Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Vaidyakiya Pratishthan’s
Dr. HEDGEWAR COLLEGE OF NURSING
MSC 1st YEAR
AV AIDS
SUBMITTED BY,
MR. AKASH RAMAYANE
1ST YEAR M.SC NURSING
DHCN,AURANGABAD.
SUBMITTED TO,
MRS. BHARTI TUPE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DHCN,AURANGABAD.
SUBMITTED ON: /01 /2025
❖ INTRODUCATION
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS ARE sensitive tools used in teaching that facilitates learning.
They are multisensory materials which Motivate, Clarify and Stimulate individuals
towards learning. Audio visual aids are technological media or learning devices It
helps the teacher to
• Clarify
• Establish correlation
• Coordinate accurate concepts
• Interpretation and appreciation
• Enable to make learning effective, interesting
• Inspirational , meaningful
• It helps in completing the triangular process of learning.
❖ DEFINITION
• An audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard
as well seen.
• Audio visual aids are any novice, which can be used to make the learning
experience more concrete, realistic and dynamic.
-KINDER
• Audio visual aids at those which help in completing the triangular process of
learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation
– CARTER V.GOOD
❖ PURPOSES OF A.V.
• AIDS \ AV AIDS EDUCATION COMMUNICATION MEDIA
• Improves and makes teaching effective
• Enable audience to listen
• Makes learning interesting
• Quicken the phase of learning
• Develops knowledge
• Add newness to lesson
• Bring change in behaviour
• Stimulate curiosity
• Contact with reality
• Clear accurate image
• Increase attention and concentration
• Active participation
❖ PEOPLE GENERALLY REMEMBER
• 10 percent of what they read
• 20 percent of what they hear
• 30 percent of what they see
• 50 percent of what they hear and see
• 70 percent of what they say
• 90 percent of what say as they do
❖ CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD INSTRUCTIONAL
• AID
• It must be adapted to the intellectual maturity of the students.
• It should be meaningful and purposeful
• It should be improved
• It should be simple
• It should be cost effective
• It should be up to date
• It should be easily portable
• It should be large enough to be seen by the whole class.
❖ PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
• The following are the principles for effective use of audio visual aids.
• Principle of selection
• Principle of preparation
• Principle of physical control
• Principle of proper presentation
• Principle of response
• Principle of evaluation
❖ FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
• Audiovisual aids can be used either single or in combination the factors influencing
are.
• The objective or the purpose
• The nature of the subject matter
• The nature of the audience
• The number of audiences
• The age, education
• Interest and experience
• Knowledge of the subject
• Cost
• Skill in selection and preparation
• Knowledge of resources
❖ CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
➢ THE TEACHER HAS TO PUT THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN MIND
• Do the material give a true picture of idea
• Are they meaningful
• Is the material approprirate
• Is the physical condition satisfactory
• Do they improve human relation.
• Is the material worth the time and effort
• If the teacher finds it satisfactory then he has to choose the material.
❖ GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING AND MAKING AV AIDS
• Easy and understandable
• Simple and direct
• Focus on key points
• Good working condition
• Time and place
• Accuracy
• Presentation
• Brief , clear and easy
• Letters should be neat
• Space between letters
• Space between lines
• Interesting and positive attitude
• Natural attractive colors
❖ ADVANTAGES OF AV AIDS
• Inaccessible materials, event, object, could easily be brought in classroom virtually
• Students in the large classroom may not be able to see a demonstration or small
models
• Helps to solve communication problems.
• Greater acquisition of knowledge.
• Motivate students to participate actively.
• Source of experience
• Improves critical thinking
• Helps in interaction
• Motivate students to gain further knowledge
❖ CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
a) AUDIO AIDS
b) VISUAL AIDS
c) AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
d) ACTIVITY AIDS
a) AUDIO AIDS
• This group consists of those aids which can be heard.
• Learners use their hearing organs (ears)to listen to the sound & the aids that involve a
sense of hearing
• Examples: HEALTH EDUCATION PUBLIC AWARENESS PROVIDE
INFORMATION
❖ TYPES AUDIO AIDS
1 RADIO
2 TAPE RECORDER
3 GRAMOPHONE
4 COMPACT DISCS
5 VOICE MAIL
1. RADIO
• The most common form of public education and entertainment is the radio receiver.
❖ PURPOSES OF RADIO
• Radio are portable
• Educational programs can be given
• Latest information can be provided
• Increase student interest
• Develops positive attitude
• Increases general knowledge
❖ ADVANTAGES
• Increased listening skills
• Good for mass education
• Effective for distance education
❖ DISADVANTAGES
• One way communication
• May not seek attention
• May not be heard by students
2. TAPE RECORDER
• A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and record
sounds on the magnetic tape.
❖ ADVANTAGES OF RECORDING
• Recordings are two way communication
• It eliminates the time adjustments problems of radio
• It enables one to listen , hear recordings previously made
• Provides students to hear their own voice
❖ DISADVANTAGES
• Cannot maintain eye to eye contact
• May be difficult to control classroom
• Less attention
3. GRAMOPHONE
• This is an old-fashioned record player its a device for producing sounds stored on a
record.
4. COMPACT DISCS
• Compact disc also called as CD, are small plastic disc which store and retrieve
computer data.
• They are faster and could hold more information
• They can hold up to 700mb of data
• Example: documentary of people in rural areas and problems faced by them
5. VOICE MAIL
• A centralized electronic system which can store messages from telephone callers.
b) VISUAL AIDS
• Visual aids for learning has a huge impact in how students retain information
• It is highly interactive
• The information is presented visually
• Visual aids are of two kinds
• 1. NON PROJECTED AIDS
• 2.PROJECTED AIDS
❖ TYPES OF PROJECTED
• VISUAL AIDS
• Maps
• Cartoons
• Charts
• Posters
• Chalk boards
• Flip charts
• Specimen
• Booklet
• Leaflet and pamphlets
• Graphs
• Flannel boards
• Bulletin boards
❖ MAPS
• Pictures of earths surface
• Using maps in the classroom increased curiosity
• Encourages exploration
• Inspires problem solving
• Used for exploration
• Helps in visual learning
• Improves skills
❖ CARTOONS
• Using humour in class is a valuable teaching tool
• They motivate students
• Increases interest
• Maintains attention
• Encourages imagination
• Strengthen critical thinking
• Helps in better understanding
• Effective way for moral education
❖ CHARTS
• Chart are the graphic aids which provide information in the form of tables pictures
and graphics
• PURPOSES:
• For summarizing information
• For presenting material,
• To show continuity in the process
• For motivating students
• PRINCIPLE: Should be self-explanatory Should be in bold letters Highlighted
Should be large enough
❖ TYPES OF CHARTS
• Tree chat: it is made in the form of several branches from a trunk of the trees
diagram
• Stream charts: it is made in the form of main river and its subpart coming out of it
• Tabular chart: is made in the form of tables
• Flow chart: it is usually used to show organisation and hierarchical structure
• Organization chart: this is hard to show organisation pattern of an institution
❖ ADVANTAGES
• Charts are an effective tool for learning
• They increase interest
• They are portable
• They are easily prepared and maintained
• They are used to clarify and simplify complicated matter
❖ DISADVANTAGES
• Charts cannot be used for a large group
❖ POSTERS
• Posting graphic aids with short, quick and typical messages with attention capturing
the painting.
• They are graphical presentations of simple ideas which combine picture and short
headings
• CHARACTERISTICS
• It should be attractive
• It should be brief
• It should be clear
• The design should attract audience
• It varies from simple printed card to a complicated artistic design
❖ Rules to prepare poster
• Demostrative
• To promote a point
• Planned for specific people
• Use of bold letters
• Use if pleasing colors
• Use simple and few words
• Convey an idea
• It should be placed where people pass or gather
• Material: drawing papers, poster Board, crayons, water color, bright color pencil
❖ FEATURES OF GOOD POSTER
• Brevity
• Simplicity
• Idea
• Layout
• Color
• Display
❖ CHALK BOARDS
• Is is a slightly abrasive writing surface made of wood , ,ply, hard board, cement ,
asbestos with black or green paint on it.
• PURPOSE: To illustrate an example of fact To present outlines To give directions. To
give examination. It is a mean of group work.
❖ ADVANTAGE
• It is a convenient usual and for group teaching
• It is economical teaching aid
• Is is a good visual aid for detail and revision
• It is useful for drawing
• It can easily used for giving lesson notes to students
❖ DISADVANTAGES:
• It makes students dependent on teacher
• It makes chalk powder spread and inhaled
• It makes a lesson routine
❖ FLIP CHARTS
• Flip charts are a series of charts containing visual information about the same area of
knowledge
• They are illustrations made on paper and chart
• They are arranged in sequence
• They are bound together with string
• It consists of pictorial representation We can use flip charts to present Types of bones
for anatomy. diet for diabetic and hypertension
❖ GRAPHS
• It shows numerical or quantitative relationship or statistic data are presented in the
form of visual symbols.
• It represents the quantitative data for analysis.
• It helps in the interpretation of data
• It helps to make comparisions
❖ TYPES OF GRAPH
• Line graph
• Bar graph
• Simple bar graph
• Mutiple graph
• Pie graph
• Pictorial graph
❖ LINE GRAPH: are used when a considerable quantity of data is to be plotted or when
the data are continuous
❖ BAR GRAPH
• It consists of bars arranged in horizontal or vertical rows.
• SIMPLE BAR GRAPH : may be vertically or horizontally arranged.
• MULTIPLE BAR GRAPH: it has multiple columns
❖ PIE GRAPH : the pie graph is usually drawn as circle , The section of which are used to
represent component parts of the whole.
❖ BOOKLETS ,LEAFLET,PAMPHLETS
• Are printed materials small in size covered bound containing information on a subject
or specific topic and providing opportunities for learning and referring
❖ FLANNEL BOARD
• Flannel board is a display board made if wood , cardboard covered with flannel of
woolen cloth
• Display material like the cut outs pictures , and drawing, light objects with rough
surface like strips and flannel strips.
❖ BULLETIN BOARD
• It is used for both informational and education purposes
• Atteacts attention Promote creativeiry
• Effective educational media
❖ PROJECTIVE AIDS
• A projected aid is one in which item to be observed are projected on a screen using
mechanical mechanical devices
• The various projective aids are 1. Slide projector
2. Microfilm projector
3. Overhead projector
Slide Projector
Definition:
A slide projector is a device used to project photographic slides (usually 35mm or 2x2
inches in size) onto a screen or wall. The projector works by shining light through the
transparent slide, which magnifies and projects the image. It is commonly used for displaying
photographs, educational materials, or slideshows.
Uses:
• Presentations: Used in classrooms, meetings, or conferences to show images or
slides as part of a presentation.
• Photography: Photographers may use slide projectors to display their work to an
audience.
• Education: Teachers use slide projectors to project educational materials,
illustrations, or photographs for visual learning.
• Entertainment: Sometimes used in personal settings for displaying family photos,
slideshows, or visual art.
Principle: The slide projector works by passing light through a transparent image (a
photographic slide) and projecting the magnified image onto a larger screen. The images are
typically created by placing photographs or illustrations on transparent materials like plastic
film.
Purpose: The purpose of the slide projector is to display photographic slides, allowing a
group of people to view visual content such as photographs, artwork, or presentations at a
larger scale. It was a popular tool before digital projectors and screens became widespread.
Advantages:
• High-Quality Image: Since slides are physical images, they often provide high-
quality, clear projections.
• Engaging: Visual aids like slide projections help engage the audience, especially in
educational or professional settings.
• Portable: Slide projectors can be easily transported for on-the-go presentations.
• Durability: Slide projectors are typically durable and can last for years if maintained
properly.
Disadvantages:
• Limited to Static Images: Slide projectors can only display static images and cannot
show video or dynamic content.
• Bulky and Heavy: Older models can be large and cumbersome to transport.
• Requires Physical Slides: The need for physical slides can be limiting in terms of
flexibility, especially in the digital age.
• Maintenance: The projectors and slides can require maintenance, and the slides
themselves can deteriorate over time.
Comics
Definition:
Comics are a medium of storytelling that combines sequential art and text, usually in the form
of panels. The artwork is often accompanied by speech bubbles, captions, and sound effects,
making it an interactive and engaging way to convey a story or concept.
Uses:
• Entertainment: Comics are primarily used for entertainment, with various genres
such as superheroes, humor, adventure, and fantasy.
• Education: Comics can be used to teach concepts in a visually engaging way, such as
in textbooks or as educational materials for children.
• Social Commentary: Political cartoons or satirical comics comment on current
events or societal issues.
• Cultural Expression: Comics allow creators to explore different cultural ideas,
stories, and themes in a visual and often accessible manner.
Principle: Comics operate on the principle of sequential storytelling, where each panel or
frame is a part of the larger narrative. The visual elements (artwork) combined with text
(dialogue, captions, sound effects) guide the reader through the story. The arrangement of
panels, pacing, and visual cues all contribute to the flow of the narrative.
Purpose: The purpose of comics is to convey stories, ideas, or humor using visual art paired
with written language. Comics can be used to entertain, inform, or educate, making them a
versatile medium that appeals to a wide range of audiences.
Types of Comics
• Comic Strips: Short, often humorous, comics published in newspapers or online,
usually with just a few panels.
• Comic Books: Traditionally, comic books are 20-40 pages long and usually released
in issues, especially in superhero genres.
• Graphic Novels: A longer, more comprehensive form of comic, graphic novels can
cover a wide range of themes and often have more intricate plots than typical comic
books.
• Manga: A Japanese form of comics that are typically read from right to left. Manga
has its own unique style and has become widely popular worldwide.
• Webcomics: Comics that are published online, often in a serialized format
Advantages:
• Engaging and Visual: Comics combine both visual and textual elements, which
makes them especially engaging for readers. They are particularly effective in
capturing the attention of children and visual learners.
• Variety of Genres: Comics can cover a wide array of genres, from humor to
superhero to drama, offering something for everyone.
• Storytelling Depth: The combination of art and text allows for nuanced, detailed
storytelling, which can be more immersive than just text alone.
• Accessibility: Comics can be easier to understand than prose for certain readers, as
the visual elements help convey meaning and context.
Disadvantages:
• Perceived as Less "Serious": Some people may view comics as less sophisticated
than traditional literature or other forms of storytelling.
• Limited Space for Detail: While comics can convey complex ideas, they still work
within the limitations of their format (e.g., limited space on a page).
• Cost: High-quality printed comics, especially graphic novels, can be expensive to
produce and purchase.
• Narrow Audience: While comics are popular, some people may not enjoy the
medium, particularly those who prefer traditional novels or other types of storytelling.
. Picture
Definition:
A picture refers to a visual representation of a person, scene, or object, typically created
through drawing, painting, photography, or other visual arts. Pictures can be static or
dynamic (such as in the case of moving images like in films), and are used for artistic
expression, communication, and documentation.
Purpose:
• Communication: Pictures are often used to convey messages or ideas visually,
making them accessible and easy to understand.
• Artistic Expression: They are used as a medium for artists to express creativity and
emotions.
• Documentation: Pictures capture moments, scenes, or important events for historical
or archival purposes.
• Education: Pictures are commonly used in textbooks, presentations, and educational
materials to reinforce concepts and engage learners visually.
Principle: Pictures work on the principle of visual representation, capturing a moment,
emotion, or idea through images. They can be created by various means such as painting,
photography, digital design, or illustrations. The principle of visual storytelling or
representation allows the picture to convey deeper meaning without relying solely on text.
Advantages:
• Easy Communication: A picture can quickly convey a message without the need for
words.
• Engaging: Pictures are often more engaging than text alone and can grab attention
effectively.
• Universal Appeal: Pictures can transcend language barriers, making them accessible
to a wide audience.
• Memorable: Images are often easier to remember than text, aiding in recall and
understanding.
Disadvantages:
• Limited Detail: While pictures can convey emotion or a snapshot, they may not
always provide detailed explanations or context.
• Subjectivity: The interpretation of a picture can vary greatly among viewers,
depending on their experiences and perceptions.
• Not Always Comprehensive: Some ideas or concepts require more depth and may
need additional context beyond what a single picture can offer.
Epidiascope
Definition:
An epidiascope is an optical device used to project both opaque and transparent images
onto a screen. It works by shining light through a transparent slide (like a photographic
or glass slide) or reflecting light off opaque objects (such as drawings or objects).
Epidiascopes were commonly used in educational settings before the advent of digital
projectors.
Purpose:
• Projection of Images: The primary purpose of the epidiascope is to project images
(either transparent or opaque) onto a large surface like a screen, making it ideal for
classrooms and presentations.
• Educational Tool: It was used in education to project books, documents, and objects
for teaching, making it easier for large groups of students to view the content.
• Visual Aid: It helps enhance presentations by allowing the teacher to project maps,
drawings, photographs, and other visual aids.
Principle: The epidiascope operates using the principle of optical projection, where light
passes through transparent images or reflects off opaque objects. The light is focused and
magnified by lenses to project the image onto a screen. For transparent images, the device
uses a light source behind the slide, while for opaque objects, the light reflects off the surface
and is magnified.
Advantages:
• Versatility: It can project both opaque and transparent images, making it suitable for
displaying various materials (books, objects, slides).
• Large Viewable Area: Epidiascopes allow multiple people to view the same content
at once, making them useful for group learning or presentations.
• Enhances Learning: It helps engage students by providing visual aids that support
the lesson, improving comprehension.
• Portable: Many models are portable and easy to move, allowing for flexibility in
various learning environments.
Disadvantages:
• Bulky and Heavy: Epidiascopes can be relatively large and heavy, making them less
convenient to transport or use in smaller spaces.
• Limited to Static Images: Like slide projectors, epidiascopes are limited to showing
static images and cannot display dynamic content like videos.
• Outdated Technology: With the advent of digital projectors, epidiascopes have
become largely obsolete in many settings.
• Requires Physical Materials: The need for transparent or opaque images (such as
slides, documents, or physical objects) means that digital content cannot be projected
without converting it to an appropriate format.
❖ REFERENCES
• Neerja KP (2003); “ Textbook of Communication and Educational Technology for
Nurses”; 1st Edition; Jaypee Publishers; Pp- 375
• Bhatnagar & Dahama (2004); “Education and Communication for Development”; 2nd
Edition; Oxford & IBH publishers ;Pp- 455-56
• Basvanthapa BT (2003); “ Nursing Education’’; First Edition; Jaypee publishers; Pp-
446
• Sharma Dinesh Kumar (2008); “ Communication & Educational Technology”; 1st
Edition; Lotus publishers; Pp- 271-72.
