Networking Basics

Chapter no 4 Marks 10
Mrs. A. V. Chechare
Networking in java

1. Networking is connecting different

nodes, devices or PCs together for
data sharing and communication
purpose.
2. Simply writing programs that
can be executed over various
computer devices, in which all the
devices are connected to each
other to share resources using a
network.
1. All the Java program communications over the
network are done at the application layer.
2. The java.net package is used for networking in java.

Important Terminology:
IP Address
Protocol
Port Number
MAC Address
Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
Socket
Socket
 A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication
link between two programs running on different
computers on a network.
 Client Server Architecture

A server is the one who provides requested

services.
Clients are the ones who request services.
So in java programming for establishing
communication between two devices we need to create
2 sockets one for Server i.e ServerSocket and another
for Client i.e ClientSocket(Socket).
1.Server runs on a specific computer and has a socket
that is bound to a specific port number.

2. The server instantiates a ServerSocket object,

indicating at which port number communication will
occur.
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);

3. After creating object Server calls accept() method and

keeps on waiting for client request to connect
server.accept();
4.On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of
the machine on which the server is running and the port
number on which the server is listening.
5.To make a connection request, the client tries to
connect with the server on the server's machine and port.

6. If everything goes well, the server accepts the

connection.
7.Upon acceptance, the server gets a new socket bound
to the same local port and also has its remote endpoint
set to the address and port of the client.

For Above explained communication to take place we

take help from following packages and classes in java.
1. java.net
2. java.net.ServerSocket
3. java.net.Socket
Reserved Ports
Reserved/Well-known ports—Ports in the range 0 to
1023 are assigned and controlled.
Registered ports—Ports in the range 1024 to 49151 are
not assigned or controlled, but can be registered to
prevent duplication.
Dynamic ports—Ports in the range 49152 to 65535 are
not assigned, controlled, or registered. They are used
for temporary or private ports. They are also known as
private or non-reserved ports.
 Reserved Sockets in Java
 The Sockets Which Are Reserved By Specific Protocols For
Communication Are Reserved Sockets.
 Once The Connection Is Ready A Higher-Level Protocol Is In
Use.
 This Is Dependent On The Port Which You Are Using.
 TCP/IP Uses Or Reserves The Lower 1024 Ports For Specific
Protocols.
Examples:
1. FTP – Port No. 21
2. TELNET- Port No. 23
3. E-Mail – Port No. 25
4. Finger- Port No. 79
5. HTTP- Port No. 80
6. Netnews- Port No. 119 Etc.
20 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Data Transfer
22 Secure Shell (SSH) Secure Login
53 Domain Name System (DNS) service
67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used in the World Wide
Web
110 Post Office Protocol (POP3)
123 Network Time Protocol (NTP)
143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Management of
digital mail
161 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
443 HTTP Secure (HTTPS) HTTP over TLS/SSL
546, 547 DHCPv6 IPv6 version of DHCP
Proxy Server
A proxy server is a system or router that provides a
gateway between users and the internet.
Therefore, it helps prevent cyber attackers from entering a
private network. It is a server, referred to as an
“intermediary” because it goes between end-users and the
web pages they visit online.
1. A proxy server performs the function of a firewall and
filter.
2. The end-user or a network administrator can choose a
proxy designed to protect data and privacy.
3. This examines the data going in and out of your
computer or network.
4. It then applies rules to prevent you from having to
expose your digital address to the world.
5. Only the proxy’s IP address is seen by hackers or other
bad actors.
6. Without your personal IP address, people on the
internet do not have direct access to your personal data,
schedules, apps, or files.
 Internet Addressing
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique numerical
identifier for every device or network that connects to the
internet.
Typically assigned by an internet service provider (ISP), an IP
address is an online device address used for communicating
across the internet.
Java InetAddress class represents an IP address
An IP address helps to identify a specific resource on the
network using a numerical representation.
An IP address is represented by 32-bit or 128-bit unsigned
number.
An instance of InetAddress represents the IP address with its
corresponding host name
 IPV4
IPv4 is the primary Internet protocol.
It is a widely used IP version to differentiate devices on
network using an addressing scheme.
A 32-bit addressing scheme is used to store 232 addresses
that is more than 4 million addresses.
It is a connectionless protocol.
It utilizes less memory and the addresses can be
remembered easily with the class based addressing
scheme.
For example:
 IPV6
IPv6 is the latest version of Internet protocol.
 It aims at fulfilling the need of more internet addresses.
It provides solutions for the problems present in IPv4.
 It provides 128-bit address space that can be used to form
a network of 340 undecillion unique IP addresses.
IPv6 is also identified with a name IPng (Internet Protocol
next generation).
Prefix: The prefix part of IP address identifies the
physical network to which the computer is
attached. . Prefix is also known as a network
address.
Suffix: The suffix part identifies the individual
computer on the network. The suffix is also called
the host address.
IPV4 classes
Class A
This IP address class is used when there are a large
number of hosts.
In a Class A type of network, the first 8 bits (also called
the first octet) identify the network, and the remaining
have 24 bits for the host into that network.
example :102.168.212.226.
Here, “102” helps you identify the network and
168.212.226 identify the host.
Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot
be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic
functions.
Class B
 In this IP address, the class decimal number that can
be between 128 to 191.
The number 127 is reserved for loopback, which is
used for internal testing on the local machine.
The first 16 bits (known as two octets) help you
identify the network. The other remaining 16 bits
indicate the host within the network.
An example of Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204,
where *168 212* identifies the network and
*226.204* helps you identify the network host.
Class C
Class C is a type of IP address that is used for the
small network.
In this class, three octets are used to indent the
network. This IP ranges between 192 to 223.
Example
192.168.178.1
Class D
Class D addresses are only used for multicasting
applications.
Class D is never used for regular networking
operations.
This class addresses the first three bits set to “1” and
their fourth bit set to use for “0”.
Class D addresses are 32-bit network addresses.
All the values within the range are used to identify
multicast groups uniquely.
Class E
Class E IP address is defined by including the starting
four network address bits as 1, which allows you two
to incorporate addresses from 240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255.
E class is reserved, and its usage is never defined.
Therefore, many network implementations discard
these addresses as undefined or illegal.
Example
243.164.89.28
TCP
The TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.
If we want the communication between two computers
and communication should be good and reliable.
TCP is Connection Oriented Protocol
It uses Three Way handshake mechanism.
 UDP
The UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol.
UDP is a connectionless protocol.
Here, connectionless means that no connection establishes
prior to communication.
It also does not guarantee the delivery of data packets.
It does not even care whether the data has been received on
the receiver's end or not, so it is also known as the "fire-
and-forget" protocol..
UDP is faster than TCP as it does not provide the
assurance for the delivery of the packets.
 Working with UDP DatagramSockets
Creation of DatagramSocket:-
1. public DatagramSocket()
2. public DatagramSocket(int port)
3. public DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress
inetaddress)
Creation of DatagramPacket:
Constructor to send data:
public DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int offset, int length,
SocketAddress address)

buf - the packet data.

offset - the packet data offset.
length - the packet data length.
address - the destination socket address.
Constructor to receive the data:
Syntax:
public DatagramPacket(byte buf[], int length)

buf - the packet data.

length - the packet data length.
Invoke a send() or receive() call on socket object

void send(DatagramPacket packet)

void receive(DatagramPacket packet)
InetAddress
The InetAddress class is used to encapsulate both the
numerical IP address and the domain name for that
address.
We interact with this class by using the name of an IP
host, which is more convenient and understandable
than its IP address.
The InetAddress class hides the number inside.
 InetAddress can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
1.static InetAddress getLocalHost( )
This method returns the InetAddress object that
represents the local host.

2.static InetAddress getByName(String hostName)

it returns an InetAddress for a host name passed to it

3.static InetAddress[ ] getAllByName(String hostName)

This method returns an array of InetAddresses that
represent all of the addresses that a particular name
resolves to.
URL
URL known as Uniform Resource Locator
It is simply a string of text that identifies all the
resources on the Internet, telling us the address of the
resource, how to communicate with it, and retrieve
something from it.
The Web is a loose collection of higher-level protocols
and file formats, all unified in a web browser.
The URL provides a reasonably intelligible form to
uniquely identify or address information on the
Internet.
Components of URL
Htttp://www.google.com/flower.jpeg

Protocol Domain Name/Host name File

Protocol: HTTP is the protocol here

Hostname: Name of the machine on which the resource lives.
File Name: The pathname to the file on the machine.
Port Number: Port number to which to connect (typically
optional)

http://www.google.com:80/flower.jpeg

Port No