The document summarizes the political organization of various peoples and states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa during the early 19th century. It describes how autonomous and semi-autonomous entities existed among groups like the Hadiya, Halaba, Kambata, and Gurage in southern and central Ethiopia. It also details the emergence of five monarchical Oromo states in the Gibe region - Limmu-Enarya, Gumma, Gomma, Jimma, and Gera - as well as two Leqa states in Wallaga. Each developed hierarchical administrative systems replacing traditional Gadaa self-governance, and rulers instituted taxation and officials. Nilotic groups also established Sheik
The document summarizes the political organization of various peoples and states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa during the early 19th century. It describes how autonomous and semi-autonomous entities existed among groups like the Hadiya, Halaba, Kambata, and Gurage in southern and central Ethiopia. It also details the emergence of five monarchical Oromo states in the Gibe region - Limmu-Enarya, Gumma, Gomma, Jimma, and Gera - as well as two Leqa states in Wallaga. Each developed hierarchical administrative systems replacing traditional Gadaa self-governance, and rulers instituted taxation and officials. Nilotic groups also established Sheik
The document summarizes the political organization of various peoples and states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa during the early 19th century. It describes how autonomous and semi-autonomous entities existed among groups like the Hadiya, Halaba, Kambata, and Gurage in southern and central Ethiopia. It also details the emergence of five monarchical Oromo states in the Gibe region - Limmu-Enarya, Gumma, Gomma, Jimma, and Gera - as well as two Leqa states in Wallaga. Each developed hierarchical administrative systems replacing traditional Gadaa self-governance, and rulers instituted taxation and officials. Nilotic groups also established Sheik
The document summarizes the political organization of various peoples and states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa during the early 19th century. It describes how autonomous and semi-autonomous entities existed among groups like the Hadiya, Halaba, Kambata, and Gurage in southern and central Ethiopia. It also details the emergence of five monarchical Oromo states in the Gibe region - Limmu-Enarya, Gumma, Gomma, Jimma, and Gera - as well as two Leqa states in Wallaga. Each developed hierarchical administrative systems replacing traditional Gadaa self-governance, and rulers instituted taxation and officials. Nilotic groups also established Sheik
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HISTORY COURSE: CHAPTER 6
INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS &
EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF ETHIOPIA & THE HORN, 1800-1941 Cont... 6.1. The Nature of Interactions among Peoples & States of Ethiopia & the Horn many autonomous & semi-autonomous peoples & states existed in Ethiopia & the Horn in the early 19th c. 6.1.1. Peoples & States in S-Central, S’wn, & Wn Ethiopia A. South-Central:Hadiya, Halaba, Kambata & Gurage were autonomous & semi-autonomous political entities during this period Economically, they based on agriculture supported by trade • Important trade centers such as Soddo & Aymallel were located in the Gurage land & had their own political organization & their leaders held the titles of Abegaz or Azmatch Qabena emerged as a strong political entity in the 2nd half of the 19th c Cont... • It became a centre of Muslim revivalist mov’t to the northeast of the Gibe River • Muslim refugees from Wollo & its contact with Mahdist Sudan facilitated the faster expansion of Islam. • B. The Gibe States: towards the beginning of the 19th c, several monarchical states (motumma) emerged among the Mecha Oromo at the expense of the Gadaa system. • When the leaders of the Gadaa system (Abba-Dula) & powerful individuals became kings(moti) of their domain, the Gadaa system was transformed. The following five monarchical states emerged around Gibe. Cont... i. Limmu-Enarya: was the earliest of the Gibe states Initially, Abbaa Dulas of Limmu-Tesso fought & defeated the rulers of Enarya like Badancho, Gu’amcho Banaro & incorporated Enaryainto Limmu. Finally, Bofoo/Abba Gomol (1800-1825) established Limymu-Enarya. He was Succeeded by his son, Ibsa/Abba Bagiboo (1825-61). Limmu Enarya reached the height of its power during Ibsa’s reign & he incorporated areas like Hagalo, Badi- Folla etc. Ibsa was succeeded by Abba Bulgu (1861-1883). Cont... ii. Gumma: Jilcha Abba Bal’oo of Chira killed Sarbaroda of Dagoye clan; began state formation & succeeded by his son Oncho (1810-1830) who was in turn followed by Jawwe (1840-1854). iii. Gomma: formed by Abba Bokee (1800-1829) who was succeeded by his son Abba Manoo (1829-1840) who occupied Qattuu & converted to Islam by Muslim Ulama/scholars. iv. Jimma: in the late 19th c, Makahore emerged as an influential female from among the Sadacha Mecha Oromo of Jimma. The local Abba Dula sought to take political power from her. Among the Abba Dulas, Ose Kobi (Abba Faro) was elected as a hereditary ruler against the Gadaa rule. Cont... He was succeeded by Dangila (Abba Magal) who enlarged the domain. The process of state formation was completed by Sanna/Abba Jifar I (r.1830-55) who formed Jimma Kdm & left a consolidated state to his successors like Abba Rebu (1855-59), Abba Boqa (1859-1861) & Abba Gomol(r.1861-75). Abba Jifar II (c. r.1875-1934) was a famous monarchy of Jimma. The kdm’s economy was based on agriculture, trade as well as iron mining & smelting at Dakkano & Kito, respectively. Cont... v. Gera: was the last kdm to be formed. Gera was founded by Tullu Gunji (r.1835-38), a successful war leader who made himself king. Abba Rago I (r.1838-48) succeeded Tullu Gunji after a short interlude by Abba Basso. It became prosperious under Abba Magal who had been converted to Islam. Like other Gibe states, Gera attracted Muslim missionaries to preach Islam. C. The Leqa States: evolved among the Mecha Oromo of Wallagga. Among the Leqa states, the Sibu & the Jawwi south of the Abbay River. Moti Abishe established strong kdm of Horro. Among the Leqa states the known ones were: Cont... I. Leqa-Naqamte: founded by Bakare Godana in 1840, and reached its height under his successors Moroda & Kumsa. T Moti Kumsa (later Dejazmach Gebre-Egzi'abiher) was known for promoting handcraft work, gold washing, coffee planting & game reserves/hunting. The Leqa-Naqamte rulers instituted a new administrative structure & judicial hierarchy that replaced the Gadaa system known as sirna abba- qoro (qoro system) w/c was similar to feudal administration in its reliance on land. Cont... II. Leqa-Qellam: located in S’wrn Wallagga. It was founded by Tullu & became powerful under his son, Jote It centered at Gidami & controlling the areas around Sayyo-Dambi Dollo. D. Ilu: the Tume clan leader Chali Shono (Abba Bor) set up the well- consolidated state of Ilu-Abba Bor in the early 19th c It was one of the prosperous states in the region. Each Oromo monarchical state had officials like Abba Gurmu (next person to the king), Abba Mizan (treasurer & foreign affair minister), Abba Dango (immigration chief), Lammi (ambassador/royalmessenger), Abba Qoro (district governor), Abba Ganda (village chief),Abba Busi (tax head), Abba Jiga (murder judge) & Abba-Qawe (body-guard). under monarchical systems, farmers were forced to pay crop tax measured by traditional instruments called buchano (about 15kms) & later guboo (25 kilograms) on each crop. Cont... E. Nilotic Sheikdoms
