PRESENTATION ON
OPTICAL FIBER
Presented by Guided by
DR LIPSA NANDA
SONAM PADHAN
HOD PHYSICS
S04521PHY006
DEPT. OF PHYSICS
BRIEF OVERVIEW
• * Cover and content
• * What is optical fiber
• * Structure of optical fiber
• * Working principle of optical fiber
• * Classification of optical fiber
• * Communication system & Attenuation
• * Advantage/Disadvantages
• * Application of optical fiber
• * Conclusion
WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBER
• An optical fiber is hair thin
cylindrical fiber of glass or plastic
• The fiber which are use for optical
communication are wave guide
made of glass/plastic
• Its function to guide visible and
infrared light over long distance
STRUCTIRE OF OPTICAL FIBER
.CORE
• It is the central tube of the optical fiber.
• It is very thin in size having diameter 5 µm to 100 µm.
• It carries the light from transmitter to receiver .
• CLADDING
• It is outer optical material of core.
• Its refractive index is lower than core.
• It keeps the light within the core.
• COATING
• It is plastic or rubber coating to protect the fiber.
• Diameter after coating is 250 – 300 µm.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
• When an ray of light travels from a denser to a rarer medium such that the angle of incident is
greater than the critical angle, the ray reflects back into same medium , this phenomenon is
called Total Internal Reflection.
• In the optical fiber the rays undergo repeated total number of reflections until it emerges out of
the other end of the fiber , even if fiber is bend.
CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE
• Optical fiber is classified into two categories based on –
• i) The number of modes
• Single Mode Fiber
• Multi Mode Fiber
• ii) The Refractive Index
• Step Index Optical Fiber
• Graded Index optical Fiber
ON THE BASIS OF NO. OF MODES
• Single Mode Fiber
• In the single mode fiber only one mode can propagate through the fiber
• It has small core diameter ( 5 µm ) and high cladding diameter ( 70 µm )
• Difference between the refractive index of core and cladding is very small
• There is neither dispersion nor degradation therefore it is suitable for long distance communication
MULTI-MODE FIBER
• It allows a large no of modes for light ray travelling through it.
• The core diameter is 40 µm and that of cladding is 70 µm
• The refractive index difference is also large than single mode fiber.
• There is signal degradation due to multimode dispersion
• It is not suitable for long distance communication due to large dispersion and
attenuation of signal.
ON THE BASIS OF REFRACTIVE INDEX
• There are two type of optical fiber
• i) Step Index optical fiber
• ii) Graded Index Optical Fiber
• STEP INDEX FIBER
• Refractive index of core and cladding are constant.
• The light ray propagate through it in the form of zig zag rays which cross the fiber axis during
every reflection at the core cladding boundary.
• GRADED INDEX FIBER
• Core has a non uniform refractive index that gradually decrease from the center towards
the core cladding interface .
• The light ray propagates through it in the form of parabolic rays & never cross the fiber
axis
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Optical fiber communication system is a method of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber
ATTENUATION
• Attenuation is the loss of the optical power
• Attenuation in optical fiber takes place due to elements like optical and fiber
itself .
• Attenuation refers to the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
• Immense bandwidth to utilize
• Total electrical isolation in the transmission
medium.
• It has very low transmission loss.
• Small size and light weight .
• High signal security.
• Very low power consumption and wide scope of system
expansion .
DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
• System installation is very costly
• Only point to point communication is possible
• Costly instrument would be required
• Splicing is time consuming
• It accept only unipolar codes
APPLICATION
• Data transmission
• In telecommunication field
• In military application
• Broadband application
• Broadcasting and television
• Medical application etc.
CONCLUSION
• At the last there are some negative points of using optical
fiber communication system in terms of splicing , coupling,
set up expenses etc. But it is an unavoidable fact that optical
fiber has revolutionized the field of communication . As
soon as computers will be capable of processing optical
signal , the total arena of communication will be opticalized
immediately.
THANK YOU
