Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-111)
Lecture-1
Introduction
Dr. Imtiaz Hussain
Assistant Professor (Control Systems),
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: imtiaz.hussain@pnec.nust.edu.pk
URL :http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/
Fall 2021
1st Semester
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Lecture Outline
• Introduction to Course
• Course contents
• Recommended books
• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
• Assessments breakdown
• Preliminary Concepts
– Charge & Current
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The Course
This course is meant to reinforce a good
understanding of the fundamentals of electrical
engineering through practical applications.
• Foundation Course
– A strong foundation for advanced courses
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Course contents
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Course contents
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Recommended Books
1. Fundamental of Electric Circuits
by Charles K Alexander and
Mattthew 5th Ed
2. Engineering Circuit Analysis by
W Hayt, J Kemmerly Durban,
McGraw-Hill, 8th Ed
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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
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Tentative Assessments Breakdown
S.
No Nature of Exam/Assessment Frequency Weightage
1 1 Hour Test 2 30
2 Quiz 2 10
3 Assignment/ Complex Engineering 1 10
Problem (CEP)
4 End-Semester Exam 1 50
Total Marks 100
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Introduction
• Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two
fundamental theories upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built.
• In electrical engineering, we are often interested in
communicating or transferring energy from one point to
another.
• An interconnection of electrical devices is thus required and is
referred to as an electric circuit, and each component of the
circuit is known as an element.
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A Simple Electric Circuit
• It consists of three basic elements: a battery, a lamp, and
connecting wires.
• It has several applications, such as a flash- light and a search light.
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Electrical Circuits
• Electric circuits are used in numerous electrical systems to accomplish
different tasks.
• The objective here is not the study of various uses and applications of
circuits.
• Rather, our major concern is the analysis of the circuits.
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System of Units
• In electrical engineering, we deal with measurable quantities (a number & a unit to
describe).
• The measurement, however, must be communicated in a standard language that
virtually all professionals can understand, irrespective of the country where the
measurement is conducted.
• Such an international measurement language is the International System of Units
(SI)
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System of Units
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Charge and Current
• The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical
phenomena.
• Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.
• We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental
building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons,
and neutrons.
• The charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602x10 -19 C,
while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron.
• The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally
charged. 14
Charge and Current
• The following points should be noted about electric charge:
1. The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In of charge, there are
1/(1.602x10-19)=6.24x1018 electrons. Thus realistic or laboratory
values of charges are on the order of , , or .
2. According to experimental observations, the only charges that
occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge.
3. The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither
be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic
sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.
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Charge and Current
• A unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the fact
that it is mobile.
• It can be transferred from one place to another, where it
can be converted to another form of energy.
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Charge and Current
• When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a
battery, the charges are compelled to move.
• Positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the
opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric current.
• It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of positive
charges. That is, opposite to the flow of negative charges.
• Although current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons,
we will follow the universally accepted convention that current is the net flow
of positive charges.
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Charge and Current
• The relationship between current , charge , and time is
𝑑𝑞
𝑖≜
𝑑𝑡
• where current is measured in amperes (A), and
1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/Second
• The charge transferred between time and is obtained by
integrating both sides of the above equation.
𝑡
𝑞 ≜∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑜
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Charge and Current
•A conventional current need not be a constant-valued function
•There can be several types of current; i.e, charge can vary with time in several
ways
•If the current doesn’t change with time, but remains constant, it is a direct current (dc)
•By convention the symbol I is used to represent such a constant current.
•A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i
•A common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal or the alternating current (ac)
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Charge and Current
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Current Direction
• Since current is the movement of charge, it is expected to have an associated direction of
flow
• The direction of current flow is conventionally taken as the direction of positive charge
movement.
• Based on this convention, a current of 5 A may be represented positively or negatively as
shown below
• In other words, a negative current of 5 A flowing in one direction (as shown) is the same
as a current of 5 A flowing in the opposite direction.
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Example-1.1
• How much charge is represented by electrons?
• Solution: Charge on one electron is -1.602x10 -19 C
• Hence electrons will have
-1.602x10 -19 X 4600= -7.369x10 -16 C
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Example-1.2
• The total charge entering a terminal is given by . Calculate the current
at .
• Solution: Graph of flow of charge is shown below.
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Example-1.2
• The total charge entering a terminal is given by . Calculate the current
at .
• Solution: Relation between charge and current is given by
𝑑𝑞
𝑖≜
𝑑𝑡
• Differentiating charge q with respect to time t.
𝑑𝑞
𝑖= =5 sin ( 4 𝜋 𝑡 ) + 20 𝜋 𝑡 cos ( 4 𝜋 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
• At 𝑖=5 sin ( 2 𝜋 ) +10 𝜋 cos (2 𝜋 )
𝑖=5 ×0 +10 𝜋 ×1
𝑖=31.42𝑚𝐴
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Example-1.3
• Determine the total charge entering a terminal between and if the
current passing through terminal is .
• Solution: Graph of flow of current is shown below
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Example-1.3
• Determine the total charge entering a terminal between and if the
current passing through terminal is .
• Solution: Relation between current and charge is given by
𝑡
𝑞 ≜∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑜
• Integrating current from
2
to seconds.
𝑞=∫ ( 3 𝑡 − 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2
[ ]
2
3 𝑡 3 𝑡2
𝑞= −
3 2 1
𝑞=5.5 𝐶
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Exercise Problems
1. Calculate the amount of charge represented by six million protons
(Answer: ).
2. The total charge entering a terminal is given by . Calculate the current at
(Answer: ).
3. The current flowing through an element is
𝑖= {
4 𝐴 , 0<𝑡 <1
4 𝑡 2 𝐴 , 𝑡 >1
Calculate the charge entering the element from to (Answer: )
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END OF LECTURE-1
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