Prosper Introduction - v5 May 2010

1
Intellectual Property and Confidentiality Notice. © 2009 BP plc. All rights reserved.
This document contains confidential information, which is the exclusive and proprietary
property of BP plc and affiliates. In whole or part, this document or its attachments
MAY NOT be reproduced by any means, disclosed or used for any purpose without the
express written permission of BP plc or affiliates.
Integrated Asset Modelling

with the IPM Toolkit
Training Class
General Introduction
EPT
delivering breakthrough solutions
2
Day 1 & 2: Prosper – Well Modelling

Day 3: MBAL - Reservoir Modelling
Day 4: GAP - Network Modelling
Day 5: Workshop
Lots of Examples !
EPT, Base Management Specialist Technical Support Team
EPT
BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc
What is Integrated Asset Modelling ?
System Optimisation
Process
Facilities Oil/Gas Export
= $$$
Gas & water

Production injection
Wells wells
Flowlines
Power /
fluid / gaslift
Reservoir

Slide 3
Why IAM?
Encouraging an integrated approach to the management,

modelling and optimisation of assets
• To achieve maximum technical understanding

Adding Technical Value
• To realise maximum productivity

Adding Commercial Value
• Modelling appropriate for results/understanding required

Fit for purpose
System Optimisation Using the PetEx IPM Toolkit
Process
Facilities Oil/Gas Export
= $$$
GAP
Gas & water

Production injection
Wells
PVTp Flowlines wells
Prosper Power / (Fluid) Prosper
fluid / gaslift
Reservoir

MBal
Slide 5
6
Introduction to Well Modelling

& Petroleum Experts Prosper
EPT
Prosper – Outline
1. Introduction
2. Inflow Performance Relationship
3. Vertical Lift Performance
4. Artificial Lift
5. Matching a Model to Well Test Data
6. Quicklook
7. Fluid Modelling PVT
8. ESPs
9. Multilateral Inflow Example
Slide 7
Building a well model
1. Introduction
Slide 8
Why build a well model?
Uses of a well model:

• Predicting Well Performance as Conditions Change
• Optimising Artificial Lift
• Investigating completion performance
• Determining well work opportunities
• Generating Lift Curves

– for GAP Production Network Models
– for Reservoir Simulators, etc.
Slide 9 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc
Well Productivity Fundamentals
Well performance has 2 components:
1. Inflow from Reservoir to bottom of well

• Flow through permeable media - affected by:
– Fluid characteristics
– Rock properties
– Completion design
2. Flow through casing/tubing to wellhead

• Multi-phase flow - affected by:
– Fluid characteristics
– Completion design (tubing)
Key parameters affecting well productivity
• Inflow • Tubing
– Reservoir pressure – Oil & Gas gravities
– Fluid viscosity – GOR
– Permeability – Watercut
– Length of producing interval – Diameter
– Deviation – Depth
– Wellbore diameter – Deviation
– Completion design – Surface roughness
• Perforation diameter/number open – Restrictions
• Gravel pack properties – Wellhead pressure
– Damage (mechanical skin)

Slide 11
Well performance calculation - nodal analysis
Divide system into separate sections:
1. flow through Reservoir to Well – IPR
2. flow to Surface in tubing – VLP
VLP
• Production rate is when the pressure & temperature
from these match at chosen node
• Usually choose node at mid-completion depth
IPR
Slide 12
VLP/IPR Curves
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

• Shows the Pressure Reduction at the
Pressure
Bottom of the Well Required to
Produce at a Specific rate
• Defines drawdown as a function of
rate
Pressure
Rate
Vertical Lift Performance (VLP)
• Shows the Pressure Required at the
Bottom of the Well to produce the
Fluids Out of the Well Rate
Pressure
• Defines pressure at the bottom of the
well as a function of rate
Rate
Slide 13
14
And Now … Using Prosper

Oil Well 1
EPT
Prosper main screen
Double-
click on
‘panels’
&
Options PVT Inflow
‘checkboxes’
to open
menus
AL
Tubing Calculations
Description
Steps in Building a Well Model
1. Selecting options for:

a. the well type
b. the fluid type
2. Entering data to define:

a. the fluid’s PVT characteristics
b. the flow into the well - Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
c. the well itself – deviation, tubing etc.
3. Matching to flowing well test data

a. the inflow model
b. the tubing roughness or flow correlation
Selecting the Well Options
Prosper well models can be:
• Production wells
– Oil/Water, Retrograde condensate or gas
– Single or multi-layer
– Single bore or Multi-lateral
– Naturally Flowing or with Artificial Lift
• Water Injection wells
• Gas Injection Wells
Prosper can also model pipelines/flowlines

Data Input & Calculation Units
Prosper can work in most units:
• Option to change the entire units set or change individual
parameters in the Units menu
• Input and Results units can be different
• Change units for single parameters ‘on the fly’ by right
clicking on the (grey) units field in the data input areas –
note that values already entered will be converted

Building a Prosper Model
2. Inflow Performance
Inflow Performance Relationship, IPR
defines drawdown as a function of rate

From Reservoir to Wellbore
• Prosper has a wide range of models

– Options depend on fluid type
– from simple (PI, C&n etc.)

• Quick to run
• Matched to test data
• Good when there is little physical data but have production data
– to complex (Darcy, partial penetration, rel perm effects, etc.)

• Good to predict performance if rock properties etc are known
• Allow effect of length, deviation, etc to be calculated
• Adjustments to ideal case made via skin values

Inflow Performance
• Most of the pressure drop happens near to the well as
flow converges to the wellbore
• Fortunate because this is where we can make a difference
by completion design!
Pressure

Basic IPR Equations
• PI Entry (straight line portion of IPR curve for under-saturated oils and assuming flowing
wellbore pressure remains above bubble point)
Q = J x (Pres–Pwf)
where Q is liquid rate (STB/d), J (a constant) is PI (Productivity Index), P res is reservoir pressure
(psia) and Pwf is BHFP (psia)
J = kh/141.2oBo[ln(re/rw)-0.75]
where k is permeability in mD, h is height in ft, o is viscosity in cp, Bo is formation volume factor
in bbl/STB and r is radius in ft
re
rw
Slide 22
Basic IPR Equations
• C&n (gas)
Q = C x (Pres2 – Pwf2)n
where C is a constant only under pseudo-steady state flow in scf/d/psia 2
where n is a value between 0.5 (turbulent flow) and 1 (laminar flow)
Refer to p132 in Golan & Whitson, Well Performance, 2nd ed.

Typical IPR Curves

Bottom
hole
pressure
IPR with different

Reservoir Pressures
Curves intersect
axis at reservoir
pressure Curves intersect rate axis at
“Absolute Open Flow”, AOF
Oil wells:
Liquid Rate
Linear for Pwf > Psat
Gas Breakout near well reduces

productivity when Pwf < Psat
Slide 24
IPR Calculation – data required

• Fundamental information:
– Produced fluid ratio of gas, oil and water
• GOR / CGR
• Watercut / WGR
• Reservoir parameters:
– Pressure, temperature, thickness & drainage area
– Rock permeability & anisotropy
• Completion parameters:
– Wellbore diameter, deviation, producing interval
– Perforation data: number flowing, diameter etc.
– Screen / gravel pack parameters
Slide 25 – Damage to rock (mechanical skin)
IPR Models in Prosper

Oil Well IPR Models
• PI entry is the simplest model. No detailed reservoir or completion data required. IPR is linear for
Pwf > Psat and includes Vogel productivity for Pwf < Psat.
• Vogel option uses PI model with PI matched to test Rate/Bottom Hole Pressure
• Composite extends Vogel model (above) to account for changes in watercut
• Darcy is classic radial flow equation useful for estimating productivity from petro-physical data
• Fetkovich is Darcy adapted using isochronal theory – gives similar results to Vogel
• Transient is Darcy modified to predict IPR before pseudo-steady state flow has developed. Uses
Darcy model for time after pseudo steady flow is reached.
• Hydraulically Fractured includes length and size of fractures in productivity calculation.
• Horizontal well models using approach of Kuchuk & Goode with options of no flow
boundaries and constant pressure upper boundary
• Horizontal well with dP friction includes friction along the well bore and non-uniform inflow
from heel to toe. Can include sections of blank pipe.
• Horizontal well with transverse fractures for fractured horizontal wells
Slide 26
IPR Models in Prosper (cont.)
Gas Well IPR Models
• Jones includes a linear (Darcy) pressure drop and a rate-squared (non-Darcy) term. Uses
pseudo-pressure, better for high reservoir pressures (>2000 psi)
• Multi-rate Jones requires multi-rate test data (rate and BHFP) to obtain best-fit model using
Jones equation
• Backpressure, Forcheimer, C and N use various “backpressure” equations to describe
the Darcy and non-Darcy inflow behaviour
• Petroleum Experts uses a multi-phase pseudo pressure function to allow for changing gas
and condensate saturations with pressure – applicable to gas condensate modelling or dry gas

Darcy’s Law and Skin
• Darcy’s Law is a model for simple situations, it assumes:

– Vertical well through entire reservoir section
– Well in centre of circular or infinite reservoir
– Steady state production
– Homogeneous – properties same everywhere in reservoir
• We make adjustments for non-ideal conditions -

we call these “Skins”
kh h 1
PI 
141.2 B  re 
ln   S global We can
 rw  affect skin
Slide 28
Skin
If the well is not ‘ideal’ as Darcy’s Law describes:
• Adjustments are made via non-dimensional parameters named
skins:
– Mechanical skin accounts for damage
– Deviation skin accounts for well not being vertical
– Partial Penetration skin accounts for well not being completed
through entire reservoir thickness
– Gravel pack skin accounts for loss in gravel pack
– Perforation skin accounts for pressure losses as flow converges
through perforations
– Total skin is “sum” of all separate skin values
• Adjustment for fractures is made by revising the wellbore
diameter
Slide 29
Gravel Pack Formation
Skin Sand Sand
Gravel Pack Skin
Wire Wrapped
Screen
Thin section of invaded gravel / formation sand interface
Slide 30
Skin
Mechanical Damage
around Perforation
Disaggregation of
Soft Sand
After Perforation

Skin Components - position in the reservoir
physical boundary
• Relative to reservoir boundaries
– Flow paths distort and reduce productivity wells
– Include via Dietz shape factor

Drainage area
• Relative to other producers & injectors

– Producers ‘steal’ production
– Injectors provide pressure support no-flow boundary
– Include via Dietz shape factor

considering no flow boundaries
Risk of water or gas breakthrough not modelled directly by Prosper

Slide 32
Effect of position of well c.f. boundaries

Effective skin
• = ln ( sqrt(31.6 / Dietz shape factor) )
Position of well
• is additive to other mechanical skins
in drainage
• Productivity loss shown for vertical well with mechanical skin = 0 area
105 3
100 2.5
Sk
In flo w Pro ductivity (%)
in
95 2
Effe ctive s kin

y
t ivit
90
u c 1.5
r o d
P
85 1
80 0.5
75 0
70 -0.5
0.1 0.23 0.6 1 2.1 5.4 10 22.6 31.6 100
Die tz S hape Fac to r
Slide 34
3. Tubing Performance
Vertical Lift Performance VLP relationship
defines pressure at bottom of well as a function of rate
Slide 35
Pressure in tubing while flowing
Gauge
depth
Bottom
hole Pressure
depth
Wellhead Gauge Bottom Hole

Measured pressure Pressure Pressure
Depth
Slide 36
From sandface to wellhead

3 components of pressure drop in tubing
• Gravity
– Affected by oil & gas gravity, watercut, GOR, flow
regime
Components of tubing pressure drop
•Friction dP Friction
2000 dP Gravity
–Affected by fluid velocity, dP acceleration
flow regime and wall
pressure drop (psi)
1500
roughness
•Acceleration 1000
–Ignorable for all systems 500

except gas with large
depressurisation 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Liquid production rate (STB/d)
Slide 37
Typical VLP curves
Bottom
Hole
Pressure
Unstable Stable
Flow flow
VLP with different

Well- Head
Pressures
Liquid Rate
Slide 38
Tubing pressure drop modelling

Fundamental Well parameters required:
• Deviation survey
– Measured Depths vs. True Vertical Depths
• Completion details
– All restrictions & internal diameter changes
– Wall roughness
– Model down to mid-completion depth except for IPR models with friction
• Geothermal Gradient
– Rock temperatures from wellhead down to reservoir
– Heat transfer coefficient from tubing to formation
• match to test data when possible
• Typically 3 to 12 BTU/hr/ft2/F (can be as high as ~20)
Slide 39
Flow in a well (or flowline)
• Single phase flow

– Dry gas wells with no water
– Water producers & injectors
• Multiphase flow
– Most oil wells have gas and liquid phases
– Flow regimes
• Describe how phases exist and move in well or pipe
• Differ with rate, ratio of phases and deviation from vertical
• Different flow regimes can occur at different points in well or flowline
because of different local pressure & temperature
– Transition between regimes is often drawn as a 2D flow regime map
Slide 40
Multi-phase flow upward in vertical pipes
Bubbly Slug Churn Annular

Experiments provide ‘map’
showing where these
different flow regimes
(Taitel & Dukler) flow regime map
occur
Slide 41
Multi-phase flow in horizontal pipes
Stratified smooth flow
Stratified wavy flow
Plug flow
Slug flow
Annular flow
Dispersed bubble flow
Superficical Gas Velocity (m/s)

Multi-phase flow terminology
• Phases
– gas, liquid (or solid)
• Hold-up
– proportion of cross-section of pipe occupied by liquid phase
• Slip velocity
– Actual velocity of fluid particles relative to pipe walls
• Superficial velocity
– speed fluid would have if it occupied whole cross-section of pipe
Important
Flow in a well is not always steady and constant, for instance
• Flowlines and wells exhibit slugging

• Gas wells often load up with liquid in late life and may
‘cough-up’ slugs of liquid
• Prosper does not model transient or dynamic behaviour in

wells or flowlines
– Production is assumed to be pseudo steady state.
– Flow Correlations are for averaged behaviour

VLP correlations
Multi-phase flow correlations

– Oil wells
• Hagedorn Brown (good for slugging)
• PE2 (excellent all round correlation, improvement over original PE correlation)
• PE3 (great for viscous & bio-degraded oils)
• GRE (mod by Petex), PE4, PE5 (improvement over PE4) & OLGAS2k2P (good
mechanistic models, mostly for flowlines)
– SPE36606 (1996) describes multiphase production through hilly terrain of the Cusiana field,
Colombia; difficult to model but achieved with GRE (mod by Petex)
• Beggs & Brill (also OK for flowlines)

• Fancher Brown (used for data validation only – does not take slip into account,
therefore under predicts pressure)
• Duns & Ros – (good for mist flow, also used for data validation – does not take friction
into account, therefore over predicts pressure)
– Gas wells
• Gray (excellent correlation, has it’s own built-in PVT model)
• PE2

4. Artificial Lift

Artificial Lift
• Increase production by
– increase in Bottom Hole Pressure
– OR reduction in hydrostatic head in tubing
• Alternatives:
– Gas Lift
• Inject gas near bottom hole to reduce average density
– Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) or Hydraulic Submersible Pump (HSP) or Jet Pump
• To boost bottom hole pressure
• For gaslift and ESPs Prosper has: To get up faster –

– Performance calculation reduce the weight of
the pack
– Design calculations
Or give him a
– ‘Quicklook’ for fast troubleshooting push/pull

Basic Gas-Lift Mandrel & Valve Applications
BASIC G AS LIFT M A NDREL TYPES
IPO (Injection Pressure-Operated) Valve
G as • Most commonly used G as

Flo w Flo w
• GFlo
Main
as
w
opening force is the casing G as
Flo w
pressure
• Requires a casing pressure drop
during unloading so upper valves will
close
Typ e 1 Typ e 2 Typ e 3 Typ e 4
IP O PPO PPO IP O
Tub ing Pro duction Tub ing Pro duction Annulus Prod uction Annulus Prod uction

Conventional Mandrel System
Tubing Retrievable
The tubing must be
pulled to install/un-
install the valves
screwed into the
mandrels
Wireline Retrievable
The valves may be
run/pulled using a
wireline tool

Side Pocket Mandrel System
Tubing does not need to be

pulled in order to change
valve – an orienting sleeve
guides the kick-over tool to
align with the side pocket to
insert or pull valve
Mandrel does not obstruct

flow path
Technique has displaced

conventional mandrel system

51

Oil Well 2
EPT
5. Matching a Model to Well

Test Data

Matching a Model to Well Test Data
Requires good quality test data BHFP IPR plot
• Preferably including downhole pressure
1. Tune IPR e.g. Reduce

PI or increase skin
– PI or skin parameters to match measured
rate
– Reservoir pressure
measured Rate
2. Tune VLP measured Pressure
– Gravity factor
– Friction Factor e.g. Decrease
friction to match
gauge pressure
Suggest Gauge depth
• Multiple points (3 to 4) at different rates depth

Pressure Gradient Plot
• Check for trends over time

“IPR Matching” in Prosper
Adjust IPR
parameter(s):
–Productivity Index or
skin (oil wells)
–Skin or C&n or a&b

(gas wells)
–Reservoir Pressure
...until intersection
between VLP and IPR is
precisely at the
measured production
rate
Slide 54
55

Oil Well 2 - continued
EPT
6. Quicklook

QuickLook Examples
Measured parameters
are consistent
Measured parameters
are inconsistent

58

Example 2 - continued
EPT
7. Fluid Modelling
PVT

Hydrocarbon Fluids
• Mixture of many different hydrocarbon components

• Distribution of phases (vapour and liquid) depends on pressure
and temperature
• Gross generalisations:
– Dry Gases
• No hydrocarbon liquid seen above standard temperature and pressure
conditions
– Black oils
• Gas comes out of solution and oil volume reduces as pressure decreases
– Retrograde condensates
• Liquid drops out of vapour as pressure reduces and may be re-vapourised at
low pressures

PVT - Defining the fluid

Fluid properties as Pressure & Temperature change
Prosper Options:
• Oil & Water
• Retrograde Condensate
• Wet and Dry Gas
– all condensate drops out in the separator not the tubing
• Water
PVT description options:

• Tuned Black Oil Model
– Basic data (GOR, gravities etc) plus property table to match to
• Equation of State (EOS)
Slide 61
Hydrocarbon Fluid Models

Black Oil
• Only 2 ‘components’ – Stock Tank Oil and Separator Gas
• Models for fluid properties vs. Pressure and Temperature
• Models should be tuned to Tables of measured or predicted PVT properties
• Small and fast to compute properties
• Sufficient for most well performance and material balance calculations
Equation of State (EoS)

• Vapour fraction and fluid properties determined by generalised equation of state
model (e.g. Peng Robinson or Soave-Redlich-Kwong)
• Multi-component compositional description
• Component properties and interaction factors should be obtained by matching to lab
measurements on fluid samples
• Slower to compute
• More accurate prediction of phase equilibrium needed for some volatile oil and
condensate systems
Slide 62
Black Oil PVT – Fundamental parameters
• Saturation pressure - “Bubble point” (Psat)

– Above this pressure only single phase liquid
– Gas comes out of solution below this pressure
• Solution Gas to Oil Ratio (GOR = Rs)

– Amount of gas in solution in the oil Solution GOR
– Reduces as pressure decreases
• Effects:
– Gas breakout impedes oil flow through reservoir Psat Pressure
– Gas (almost always) assists oil lift to surface

(average density reduction)
Slide 63
Gas Oil Ratio
• Solution Gas Oil Ratio

• Produced Gas Oil Ratio
• Free Gas Oil Ratio
• Total Gas Oil Ratio
• Formation Gas Oil Ratio

Applying Shrinkage to Well Test data
• The effect of Shrinkage must be applied before putting value

into Prosper (Prosper deals in data at stock tank conditions)
– GOR (Rs) – Prosper
• Formation Volume Factor (FVF = Bo)

FVF
– Volume occupied at condition (specified
temperature and pressure) c.f. what that same
amount would occupy at Stock Tank (standard)
conditions
Psat Pressure
– FVF (Bo) – Prosper

Well test data preparation
Shrinkage...in Summary
• Oil rate - reported in Separator Barrels per day?
– the effect of Shrinkage must be applied before putting value into Prosper
– The Black Oil Model is used to calculate the Oil Formation Volume
Factor (Bo) and Gas in Solution (Rs) at separator conditions
– The Bo is used to calculate Stock Tank barrels from Separator barrels

Black Oil PVT – Fundamental parameters (continued)
• Viscosity (µ)
– Measure of how easily fluid flows
• Effects:
viscosity
– Impacts inflow productivity
Psat Pressure

Black Oil PVT – Fundamental parameters (continued)
• Specific gravity of oil
o
o 
W
– both densities measured at same temperature & pressure
– usually 60oF and atmospheric pressure
• API Gravity of Oil

141.5
o
API   131.5
o

Black Oil PVT - Condensates
Fundamental parameters:
• Saturation pressure - “Dew Point”

– Pressure at which gas is saturated with liquid
– Below this pressure liquid drops out of vapour
Liquid
drop-out
• Condensate to Gas Ratio (CGR) Liq Vol
– Ratio of volumes of condensate to gas

(referenced to stock tank conditions) Psat Pressure
– Vapourised CGR is for condensate still in vapour phase

Gas PVT – Fundamental parameters
• Formation Volume Factor (FVF = Bg)

Gas Vol
– Volume occupied at conditions c.f. what that
same amount would occupy at Stock Tank FVF = Bg
conditions
VR
Bg 
VSC Pressure
• Specific Gravity of Gas

g Mg
g  
 air 29

Typical oil properties from BP fields

Field Location Oil Gas Saturation GOR FVF Viscosity
gravity gravity Pressure (scf/STB) (bbl/STB)
(cP)
(API) (specific (psi)
gravity)
Harding N.Sea 20 0.6 2529 264 1.1 10.8
Foinaven N.Sea 25 0.6 3050 356 1.2 4.0
Endicott Alaska 23 0.85 6000 1015 1.33 0.6
Pompano GOM 25 0.64 2930 400 1.17 2.3
King West GOM 34 0.7 4669 1065 1.5 0.5
October Egypt 27 0.83 1680 279 1.22 0.9
Chirag Caspian 34 0.7 4300 840 1.4 0.8
Mahogany Trinidad 34 0.64 4820 700 1.4 0.5
Cusiana Colombia 39 0.8 4823 1355 1.7 0.28
Slide 71
72

Oil Well 4
EPT
8. ESPs

ESPs
ESP Components:
• Motor, Electric Cable, Generator, Pump.
Operation:
• Fluid flows into well and past motor into pump.
• Each stage (impeller/diffuser combination) adds
pressure or head to the fluid at a given rate.
• The fluid will build up enough pressure as it reaches the
top of the pump to lift it to the surface and into the
separator or flowline.
• ESPs are susceptible to damage from sand and by
lifting gas and liquid together

9. Multilateral Inflow
Example

Multilateral Inflow Example
To Downhole Equipment
Tie Point (10430 ft TVD) (10441 ft TVD) (10442 ft TVD)

11501 ft MD 12001 ft MD 6inch ID
Junction (10431 ft TVD)
Layer 1
100 ft 500 ft
(10416 – 10466 ft TVD)
Lateral 1
3inch ID 200ft 200ft
Lateral 2 Lateral 3 6inch ID

500ft 500ft
Layer 2
(10496 – 10596 ft TVD)
12101 ft MD 11601 ft MD 11601 ft MD 12101 ft MD
(10532 ft TVD) (10531 ft TVD) (10531 ft TVD) (10532 ft TVD)

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1

Integrated Asset Modelling

Day 1 & 2: Prosper – Well Modelling

EPT, Base Management Specialist Technical Support Team

Gas & water

BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Encouraging an integrated approach to the management,

• To achieve maximum technical understanding

• To realise maximum productivity

• Modelling appropriate for results/understanding required

Gas & water

BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Introduction to Well Modelling

BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Uses of a well model:

• Optimising Artificial Lift

• Investigating completion performance

• Determining well work opportunities

• Generating Lift Curves

1. Inflow from Reservoir to bottom of well

2. Flow through casing/tubing to wellhead

BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

2. flow to Surface in tubing – VLP

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

And Now … Using Prosper

1. Selecting options for:

2. Entering data to define:

3. Matching to flowing well test data

• Water Injection wells

• Gas Injection Wells

Prosper can also model pipelines/flowlines

Slide 18 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Slide 19 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

• Prosper has a wide range of models

– from simple (PI, C&n etc.)

– to complex (Darcy, partial penetration, rel perm effects, etc.)

Slide 20 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Slide 21 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Basic IPR Equations

where C is a constant only under pseudo-steady state flow in scf/d/psia 2

where n is a value between 0.5 (turbulent flow) and 1 (laminar flow)

Refer to p132 in Golan & Whitson, Well Performance, 2nd ed.

Typical IPR Curves

IPR with different

Gas Breakout near well reduces

IPR Calculation – data required

IPR Models in Prosper

Slide 27 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Darcy’s Law and Skin

• Darcy’s Law is a model for simple situations, it assumes:

• We make adjustments for non-ideal conditions -

Skin Sand Sand

Gravel Pack Skin

Thin section of invaded gravel / formation sand interface

Slide 31 BP Confidential and © 2009 BP plc

Skin Components - position in the reservoir

– Include via Dietz shape factor

• Relative to other producers & injectors