The document discusses molecular shapes and VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. It provides examples of molecular shapes for different numbers of electron pairs around a central atom. Molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Examples show how to predict shapes of molecules like methane, ammonia, water, and sulfur trioxide using VSEPR theory. Group 5 and 6 elements like phosphorus and sulfur can expand their octets to form compounds.
The document discusses molecular shapes and VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. It provides examples of molecular shapes for different numbers of electron pairs around a central atom. Molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Examples show how to predict shapes of molecules like methane, ammonia, water, and sulfur trioxide using VSEPR theory. Group 5 and 6 elements like phosphorus and sulfur can expand their octets to form compounds.
The document discusses molecular shapes and VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. It provides examples of molecular shapes for different numbers of electron pairs around a central atom. Molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Examples show how to predict shapes of molecules like methane, ammonia, water, and sulfur trioxide using VSEPR theory. Group 5 and 6 elements like phosphorus and sulfur can expand their octets to form compounds.
The document discusses molecular shapes and VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. It provides examples of molecular shapes for different numbers of electron pairs around a central atom. Molecular shapes include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral. Examples show how to predict shapes of molecules like methane, ammonia, water, and sulfur trioxide using VSEPR theory. Group 5 and 6 elements like phosphorus and sulfur can expand their octets to form compounds.
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Periodic Table
(Shape of Molecule) Learning Outcome :
Draw diagrams showing covalent bonds,
non-bonding pairs, and shapes of molecules for two element ions containing no more than 5 atoms. Examples that involve valence shell octet expansion are limited to PO4 3- tetrahedra, SO2 and SO3. Predict the shapes of covalent compounds using VSEPR Theory. Shape of molecules Pairs of electrons Shape
1 or 2 Linear
3 Trigonal Planar
4 Tetrahedral
5 Trigonal bipyramidal
6 Octahedral The shape of molecules
The spatial arrangement of atoms in
individual molecules can be determined by techniques such as electron diffraction. These shapes can also be explained and predicted by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR). Pairs of valence electrons in molecules repel each other to positions as far apart as possible. Repulsion occurs between : a) Bonding pairs of electrons b) Bonding and Non-bonding pairs of electrons c) Single, double and triple pairs of electrons. VSEPR
Which is the central atom of the
molecule. The number of bonding and non-bonding pairs of electrons around the central atom. The repulsion pattern of these valence electrons. Shape of molecules Pairs of electrons Shape
4 3 1 Trigonal pyramidal 4 2 2 V-shape/ bent Example 1 Predict and explain the molecular shape of methane by using VSEPR.
Step 1 : C is central atom
Step 2 : draw the Lewis structure of CH4 Step 3 : how many pairs of electrons - tetrahedral Step 4 : Count how many bonding and non- bonding pairs of electrons. Step 5 : shape - tetrahedral Explanation
The central C atom has ____ pairs of
electrons in its valence shell. These ____pairs of electrons will arrange in the shape of _________in order to obtain maximum stability. All these ____ pairs of electrons are _______ pairs of electrons. The molecular shape of methane is _____________. Example 2
Predict and explain the molecular shape
of ammonia NH3.
Step 1 : central atom = N
Step 2 : draw the Lewis structure of NH3 Step 3 : 4 pairs of electrons tetrahedral Step 4 : 3 bonding & 1 non-bonding Step 5 : Shape = Trigonal pyramidal Explanation
The central N atom has ____pairs of
electrons in its valence shell. These __ pairs of electrons will arrange in the shape of ________ to obtain maximum stability. Since ___pairs of electrons are ______ and ___pair of electron is ________, the molecular shape of ammonia is __________. Example 3 Predict and explain the shape of H2O by using VSEPR.
Step 1 : Central atom = O
Step 2 : Draw the Lewis structure of H2O Step 3 : How many pairs of electrons Step 4 : Shape to obtain maximum stability Step 5 : How many bonding and non-bonding pairs of electrons Step 6 : Shape ? Explanation
The central O atom has 4 pairs of
electrons in its valence shell. These 4 pairs of electrons will arrange in tetrahedral in order to obtain maximum stability. Since 2 pairs of electrons are bonding and 2 pairs are non-bonding electrons, the molecular shape of water is V-shape/ bent. Example 4
Predict and explain the shape of SO3 by
using VSEPR. Step 1 : Central atom = S Step 2 : Draw the Lewis structure of SO3 Step 3 : How many pairs of electrons Step 4 : Shape to obtain maximum stability Step 5 : How many bonding & non-bonding Step 6 : Shape ? Explanation
The central S atom has 3 regions of
electrons in its valence shell. These 3 regions of electrons will arrange in trigonal planar in order to obtain maximum stability. Since 3 regions of electrons are bonding and, the molecular shape of SO3 is trigonal planar. How can Sulfur and Phosphorus form expanded octet configuration ? Electron configuration of
Phosphorus : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d0
Sulfur : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 3d0 Group V element
In their compounds, they either exhibit a
covalence of 3 such as nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic atoms share only 3 electrons from p-orbital to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. They can also exhibit covalence of 5 such as phosphorus and arsenic share all 5 electrons from s2 and p3 orbitals to form covalent bonds with other non- metal atoms. Sharing 5 pairs of electrons with other atoms will form expanded octet configuration ( 10 electrons at outermost shell) Group VI elements
In their compounds, they exhibit
covalence of 2 such as oxygen, sulfur and selenium by sharing 2 electrons from s2p4 orbitals. They can also exhibit covalence of 4 such as sulfur and selenium by sharing 4 electrons s2p4 orbitals with other non- metal atoms. Sulfur and selenium can also exhibit covalence of 6 by sharing all 6 electrons from s2p4 orbitals to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. Sharing 6 pairs of electrons in a covalent compounds will give expanded octet configuration (12 electrons)
