Chapter 6: Inner Product Spaces

Multiple Choice Questions

   
1. Given u = u1 , u2 and v = v1 , v2 , which of the following operations defines an inner
product on R2 ?
 
(A) u, v = u1 v2 + u2 v1
 
(B) u, v = 3u1 v1 − 2u2 v2
 
(C) u, v = u1 v1 + 2u2 v2
 
(D) u, v = u1 v2 + 2u2 v1

2. Which of the following is not true?

(A) k v = |k| v
(B) d(u, v) = d(v, u)
     
(C) u + v, w = u, w + v, w
   
(D) ku, kv = k u, v
 
3. Given u, v = −5, which of the following is a possible value for uv?
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) −6 (D) −4

4. Which of the following vectors in R2 are orthogonal with respect to the Euclidean inner
product?
   
(A) 1, 2 and −3, 2
   
(B) 4, 6 and 3, 2
   
(C) 4, 6 and −3, 2
   
(D) 1, 2 and 3, 2

5. Which of the following sets of vectors in R2 are orthonormal with respect to the Euclidean
inner product?
  
(A) 1, 0 , 0, 1
  
(B) 2, 0 , 0, 2
 √ √ √ √
(C) 2 2 , 2 2
2
, 2 2
, 2
  
(D) 1, 0 , 0, 0
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –2– Anton/Rorres

6. Let {u1 , u2 , u3 } be a basis for R3 , and let {v1 , v2 , v3 } be the orthonormal set constructed
via the Gram-Schmidt process. If v1 = √13 , √13 , √13 , v2 = √16, , √16 , − √26 , and u3 =
 
1, 0, 0 , what is the value of v3 ?
 
(A) 32 , 12 , 0
√ √
(B) 3 10 10
10
, 10
, 0
1 
(C) 2
, − 12 , 0
√ √
2 2
(D) 2
, − 2
, 0
 
7. Which of the following
 vectors
 is the
 orthogonal projection of 1, 3, −2 on the subspace
of R3 spanned by 1, 0, 3 , 1, 1, 2 ?
 8 34 
(A) 11 , 11 , − 10
11
 5 35 
(B) 11 , 11 , − 20
11
 
(C) −85, −35, −220
 
(D) −8, −2, −22

8. Which system is the associated normal equation to the following system?

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 0   5
⎢ ⎥ x1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣4 ⎦
x2
5 3 4
    
8 2 x1 18
(A) =
2 7 x2 6
    
27 17 x1 29
(B) =
17 13 x2 20
    
9 1 x1 8
(C) =
1 0 x2 2
    
1 0 x1 20
(D) =
0 1 x2 20

Free Response Questions

   
1 3 2 −1  
1. Given A = and B = , calculate A, B using the standard inner
−2 4 2 0
product on M22 .

Chapter 6
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –3– Anton/Rorres
     
2. Let u = 1, −3 and v = 5, 1 . Use the inner product u, v = 3u1 v1 + 5u2 v2 on R2 to
compute d(u, v).

3. Prove that  
u + v2 = u2 + 2 u, v + v2
where u and v are vectors in some inner product space.

4. Prove that  
u + v, u − v = u2 − v2
where u and v are vectors in some inner product space.
 
5. If u = 4, v = 2, −1, −2 and u and v are orthogonal, find u + v.

6. Compute the angle between the following pair of vectors in M22 using the standard inner
product on M22 .    
1 0 1 0
A= , B=
0 1 1 0

7. Let W be a subspace of a real inner product space V . Prove that if u and v are vectors
in W ⊥ , then for scalars c1 , c2 , the vector c1 u + c2 v is also in W ⊥ .

8. Let V be a real inner product space. Prove that V ⊥ = {0}.

1   
9. Let u = √1 , √1 and v = , − 14 . Using the inner product u, v = 3u1 v1 + 5u2 v2 on
8 8 2
R2 , determine whether the set {u, v} is
(a) orthogonal.
(b) normal.
   
10. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to transform the basis 1, 2, −1 , 1, 3, 0 , 4, 1, 0
into an orthonormal basis under the Euclidean inner product in R3 .

11. Let {v1 , v2 , v3 } be the basis formed by performing the Gram-Schmidt process on the
basis {u1 , u2 , u3 }. Prove that the vectors v1 , v2 , and v3 are orthogonal.

12. Let Q be an n × n matrix whose column vectors form an orthonormal basis for Rn .
Prove that Q is invertible and that Q−1 = QT .

13. Use det(AT A) to determine whether the column vectors of the following matrix are
linearly independent. ⎡ ⎤
1 2 1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −1 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥
⎢1 −1 0⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 −1 0

Chapter 6
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –4– Anton/Rorres

14. Determine the least squares solution to the following system.

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
7 6   3
⎢ ⎥ x1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 3⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣12⎦
x2
−2 1 10

15. Let A be an m × n matrix. Prove that the matrices AT A and AAT are both square.

16. Let A be an n × n matrix and let x be a vector in Rn . Prove that the system AT Ax = b
is consistent for every b in Rn if and only if the system Ax = b is consistent for every b in
Rn .
  
17.
 Find
 the
 least
 squares straight line fit y = a 0 x + a 1 to the data points 0, 2 , 1, 1 ,
2, 3 , and 3, 3 .
2
  
18.
 Find
 the least squares
 quadratic fit y = a 0 + a 1 x + ax 2 to the data points 0, 0 , 0, 1 ,
1, 2 , 1, 3 , and 2, 0 .

19. Find the least squares approximation of f (x) = ex over the interval [0, 2π] by a trigono-
metric polynomial of order 3.

20. Find the least squares approximation of f (x) = x3 over the interval [0, 2π] by a trigono-
metric polynomial of order 2 or less.

Chapter 6
Elementary Linear Algebra 12e –5– Anton/Rorres

Answers

Multiple Choice Answers

1. (C)

2. (D)

3. (B)

4. (C)

5. (A)

6. (D)

7. (B)

8. (B)

Free Response Answers

1. −5
√
2. 8 2
5. 5
π
6.
3
9. (a) not orthogonal
(b) not normal

10. √1 , √2 , − √1 , − √1 , √4 , √7 , √3 , − √111 , √1
6 6 6 66 66 66 11 11

13. det(AT A) = 32 = 0, therefore the columns of A are linearly independent.

 
−3
14.
4
3
17. 2
+ 12 x
1 17
18. 2
+ 4
x − 94 x2
e2π −1
1 
19. f (x) ≈ π 2
+ 12 cos (x) − 12 sin (x) + 15 cos (2x) − 25 sin (2x) + 1
10
cos (3x) − 3
10
sin (3x)

20. f (x) ≈ 2π 3 + 12πcos (x) + 3πcos (2x) + (12 − 8π 2 )sin (x) + ( 32 − 4π 2 )sin (2x)

Chapter 6