (††):
 1  1 1 0  d   e   0   d  e 
               
 1   d  0   e  2   f  1    0    2e    f    2e  f 
 4 1  0 1  d   0   f   d  f 
               
d  e  1 

2e  f  1 gives d  1, e  2 and f  3
d  f  4 
What is the matrix A equal to?
a d   7/3 1
  
A  T  v1   C T  v 2   C   b
c
 
e    10 / 3 2 


 f   14 / 3 3 
Remember T  u  C  A uB so we have
 7/3 1
 
T  u   C   10 / 3 2  u B (*)
 14 / 3 
 3
 2
We need to find T  u  where u    . We first determine u B which means we have to
1
1  1
write the vector u in terms of the basis vectors v1    and v 2    :
 2  1
 2 1  1  k  k 
u     k1v1  k2 v 2  k1    k2     1 2 
1  2 1  2k1  k2 
Thus we need to solve the simultaneous equations:
k1  k2  2
 gives k1  1 and k2  3
2k1  k2  1 
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 11

 1 
Thus u B    . Substituting this into (*) gives
 3
 7/3 1  2/3   2
   1   1 
T  u   C   10 / 3 2      8 / 3    8 
3     13 / 3 
 14 / 3 3 3 
  13 
We have
 2 1
T       2w1  8w 2  13w 3 
1 3
 1 1  0   6   2 
1       1    
  2  0   8  2   13  1     3    1 
3      1   3  15   5 
  1   0       
 x 
 x   
As a check we can evaluate the transformation directly by using T        y  :
  y    x  3y 
 
 2   2 
 2    
T       1    1 
 1    2  3 1   5 
   
Note that both our answers are identical.

9. Applying the given linear transformation to the matrices in basis B we have

1 0  1 0  1 0
T

T  m1   T        
 0 0  0 0  0 0
 0 1  0 1  0 0
T

T  m2   T        
 0 0  0 0  1 0
 0 0  0 0  0 1
T

T  m3   T        
1 0 1 0  0 0
 0 0  0 0  0 0
T

T  m4   T        
0 1 0 1 0 1
What else do we need to find?
We need to write each of these above matrices T  m1  , T  m2  , T  m3  and T  m4  as the
coordinates of the basis:
 1 0 0 1  0 0 0 0 
C  m1    , m2    , m3    , m4   
  0 0  0 0  1 0 0 1 
We have
1 0 1 0  0 1  0 0 0 0
T  m1      a b    c d 
0 0  0 0  0 0  1 0 0 1
This gives a  1, b  0, c  0 and d  0 . Similarly we have
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 12

 0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0  0 0
T  m2      e  f   g   h 
1 0 0 0  0 0 1 0  0 1
This gives e  0, f  0, g  1 and h  0 . In the same manner we have
 0 1 1 0 0 1  0 0  0 0
T  m3      i  j  k l 
 0 0  0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1
This yields i  0, j  1, k  0 and l  0 . Evaluating
 0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 0 0
T  m4      m n   p   q 
0 1  0 0  0 0 1 0 0 1
Thus m  0, n  0, p  0 and q  1.
How can we find the transformation matrix A?
By Proposition (5.31) we have

A  T  m1  C T  m2  C T  m3  C T  m4  C 
a e i m
 
b f j n
which in this case is A   . Why?
c g k p
 
d h l q
a e i  m
       
b f j n
Because T  m1   C    , T  m 2   C    , T  m3   C    , T  m 4  C    .
c g k   p
       
d  h l q
We can substitute the above values of a, b, c, d,
What is the matrix A equal to?
 a e i m 1 0 0 0
   
 b f j n  0 0 1 0
A 
 c g k p  0 1 0 0
   
d h l q  0 0 0 1
This means that T  X  C  A  XB we have
1 0 0 0
 
0 0 1 0
T  X   C    X B
0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1
1 2 1 2
We need to evaluate T     by using the matrix A above. Let X   
3 4 3 4
1 2 1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0
   a   b   c d  (*)
3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
These are not the same a, b, c and d values found above. From this (*) we have
a  1, b  2, c  3 and d  4
What is  XB equal to?
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 13

 a  1
   
b 2
 X B   
 c   3
   
 d   4
1 0 0 0
 
0 0 1 0
From the above we have T  X   C    XB and evaluating this Right Hand
0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1
Side gives:
1 0 0 0  1   1 
    
0 0 1 0  2   3 
T  X   C   
0 1 0 0  3   2 
    
0 0 0 1  4   4 
We have
1 2 1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0
T     1   3   2   4 
3 4 0 0 0 0 1 0  0 1
1 3
 
 2 4
We can check this by evaluating the transformation directly:
1 2 1 2  1 3
t

T       
3 4 3 4  2 4
1 0 0 0
 
0 0 1 0
The matrix A   represents the transformation defined by T  X   XT with
0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1
respect to the given basis.

10. We are given the transformation T : V  V given by

T f   f 
and we need to find the transformation matrix A with respect to the bases
B  sin  x  , cos  x 
The transformation of the basis vectors is given by
T sin  x   sin  x    cos  x 
   
T  cos  x     cos  x     sin  x 
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis B  sin  x  , cos  x  :
T  sin  x    cos  x   a sin  x   b cos  x  gives a  0 and b  1
T  cos  x     sin  x   c sin  x   d cos  x  gives c  1 and d  0
What is our matrix A equal to?
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 14

 a c   0 1 
A  
 b d  1 0
5
(i) Using this matrix A to find T  g  where g  5sin  x   2cos  x  we have  g B   
 2
because these are the coefficients of sin  x  and cos  x  respectively:
 0 1  5   2 
T  g   B  A g B       
 1 0  2   5 
The entries 2 and 5 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B  sin  x  , cos  x  which means that we have
T 5sin  x   2cos  x   2sin  x   5cos  x 
(ii) In this case we have g  m sin  x   n cos  x  so we can write the coefficients of sin  x 
m
and cos  x  as  g B    . We have
n
 0 1  m   n 
T  g   B  A g B       
 1 0  n   m 
The entries n and m in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B  sin  x  , cos  x  which means that we have
T  m sin  x   n cos  x    n sin  x   m cos  x 

11. We are given that T  p   p  x  3 and we need to find the transformation matrix A with
respect to the basis B  1, x, x 2  . The transformation of these basis vectors is given by
T 1  1
T  x  x  3
T  x 2    x  3  x 2  6 x  9
2
[Expanding]
We need to write each of these as the coordinates of the basis B  1, x, x 2  :
T 1  1  a 1  b  x   c  x 2  gives a  1, b  c  0
T  x   x  3  e 1  f  x   g  x 2  gives e  3, f  1 and g  0
T  x 2   x 2  6 x  9  h 1  i  x   j  x 2  gives h  9, i  6 and j  1
 a 1  e   3  h 9
           
We have T 1  B   b    0  , T  x   B   f    1  and T  x 2     i   6 .
 c   0  g   0  j  1
B

           
Our transformation matrix A is given by
1 3 9
 
A  T 1  B T  x   B T  x 2     0 1
B

0 0
6


1 

 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 15

The coordinates of the given vector p  q  nx  mx 2 with respect to the basis B  1, x, x 2 
is
q
 
 p B n
m
 
Thus we have
 1 3 9  q   q  3n  9m 
    
T  p   B   0 1 6  n    n  6m 
 0 0 1  m   
    m 
The entries in the Right Hand Column vector q  3n  9m, n  6m and m are the
coefficients of 1, x and x 2 because B  1, x, x 2  .
T  p   T  q  nx  mx 2 
 q  3n  9m   n  6m  x  mx 2
Evaluating this transformation directly gives
T  q  nx  mx 2   q  n  x  3  m  x  3
2

 q  nx  3n  m  x 2  6 x  9 
 q  nx  3n  mx 2  6mx  9m
 q  9m  3n   n  6m  x  mx 2
This is identical to the above therefore matrix A is the transformation matrix of the given
transformation.

12. We are given the transformation T : V  V given by

T f   f 
and we need to find the transformation matrix A with respect to the basis
B  sin  x  , cos  x  , e x 
The transformation of the basis vectors is given by
T  sin  x     sin  x    cos  x 

T  cos  x     cos  x     sin  x 

T ex   ex
We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis
B  sin  x  , cos  x  , e x  :
T  sin  x    cos  x   a sin  x   b cos  x   ce x gives a  0, b  1 and c  0
T  cos  x     sin  x   m sin  x   n cos  x   le x gives m  1, n  0 and l  0
T  e x   e x  p sin  x   q cos  x   re x gives p  q  0 and r  1
What is our matrix A equal to?
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 16

a m p   0 1 0 
   
A  b n q   1 0 0
c l r   0 0 1 

(i) Using this matrix A to find T  g  where g   sin  x   4cos  x   2e x we have
 1 
 g B   4  because these are the coefficients of sin  x  , cos  x  and e x :
 2 
 
 0 1 0   1   4 
   
T  g   B  A  g B   1 0 0   4    1 
 0 0 1   2   2 
    
The entries 4,  1 and 2 in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of
sin  x  , cos  x  and e x respectively because the basis B  sin  x  , cos  x  , e x  which
means that we have
T   sin  x   4cos  x   2e x   4sin  x   cos  x   2e x
(ii) In this case we have g  m sin  x   n cos  x   pe x so we can write the coefficients of
m
sin  x  , cos  x  and e as  g B   n  . We have
x

 p
 
 0 1 0   m   n 
   
T  g   B  A  g B   1 0 0   n    m 
0 0 1 p   p 
    
The entries n , m and p in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of the basis
B  sin  x  , cos  x  , e x  which means that we have
T  m sin  x   n cos  x   pe x   n sin  x   m cos  x   pe x
In general if we apply the transformation directly we have
T  g    m sin  x   n cos  x   pe x 
 m cos  x   n sin  x   pe x
This is identical to the above result achieved by using the transformation matrix A. Thus the
matrix A represents the differential transformation.

13. We need to find the matrix A which represents

T  f   f  where f  is the derivative of f
with respect to the bases B  e2 x , xe2 x , x 2e2 x  .
The transformation of the basis vectors is given by
T e2 x  e2 x   2e2 x
   
T  xe    xe   e
x 2x 2x
 2 xe2 x
 Complete Solutions to Exercises 5.5 17

T  x 2e2 x    x 2e2 x   2 xe2 x  2 x 2e2 x

We need to write each of these above as the coordinates of the basis B  e2 x , xe2 x , x 2e2 x  :
T  e2 x   2e2 x  ae2 x  bxe2 x  cx 2e2 x gives a  2, b  0 and c  0
T  xe x   e2 x  2 xe2 x  de2 x  fxe2 x  gx 2e2 x gives d  1, f  2 and g  0
T  x 2e2 x   2 xe2 x  2 x 2e2 x  he2 x  ixe2 x  jx 2e2 x gives h  0, i  2 and j  2
We have
 2 1 0
T  e     0  , T  xe x  
2x    
  2  and T  x e     2 
2 2x
 B    B
0 0  2
B

     
What is our matrix A equal to?
2 1 0
 
A  0 2 2
0 0 2 

Next by using this matrix we need to find T  ae2 x  bxe2 x  cx 2e2 x  . First we write
ae2 x  bxe2 x  cx2e2 x in terms of the basis vectors B  e2 x , xe2 x , x 2e2 x  . Clearly we have
a
 ae2 x  bxe2 x  cx 2e2 x    b 
B
c
 
Thus
 2 1 0  a   2a  b 
T  ae  bxe  cx e     0 2 2  b    2b  2c 
2x 2x 2 2x
 B     
 0 0 2  c   2c 
    
The entries in the Right Hand column vector are the coefficients of e , xe2 x and x 2e2 x :
2x

T  ae2 x  bxe2 x  cx 2e2 x    2a  b  e2 x   2b  2c  xe2 x  2cx 2e2 x

14. Since V is of dimension n so let B  b1 , b2 , , bn  be a basis for V. Applying any
identity transformation to these basis vectors gives:
T  b1   b1  1 b1   0b2   0bn
T  b2   b2  0b1  1 b2    0bn

T  bn   b2  0b1  0b2   1 bn 
1 0 

Writing the transformation matrix A   I
 
0 1