GROUP 1

ARNAIZ, ELA SOFIA B.

TOMARONG, JOJIE MAE

SENILLO, ROCHE

MAGALLANO, RHONA LHEI

Lesson 1: EVIDENCE of SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
during PRE-HISTORIC TIMES

Lesson 2: EVIDENCE of SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

during ANCIENT TIMES
 LESSON 1

Lesson 1: EVIDENCE of SCIENCE and

TECHNOLOGY during PRE-HISTORIC TIMES
THE DAWN OF THE FIRST
CIVILIZATIONS
 THE DAWN OF THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS

Ancient humans were able to discover and

invent tools and methods as science
developed and progressed. With the
availability of new scientific instruments
and techniques, archeology excavation has
provided us with data and evidence. Facts
have been unearthed and revealed that
even during a primitive time, people have
developed skills and technologies which
served and supplied their survival needs.
 STONE AGE:
This period was marked by which stone was widely used to make tools and
implements. Dated roughly 3.4 million years ago, and in about 8000 B.C.

• PALEOLITIC PERIOD (Early)

• MESOLITHIC PERIOD (Middle)

• NEOLITHIC PERIOD (New)

The era of Australopithecus and Paranthropus

were contemporaneous with the evolution of
the genus Homo.
 the four fundamentAL traditions developed by paleolithic ancestors

• PEEBLE-TOOL TRADITION • BIFACIAL-TOOL or

HAND-AX TRADITION

• BLADE-TOOL TRADITION • FLAKE-TOOL TRADITION

 OLDOWAN TOOLKIT

The oldest formally recognized stone tool assemblage in the

world in OLDOWAN. This tradition of making simple flakes
struck off unmodified cores began during the Lower Paleolithic
period in Africa.
The Oldowan stone tool industry was first defined from
examples excavated from bed 1 and bed 2 at Olduvai Gorge in
Tanzania. Paleoanthropologist refer to Homo habilis as the
maker of these tools beacause they appear in the fossil record
about the same time or a later than the earliest Oldowan
tools.
But there were also several other hominid species living at the
same time on Oldowan sites in Africa.
So it’s a complicated issue as to which one or ones were
making the tools.
 ACHEULEAN TOOLKIT
The early Homo erectus also used what could be
described as advanced or evolved Oldowan tool
making techniques. By 1.8 million years ago, the
skills of some Homo erectus had increased yto the
point that they were making more sophisticated
stone implements with sharper and straighter edges.
Their tool kits were sufficiently advanced by 1.5
million years ago to consider them to be a new tool
making tradition now reffered to as Acheulean.
However, the Acheulean tool making tradition was
first developed in East Africa. Perhaps, the most
important of the Acheulean tools were hand axes.
They are rock cores of very large flakes that have
been systematically worked by percussin flaking to
an elongated oval shape with one pointed end and
sharp edges on the sides.
 MOUSTERIAN TOOLKIT
The Acheulean in Europe was replaced by a lithic
technology known as the Mousterian industry,
which was named after the site of Le Moustier in
France, where examples were first uncovered in
the 1860s. Evolving from the Acheulean, it
adopted the Levallois technique to produce smaller
and sharper knife-tools as well as scrapers. Also
known as the “prepared core technique”, flakes
are struck from worked cores and then
subsequently retouched. The Mousterian Industry
was developed and used primarily by the
Neanderthals, a native European and Middle
Eastern hominin species, but a broadly similar
industry is contemporaneously widespread in
Africa.
 THE AURIGNACIAN TOOLS
The widespread use of long blades (rather
than flakes) of the Upper Paleolithic Mode 4
industries appeared during the Upper
Paleolithic between 50,000 and 10,000
years ago, although blades were produced in
small quantities much earlier by
Neanderthals. The Aurignacian culture seems
to have been the first to rely largely on
blades. The use of blades exponentially
increases the efficiency of core usage
compared to the Levallois flake technique,
which had a similar advantage over
Acheulean technology which was worked from
cores.
 MICROLITHIC TOOLS

Which were used in composite tools,

mainly fastened to a shaft. Examples
include the Magdalenian culture Such a
tehnology makes much more efficient use
of available materials like manufacturing
the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint
edges in a wood or bone handle is the key
innovation in microliths, essentially
because the handle gives the user
protection against the flint and also
improves leverage of the device.
 neoLITHIC TOOLS
Large axes were made from flint nodules by
knapping a rough shape, a so-called “rough
out”. Such products were traded across a wide
area. The rough-outs were then polished to
give the surface a fine finish to create the
axe head. Polishing not only increased the final
strength of the head could penetrate wood
more easily.
Polished stone axes were important for the widespread
clearance of woods and forest during the Neolithic
period, when crop and livestock farming developed on a
large scale. They are distributed very widely and were
traded over great distances sice the best rock types
were often very local. Thaey also became venerated
objects, and were frequently buried in long barrows or
round barrows with their former owners.
 THE CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD
(5000-3000 B.C.E)
(The Copper Age) a name derived from the
Greek word “khalkos” (copper) and from
“lithos” (stone) of Copper Age, also known as
the Eneolithic or Aeneolithic (from Latin
aeneus ”of copper”) is an archeological period
that researchers now regard as part of the
broader Neolithic. Earlier scholars defined it
as a transitional period between the Neolithic
and the Bronze Age.

In the Chalcolithic period, copper predominated

in metalworking technology. Hence it was the
period before it was discovered that by adding
tin to copper one could create bronze, a metal
alloy harder and stronger than either component.
 THE BROnZE AGE

Marked the first time humans started to work

with metal. Bronze tools and weapons soon
replaced earlier stone versions. Ancient
Sumerians in the Middle East may have been
the first people to enter Bronze Age. Humans
made many technological advances during the
first writing systems and the invention of the
wheel. In the Middle East and parts of Asia,
the Bronze Age lasted from roughly 1200 to
3300 B.C., ending abruptly with the near-
simultaneous collapse of several prominent
Bronze Age civilizations.
 the iron age
Was a period in human history that started between
600 and 1200 B.C., depending on the region, and
followed the Stone and Bronze Age. During the Iron
Age, people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of
Africa began making tools and weapons from iron and
steel. For some societies, including Ancient Greece,
the start of the Iron Age eas accompanied by a
period of cultural decline.

Humans may have smelted iron sporadically

throughout the Bronze Age, though they likely saw
iron as an inferior metal. Iron tools and weapons
weren’t as hard or durable as their bronze
counterparts
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