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POLARITY OF
MOLECULES Polarity in a molecules determines whether or not electrons in that molecule are shared equally. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE POLARITY OF MOLECULES: 2. Polarity Based On Shape or Molecular Geometry If there is symmetry with the charge, then the compound is non-polar. If there the charges are asymmetrical, the compound is polar. VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory 1. Shared and unshared pairs repel. 2. Lone pairs repel stronger than shared pairs. 3. Double and triple bonds are viewed as single; for structure only. 4. The resultant shape of the molecule is a result of shared and lone pairs being as far apart as possible. The valence shell electron pair repulsion theory or VSEPR theory helps predict the spatial arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule. The shapes are designed to minimize the repulsion within a molecule. To determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar, it is frequently useful to look at Lewis structures. Nonpolar compounds will be symmetric, meaning all of the sides around the central atom are identical - bonded to the same element with no unshared pairs of electrons. Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities bonded. The images below summarizing the different shapes under the VSEPR theory.
linear bent
Trigonal planar Tetrahedral
The images below summarizing the different shapes under the VSEPR theory.
Trigonal Octahedral bipyramidal The following guidelines to determine the VSEPR shape of a molecule: 1. Determine the central atom of a molecule. A central atom is defined as an atom which is bonded to two or more other atoms. 2. Count how many valence electrons the central atom has. 3. Count how many valence electrons the side atoms have. 4. Create the appropriate Lewis structure of the molecule. In determining the LEDS of an atom, make sure to follow the “octet rule” *Exemptions to octet rule: a. atom with odd numbers b. incomplete octets – less than 3 valence electrons c. expanded valence shells – central atom has more than 8 electrons in its valence shell 5. Note how many electrons are shared and unshared. This will help determine the appropriate VSEPR shape and the polarity of molecules. Table of Shapes # Pair Groups # Lone Pairs Molecular Shape 2 0 Linear 1 Trigonal planar 3 2 Bent 0 Tetrahedral 4 1 Trigonal pyramid 2 Bent
0 Trigonal bipyramid 1 Seesaw 5 2 T-shape 3 Linear
0 Octahedral 1 Square pyramid 2 Square planar 6 3 T-shape 4 Linear Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar: 1. H2O 6. IBr2 2. NO 7. SbCl3 3. CH4 8. CO 4. CCl4 9. F2 5. NH3 Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar:
1. H2O Answer: Polar
Shape: Bent Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar:
2. NO Answer: Polar
Shape: Linear Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar:
3. CH4 Answer: Non - Polar
Shape: Tetrahedral Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar:
4. CCl4 Answer: Non - Polar
Shape: Tetrahedral Examples Write the molecular geometry of the following compounds and determine if it’s polar or non-polar:
