Chapter 4

Networking(10M)

Java Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing devices

together so that we can share resources.

Advantage of Java Networking

1. sharing resources
2. centralize software management

Networking Terminology
The widely used java networking terminologies are given below:

1. IP Address
2. Protocol
3. Port Number
4. MAC Address
5. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
6. Socket

1) IP Address

● IP address is a unique number assigned to a node of a network e.g.

192.168.0.1 . It is composed of octets that range from 0 to 255.
● It is a logical address that can be changed.

● IPv4 uses a 32-bits value to represent an address.

 ● IPv6 uses a 128-bits(16 bytes) value to represent an address.

2) Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules basically that is followed for communication. For

example:

● TCP/UDP
● FTP
● Telnet
● SMTP
● POP etc.

3) Port Number

The port number is used to uniquely identify different applications. It acts as a

communication endpoint between applications.
The port number is associated with the IP address for communication between
two applications.

●
● TCP/IP reserves the lower 1,024 ports for specific protocols.

21 is for FTP,
23 is for Telnet,
25 is for e-mail,
79 is for finger,
80 is for HTTP,
119 is for netnews

4) MAC Address

MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique identifier of NIC (Network

Interface Controller). A network node can have multiple NIC but each with unique
MAC.
5) Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol

● In connection-oriented protocol, acknowledgement is sent by the receiver.

So it is reliable but slow. The example of connection-oriented protocol is
TCP.
● But, in connection-less protocol, acknowledgement is not sent by the
receiver. So it is not reliable but fast. The example of connection-less
protocol is UDP.

6) Proxy Server

Proxy server is an intermediary server between client and the internet. Proxy
servers offers the following basic functionalities:

● Firewall and network data filtering.

● Network connection sharing
● Data caching

Proxy servers allow to hide, conceal and make your network id anonymous by
hiding your IP address.
7) Domain Naming Service /system(DNS).
The internet world is completely based on IP (Internet Protocol) address.To access
any website you need to know its IP address which is a long numeric code and
is not possible to learn.
Now, here comes the role of DNS. A DNS is an internet service that translates a
domain name into corresponding IP address.
Domain name used here is alphabetic and can be easily remembered.
For example, www.example.com is a domain name of a site. And with the help
of DNS it will get translate into its IP address 198.105.232.4.

8) Socket

A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two

programs running on the network. ...
The java.net package in the Java platform provides a class, Socket , that
implements one side of a two-way connection between your Java program and
another program on the network.
Client Server Communication
java.net package
The java.net package provides many classes to deal with networking applications
in Java. A list of these classes is given below:

● Authenticator
● CacheRequest
● CacheResponse
● ContentHandler
● CookieHandler
● CookieManager
● DatagramPacket
● DatagramSocket
● DatagramSocketImpl
● InterfaceAddress
 ● JarURLConnection
● MulticastSocket
● InetSocketAddress
● InetAddress
● Inet4Address
● Inet6Address
● IDN
● HttpURLConnection
● HttpCookie
● NetPermission
● NetworkInterface
● PasswordAuthentication
● Proxy
● ProxySelector
● ResponseCache
● SecureCacheResponse
● ServerSocket
● Socket
● SocketAddress
● SocketImpl
● SocketPermission
● StandardSocketOptions
● URI
● URL
● URLClassLoader
● URLConnection
● URLDecoder
● URLEncoder
● URLStreamHandler

InetAddress
Whether you are making a phone call, sending mail, or establishing a connection
across the Internet, addresses are fundamental. The InetAddress class is used to
encapsulate both the numerical IP address and the domain name for that address.
 domain name

InetAddress
IP address

Factory Methods
The InetAddress class has no visible constructors. To create an
InetAddress object,you have to use one of the available factory methods

InetAddress provides 3 factory methods are shown here.

getLocalHost( )
getByName(String hostName)

getAllByName(String hostName)

If these methods are unable to resolve the host name, they throw an
UnknownHostException.

The getLocalHost( ) method simply returns the InetAddress object that

represents the local host.

The getByName( ) method returns an InetAddress for a host name passed to it.

The getAllByName( ) factory method returns an array of InetAddresses that

represent all of the addresses that a particular name resolves to.

import java.net.*;

class InetAddressTest

public static void main(String args[]) throws UnknownHostException

{
 InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); Acer-PC/103.31.147.90

System.out.println(address);

yahoo.com/206.190.36.45
address = InetAddress.getByName("yahoo.com");

System.out.println(address);

InetAddress SW[] = InetAddress.getAllByName("www.gmail.com");

for (int i=0; i<SW.length; i++)

System.out.println(SW[i]);
www.gmail.com/74.125.236.117
www.gmail.com/74.125.236.118
www.gmail.com/2404:6800:4009:800:0:0:0:1015
}

When laptop is connected to internet

/* output

Acer-PC/103.31.147.90

yahoo.com/206.190.36.45

www.gmail.com/74.125.236.117

www.gmail.com/74.125.236.118

www.gmail.com/2404:6800:4009:800:0:0:0:1015

*/

When laptop is not connected to internet

LAPTOP-ESA250HF/127.0.0.1
Exception in thread "main" java.net.UnknownHostException: yahoo.com
at java.net.Inet6AddressImpl.lookupAllHostAddr(Native Method)
at java.net.InetAddress$2.lookupAllHostAddr(Unknown Source)
at java.net.InetAddress.getAddressesFromNameService(Unknown Source)
at java.net.InetAddress.getAllByName0(Unknown Source)
at java.net.InetAddress.getAllByName(Unknown Source)
at java.net.InetAddress.getAllByName(Unknown Source)
at java.net.InetAddress.getByName(Unknown Source)
at InetAddressTest.main(InetAddressTest.java:11)
What is localhost?
● localhost refers to "this computer" or even more accurately "the computer
I'm working on."
● The localhost is the default name describing the local computer address
also known as the loopback address.
● the local IP address is 127.0.0.1 (the loopback address).

TCP/IP Client Server Communication

● TCP/IP sockets are used to implement reliable, idirectional,
persistent, point-to- point,stream-based connections
between hosts on the Internet.

● There are two kinds of TCP sockets in Java. One is for servers,
and the other is for clients.

● The ServerSocket(Server) class is designed to be a “listener,”

which waits for clients to connect before doing anything.

● The Socket class is designed for (Client).

● The creation of a Socket object implicitly establishes a connection

between the client and server.

● ServerSocket has a method called accept( ),which is a blocking call that will wait for
a client to initiate communications,
//TCPIP Server client Communication

Server Program

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

public class SimpleServer

public static void main(String args[])

ServerSocket ss=null;

try

ss=new ServerSocket(132);

catch(IOException E)

while (true)

try

Socket s=ss.accept();

OutputStream os=s.getOutputStream();

BufferedWriter bw=new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os));

bw.write("Hello ............... ");

bw.close();

s.close();

catch(IOException e)

Client Program
import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

public class SimpleClient

public static void main(String args[])

try

Socket s1=new Socket("127.0.0.1",132);

InputStream is=s1.getInputStream();

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader

(is)); System.out.println(br.readLine());

br.close();

s1.close();

catch(Exception e)

{}

Server Window

Client Window
Here are two constructors used to create client sockets:

Socket(String hostName, int port)

Socket(InetAddress ipAddress, int port)

ServerSocket constructors are:

ServerSocket(int port)
ServerSocket(int port, int maxQueue)

ServerSocket(int port, int maxQueue,

InetAddress localAddress)
Chatting application

1)Server program

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;
public class chatserver

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(2000);

Socket sk=ss.accept();

BufferedReader cin=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(sk.getInputStream()));

//for reading from client cmd prompt

PrintStream cout=new PrintStream(sk.getOutputStream());

//for printing on client cmd

BufferedReader stdin=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

//for reading from same cmd prompt

String s;

while ( true )

s=cin.readLine();
 if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("END"))

cout.println("BYE");

break;

System.out.print("Client :"+s+"\n");

System.out.print("Server: ");

s=stdin.readLine();

cout.println(s);

ss.close();

sk.close();

cin.close();

cout.close();

stdin.close();

2) Client Program

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;
public class chatclient

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

Socket sk=new Socket("localhost",2000);

BufferedReader sin=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(sk.getInputStream()));

//for reading from server cmd prompt

PrintStream sout=new PrintStream(sk.getOutputStream());//for

printing on server cmd

BufferedReader stdin=new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

//for reading from same cmd prompt String s;

while ( true )

System.out.print("Client : ");

s=stdin.readLine();

sout.println(s);

s=sin.readLine();

System.out.print("Server : "+s+"\n");
 if ( s.equalsIgnoreCase("BYE") )

break;

sk.close();

sin.close();

sout.close();

stdin.close();

Whois

The whois command displays information about a website's record.

You may get all the information about a website regarding its registration
and owner's information.

URL

The URL class represents an URL. URL is an acronym for Uniform

Resource Locator. It points to a resource on the World Wide Web.

For example:

1. https://www.google.com/index.html
A URL contains many information(components of URL):

1. Protocol: In this case, http is the protocol.

2. Server name or IP Address: In this case, www.google.com is the server
name.
3. Port Number: It is an optional attribute. If we write
http//ww.google.com:80/index, 80 is the port number. If port number is not
mentioned in the URL, it returns -1.
4. File Name or directory name: In this case, index.html is the file name.

// Demonstrate URL.

import java.net.*;

class URLDemo

public static void main(String args[]) throws MalformedURLException

{

URL hp = new URL("http://www.google.com/downloads");

System.out.println("Protocol: " + hp.getProtocol());

System.out.println("Port: " + hp.getPort());

System.out.println("Host: " + hp.getHost());

System.out.println("File: " + hp.getFile());

System.out.println("Ext:" + hp.toExternalForm());

output:
Protocol: http
Port: -1
Host: www.google.com
File: /downloads
Ext:http://www.google.com/downloads

● The next two forms of the constructor allow you to break up the
URL into its component parts:
URL(String protocolName, String hostName, int port, String path)
URL(String protocolName, String hostName, String path)
URL(URL urlObj, String urlSpecifier)
 ● URL class has several constructors, and each can throw
a MalformedURLException

URLConnection
URLConnection is a general-purpose class for accessing the attributes of a remote
resource.

In the following example, we create a URLConnection using the openConnection(

)method of a URL object and then use it to examine the document’s properties and
content:

import java.net.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.util.Date;

class UCDemo

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

int c;

URL hp = new URL("http://www.gmail.com");

URLConnection hpCon = hp.openConnection();

// get date

long d = hpCon.getDate();

if(d==0)
System.out.println("No date information.");

else

System.out.println("Date: " + new Date(d));

// get content type

System.out.println("Content-Type: " + hpCon.getContentType());

// get expiration date

d = hpCon.getExpiration();

if(d==0)

System.out.println("No expiration information."); else

System.out.println("Expires: " + new Date(d));

// get last-modified date

d = hpCon.getLastModified();

if(d==0)

System.out.println("No last-modified information."); else

System.out.println("Last-Modified: " + new Date(d));

// get content length

int len = hpCon.getContentLength();

if(len == -1)

System.out.println("Content length unavailable."); else

System.out.println("Content-Length: " + len);

/*

E:\imp\co6c\chapter2>java UCDemo

Date: Wed Oct 20 10:50:26 IST 2020

Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

Expires: Mon Jan 01 05:30:00 IST 1990

No last-modified information.

Content-Length: 352

*/

Datagrams(UDP)

● Datagrams are bundles of information(packets) passed

between machines.
● Once the datagram has been released to its intended target, there
is no assurance that it will arrive or even that someone
will be there to catch it.(connection less protocol)
 ● when the datagram is received, there is no assurance that it
hasn’t been damaged in transit or that whoever sent it is still
there to receive a response.

• The DatagramPacket object is the data container,while

the DatagramSocket is the mechanism used to send or
receive the DatagramPackets.
• DatagramSocket is used to create socket for
communication.

//

Demonstrate Datagrams.

import java.net.*;

class WriteServer

public static int serverPort = 999;

public static int clientPort = 998;

public static int buffer_size = 1024;

public static DatagramSocket ds;

public static byte buffer[] = new byte[buffer_size];

public static void theServer() throws Exception

int pos=0;
while (true)

int c = System.in.read();

switch (c)

case -1: System.out.println("Server

quit"); return;

case '\n':

ds.send(new DatagramPacket(buffer,pos,

InetAddress.getLocalHost(),clientPort));

pos=0;

break;

default:

buffer[pos++] = (byte) c;

}
public static void theClient() throws Exception

while(true)

DatagramPacket p = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); ds.receive(p);

System.out.println(new String(p.getData(), 0, p.getLength()));

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

if(args.length == 1)

ds = new DatagramSocket(serverPort);

theServer();

else {

ds = new DatagramSocket(clientPort);

theClient();
}