Unit#5
INSTRUCTIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
Course Code:8623
Presented By: ZULFIQAR ALI
2
Concept of Educational Technology
"Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and
improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technology
processes and resources” (Januszewski & Molenda, 2008)
It is the branch of educational theories and tactics/ practices concern timidly with the
design and rules of messages which control the learning process (E.E. Hadden,
2011).
Instructional Technology is a systematic way of designing, developing, and
evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific goals and
objectives, based on research in human learning and communication, and employing
a combination of human and non-human resources.
PURPOSE OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Instructional technology encompasses all the materials and
physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction
and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives.
This may include traditional materials such as chalkboards,
handouts, charts, slides, overheads, real objects, and videotape
or film, as well newer materials and methods such as computers,
DVDs, CD-ROMs, the Internet, and interactive video
conferencing.
PROJECTED AIDS AND ITS KINDS
Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen
by use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip
projector, slide projector, overhead projector or TV/VCR.
It refers to those aids where a bright light is passed
through a transparent picture by means of a lens and an
enlarged picture is thrown or projected on the screen or
the white wall.
Values of projected AIDS
Provides greater enjoyment in learning
Stimulates more rapid learning
Increases retention: larger percentages and longer retention
Makes teaching situation adaptable to wider range
Compels attention
Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects
Brings distant past and the present into the classroom
Provides an easily reproduced record of an event.
Influences and changes attitudes
NON-PROJECTED AIDS AND ITS KINDS
Those aids which do not require projector, projection screen or
electricity. Such materials can be simply shown, hung on the wall,
touched and handled by any student.
Non projected Aids are those aids which are used without any
projection. So they translate abstract ideas into a more realistic format.
They allow instruction to move from verbal representation to a more
concrete level.
Photographs, Flashcards, Cartoon, Maps, Posters, Blackboards, Bulletin
Board, Graphs and Charts .
AUDIO-VIDEO AIDS
According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be
used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
Audio aids are very important in Pakistan because large percentage of
population is illiterate and do not have access to books and newspapers.
Therefore, communication can be brought about by the sense of hearing.
Radio: The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio
receivers. Radio is a device with which the whole mass can be contacted at a
time, efficiently and economically. Radio is a good source of communication of
idea.
Television
Television is being acknowledged as a powerful medium of mass education. Using a
television as a classroom instructional aids: Procure in advance the information from
the programme manual about the background and objectives of educational
programme.
Collect other instructional materials that relate to the program and instruct students to
watch in the classroom.
Discuss about the programme topic and build up a background of the students to have
a meaning of the programme.
Motivate students to watch the program critically and for specific details. During the
programme, draw attention of students to certain important aspects with short phrases.
Passive Video
Passive video cassettes provide motion, color, sound, and in many
cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation
techniques.
High-quality, commercially produced video cassettes are available
for almost every subject pertaining to aviation training.
Consequently, video has replaced many of the projection-type
instructional aids
Interactive Video
Interactive video refers broadly to software that responds quickly to certain choices
and commands by the user.
A typical system consists of a combination of a compact disk, computer, and video
technology.
A compact disk (CD) is a format for storing information digitally.
A major advantage of a CD is the capability to store enormous amounts of
information. As an example, a single compact disk may contain all pertinent aviation
regulations, plus the complete AIM(AOL Instant Messenger) was an instant
messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which used the
proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow
registered users to communicate in real time.
ACTIVITY AIDS
There are certain learning situations in which students participation
through direct experiences can be easily incorporated, these are called
activity aids. The activity teaching aids are really of great value as they
put students in a role of active seekers of knowledge.
Laptops / Computers
Computers Assisted Instruction (CAI)
E-mail
CD- Rom
Dramatization
Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the
class room instruction lively and interesting.
When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students
become both the spectators and participants.
This makes learning easy and permanents.
Types of dramatizations
Role-play
Play lets
Show
Drama
Tableau
Field Trips
According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as ―an
educational procedure by which the student studies firsthand objects
and materials in their natural environment.
Types of field trip
Local school trips
Community trip
Educational trips
The natural hunt
ROLE OF MEDIA AND AIDS IN
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of
equipment available in the classroom. There are many aids available these days
like, audio, visual and audio- visual aids.
They have very much importance in TLP (Teaching Learning Process).
Meaning of Teaching Aids As we all know that today's age is the age of
science and technology.
The teaching learning programmes have also been affected by it.
The process of teaching - learning depends upon the different type of
equipment available in the classroom.
Need of Teaching Aids
Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps to
retain more concept permanently
Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different
teaching aids.
Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste and
smell properly.
Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.
The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students.
Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students
SUMMARY OF THE
CHAPTER
