Fiber Optical
Cable
Presented By : Pratima
Malla 1
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INTRODUCTION
A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands
of glass fibers inside an insulated casing. They're designed
for long-distance, high- performance data networking,
and telecommunications. Compared to wired cables, fiber
optic cables provide higher bandwidth and transmit data
over longer distances. Fiber optic cables support much of
the world's internet, cable television, and telephone
systems.
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STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
FIBER
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STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
FIBER
Core - central tube of pure
glass with high index of
refraction and carries the
light from transmitter to
receiver.
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STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
Cladding
FIBER
- outer
optical material
surrounding the core
made of plastic or
glass having reflecting
index lower than core.
It helps to keep the
blight within the core
throughout the
phenomena of total
internal reflection
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STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
Buffer coating FIBER-
plastic coating that
protect the fiber made of
silicon rubber.
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Working Principle Of Optical Fiber
Total internal reflection(TIR)
When an ray of light travels from a denser to a rarer medium
such that the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle, the ray reflects back into the same medium this
phenomena is called TIR.
In the optical fiber the rays under go repeated total no. of
reflections until it emerged out of the other end of the fiber,
even if fiber is bend.
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CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber is classified into two categories based on :-
The number of modes :-
Single mode fiber (SMF) and
Multi - mode fiber (MMF)
Step index optical fiber
Graded index optical
fiber
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SINGLE MODE FIBER
It has small core diameter (5um) and high cladding diameter
(70um).
Difference between the refractive index of core and cladding is very
small.
There is neither dispersion nor degradation therefore it is suitable
for long distance communication.
The light is passed through the single mode fiber through laser
diode.
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MULTI - MODE FIBER
It allows a large no. of modes for light ray travelling
through it.
The core diameter is 4oum and that of cladding is
7oum.
The relative refractive index difference is also large than
single mode fiber.
There is signal degradation due to multi mode
dispersion.
It is not suitable for long distance communication due to
large dispersion and attenuation of signal
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STEP - INDEX FIBER
The refractive index of core and cladding are constant.
The light ray propagate through it in the form of meri diagonal
rays which cross the fibre axis during every reflection at the
core cladding boundary.
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GRADED INDEX FIBER
In this type of fiber core has a non uniform refractive index that
gradually decrease from the center towards the core cladding
interface.
The cladding has a uniform refractive index.
The light rays propagate through it in the form of helical rays.
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ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
Immense bandwidth to utilize.
Very low transmission loss.
Small size and light weight.
High signal security.
Very low power consumption and wide scope of
system expansion etc.
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LIMITATIONS
System installation is very costly.
Only point to point communication is possible.
Precise and costly instruments would be required.
It accept only unipolar codes.
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APPLICATIONS
➤ Optical fiber have wider range of application in almost all field, some are
specified below:
In telecommunication field.
Civil, consumer and industrial application.
In military application.
Broadband application.
In medical applications.
In mining applications.
In space applications.
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THANK YOU
