CHAPTER-10
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
G PONSANKARI
PGT (BIO)
KV TUMAKURU
CELL CYCLE
The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its
genome, synthesises the other constituents of the
cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells
DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage
in the cell cycle
The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then
distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of
events during cell division
Two basic phases of Cell Cycle
INTERPH MPHASE
ASE (Mitosis
phase)
The interphase lasts The M Phase represents the
more than 95% of the phase when the actual cell
duration of cell cycle. division or mitosis occurs
It is the time during The M Phase starts with the
which the cell is nuclear division, corresponding
preparing for division to the separation of daughter
by undergoing both cell chromosomes (karyokinesis) and
growth and DNA usually ends with division of
replication in an
cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
orderly manner.
G1 phase (Gap 1)
G1 phase corresponds to the interval between
mitosis and initiation of DNA replication. During
G1 phase the cell is metabolically active and
continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA
S phase (Synthesis)
S or synthesis phase marks the period
during which DNA synthesis or replication
INTERPH takes place. During this time the amount of
DNA per cell doubles. If the initial amount of
ASE DNA is denoted as 2C then it increases to 4C
Those cells that do not
divide further exit G1 phase
to enter an inactive stage
called quiescent stage (G0)
G2 phase (Gap 2)
of the cell cycle.
During the G2 phase, proteins are
Cells in this stage remain synthesised in preparation for mitosis while
metabolically active but no cell growth continues.
longer proliferate
Phases of cell cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTZ_vj-
HdzM
M Phase (Mitosis)
In animals, mitotic cell division is only seen in the diploid
somatic cells.
the plants can show mitotic divisions in both haploid and
diploid cells.
Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and
progeny cells is the same, it is also called as equational
division.
Mitosis is divided into the following four stages:
o Prophase
o Metaphase
o Anaphase
o Telophase
MITOSIS
MITOSI
MitosisS
is the process of forming
identical daughter cells by replicating
and dividing the original chromosomes,
in effect making a cellular xerox.
PROPHASE
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis
proper.
Chromatin condenses (remember that
chromatin/DNA replicate during
Interphase),
The nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles
divide and migrate, kinetochores and
kinetochore fibers form, and the spindle
forms.
STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
METAPHASE
1) Centriole at the opposite pole
2) The chromosomes migrate to the
equator of the spindle where the
spindles attach to the kinetochore fibers.
3) Spindle apparatus well developed
4) Nuclear Membrane and nucleolus
disappeared
ANAPHASE
It begins with the separation of
the centromeres, and the pulling
of chromatids to opposite poles of
the spindle.
TELOPHASE
The chromosomes reach the poles of
their respective spindles.
The nuclear envelope reforms,
chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
form, and the nucleolus reform.
Two daughter nuclei are formed.
CYTOKINESIS
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Cytokinesis
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Appearance of Cell wall formation
furrow in the starts in the centre
plasma membrane, by the formation of
deepens and joins cell plate and grows
in the centre outward to meet the
dividing the cell existing lateral walls,
cytoplasm into thus cell divides into
two. two.
MITOSIS IN PLANT CELLS
IN ANIMAL CELL
Significance of
mitosis
The growth of multicellular organisms
is due to mitosis.
Involves in cell repair.
Mitotic divisions in the meristematic
tissues in plants result in a continuous
growth.
It results in the formation of two cells.
Daughter cells are similar to parent
cell.
Are they all similar in look?
If No/Yes why?
MEIOSIS
Takes place in germ cells during
gametogenesis.
Diploid Cell divide into four haploid
daughter cells .
Pairing of Homologous chromosomes .
Recombination takes place that leads to
variations.
Reductional in nature.
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE –I
Longest and more complex stage than Prophase of
Mitosis.
*
• Chromosomes initially exists as thin threads
(chromatin fibers).
Divided into five continuous sub- stages :
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
LEPTOTE
NE
Derived from Greek word “Leptonema”
meaning, “Thread like”
Chromatin fibres gradually condense
to form chromosomes.
Chromosomes first time visible under
the Light microscope.
Homologous chromosome pairing
absent.
Chromosomes during
Leptotene stage
ZYGOTENE
* Derived from term “ Zygonema” meaning
“Paired thread “.
*Compaction of Chromosomes continues.
*Homologous chromosomes start to pair
(synapsis) to form a Bivalent or Tetrad.
* Synaptonemal complex follows the
synapsis of homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes in
Zygotene stage
PACHYTENE
Derived from the term “Pachynema” meaning “
thick threads”
Bivalent Chromosomes clearly visible as tetrads.
Appearance of recombination nodules.
Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
Individual chromosomes of the homologous pair not
distinguishable.
Actual crossing over not perceivable.
Chiasmata not visible.
Recombinase mediates the crossing over process.
CHROMOSOME DURING
PACHYTENE
SYNAPTONEMAL
COMPLEX
Zipper- like proteinaceous structure assembled
between homologous chromosomes during
Pachytene stage.
Reflects the synapsis of homologous
chromosomes.
Mediates chromosome pairing synapsis,
recombination( crossing over) and
chromosome segregation.
Disassembles at the end of Pachytene.
SC formation mediated SC proteins( SC-1 And
SC-3 in humans)
Described by Montrose J. Mosses and D.
Fawcett (1965)
SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX
CHIASMATA
Crossing
over
DIPLOTENE
Dissolution of the synaptonemal
complex.
Homologous chromosomes remain
synapsed only at chiasmata.
Chromosomes undergo further
compaction.
CHROMOSOME DURING
DIPLOTENE
DIAKINESI
S
# Diakinesis means “moving
through”.
Terminalization of chiasmata.
Chromosomes fully condensed.
Assemblage of Meiotic spindle.
Separation of homologous
chromosomes.
Nucleolus disappears, nuclear
envelope breaks down into vesicles.
Prepares cell to enter Metaphase- I.
CHROMOSOME DURING
DIAKINESIS
OVERVIEW OF PROPHASE-I
During meiosis II, the sister chromatids within the two
daughter cells separate, forming four new haploid
gametes. The mechanics of meiosis II is similar
to mitosis, except that each dividing cell has only one
set of homologous chromosomes.
PROPHASE
IIevents
In prophase II, four
occur
a)Condensing of chromatin into
chromosomes
b)Disintegration of the nuclear
envelope
c)Migration of centrosomes to
either pole and
d) The reconstruction of the
spindle apparatus.
METAPHAS
Eof the
Meiosis II, in each II
two daughter cells
produced by the first
meiotic division (which are
known as secondary germ
cells), the spindle again
draws the chromosomes to
the metaphase plate.
ANAPHASE II
Anaphase II is the stage when
sister chromatids of every
chromosome separate and
begin to move towards the
opposite ends of the cell.
The separation and the
movement is due to the
shortening of the kinetochore
microtubules
TELOPHASE II
During telophase II,
the fourth step of
meiosis II, the
chromosomes
reach opposite
poles, cytokinesis
occurs, the two cells
produced by meiosis I
divide to form four
haploid daughter cells
Significance of Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
Meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
Formation of Spores
Meiosis produces spores in plants for asexual reproduction.
Maintenance of Chromosomes Number
Meiosis halves the chromosome number in the gametes so that
fertilization may restore the original diploid number in the zygote.
Introduction of Variations
Meiosis provides a chance for the formation of new combinations of
chromosomes. This brings about variations. The new combinations
are produced
By crossing over in prophase-I
By Random distribution of paternal and maternal (homologous)
chromosomes between the daughter cells in anaphase-I.
Variations help animal and plant breeders to improve the races
of useful animals and plants.
Mitosis Meiosis
It occurs in all kinds of cells and may It occurs only in special cells
continue throughout life (gamete mother cells or spore
mother cells) and at specific times.
In involves a single division, resulting It involves two successive divisions,
in two daughter cells only resulting in four daughter cells.
Prophase is relatively short and Prophase-I is very long and
simple elaborate, comprising 5 subphases.
There is no pairing of homologous Homologous chromosomes pair
chromosomes, hence no chance of and often undergo crossing over in
crossing over. prophase-I
No chiasmata are formed Chiasmata from temporarily where
crossing over occurs.
All chromosomes form a single plate Chromosomes form two parallel
in metaphase plates in metaphase-I and one
plate in metaphase-II
Mitosis Meiosis
Anaphase involves separation Anaphase-I involves
of chromatids of each separation of homologous
chromosome. chromosomes. The chromatids
move apart in anaphase-II
Daughter cells have diploid Daughter cells have haploid
number of chromosomes like number of chromosomes
the parent cell. unlike the parent's cell.
Mitosis brings about growth, Meiosis forms gametes or
repair and healing. spores, helps maintain the
number of chromosomes
constant from generation to
generation and introduces
variation.
Mitosis may occur in haploid Meiosis always occurs in the
or diploid cells diploid cells
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